Statistical Methods for Differential Expressions of Genes Detected in Multiple-Condition Experiment of Microarray

Most studies of differential gene-expressions have been conducted between two given conditions. The two-condition experimental (TCE) approach is simple in that all genes detected display a common differential expression pattern responsive to a common two-condition difference. Therefore, the genes that are differentially expressed under the other conditions other than the given two conditions are undetectable with the TCE approach. In order to address the problem, we propose a new approach called multiple-condition experiment (MCE) without replication and develop corresponding statistical methods including inference of pairs of conditions for genes, new t-statistics, and a generalized multiple-testing method for any multiple-testing procedure via a control parameter C. We applied these statistical methods to analyze our real MCE data from breast cancer cell lines and found that 85 percent of gene-expression variations were caused by genotypic effects and genotype-ANAX1 overexpression interactions, which agrees well with our expected results. We also applied our methods to the adenoma dataset of Notterman et al. and identified 93 differentially expressed genes that could not be found in TCE. The MCE approach is a conceptual breakthrough in many aspects: (a) many conditions of interests can be conducted simultaneously; (b) study of association between differential expressions of genes and conditions becomes easy; (c) it can provide more precise information for molecular classification and diagnosis of tumors; (d) it can save lot of experimental resources and time for investigators.^

Sistema mediático, conflictos sociales e imaginarios políticos : un análisis aplicado al conflicto que, en 2008, enfrentó al Gobierno Nacional y al sector agropecuario. Espacio Público, colectivos de identidad y mediatización

Este proyecto de investigación se propone, en términos generales, entender cómo interviene el sistema de medios sobre los modos de producción de la discursividad política en un espacio público mediatizado. Puntualmente, interesa analizar las condiciones que la televisión -concebida en su triple condición de medio, institución y dispositivo tecnológico- impone a la construcción y gestión de identidades colectivas durante el denominado "conflicto del campo" en Argentina, entre Marzo y Julio de 2008. Entendemos que la mediatización es una dimensión misma del conflicto, y no un añadido impropio. En este sentido, nos preguntamos por el vínculo entre la lógica del discurso político y la lógica del discurso mediático cuando se trata de producir o gestionar entidades del imaginario político (colectivos de identificación, meta-colectivos, meta-colectivos singulares, etc.), y por las estrategias específicas, implicadas en cada lógica, para vincular lo individual (el lugar del líder, del representante, del periodista o del ciudadano) y lo colectivo (ya que ninguno de ellos puede evitar gestionar, en su discurso, el contacto con las identidades colectivas en pugna).

De ocupantes a propietarios, los conflictos entre vecinos de la frontera bonaerense. Chascomús y Ranchos, 1800-1840

En esta perspectiva, que intenta desentrañar las continuidades y rupturas entre el orden colonial y el entramado político y social del rosismo, nuestra intención es aportar un análisis sobre los litigios entre vecinos cuando la posesión de hecho sobre un terreno estaba en vías de convertirse en propiedad plena, cada vez que se accedía a los títulos mediante los distintos sistemas de otorgamiento de tierras públicas, desde los últimos años del período colonial hasta la finalización de la aplicación de la enfiteusis en la década de 1840, centrando la atención en la ocupación del territorio y los derechos adquiridos en los partidos de Chascomús y Ranchos. Aquí se pone de manifiesto el reconocimiento local de los estancieros y hacendados y los motivos de las disputas. A partir del análisis de los litigios se aprecia el juego de intereses de los hacendados y las conexiones con el poder civil en la frontera que se definen en la resolución extrajudicial del conflicto. Por otro lado se examinará el rol de las autoridades y los fundamentos de los dictámenes

De ocupantes a propietarios, los conflictos entre vecinos de la frontera bonaerense. Chascomús y Ranchos, 1800-1840

En esta perspectiva, que intenta desentrañar las continuidades y rupturas entre el orden colonial y el entramado político y social del rosismo, nuestra intención es aportar un análisis sobre los litigios entre vecinos cuando la posesión de hecho sobre un terreno estaba en vías de convertirse en propiedad plena, cada vez que se accedía a los títulos mediante los distintos sistemas de otorgamiento de tierras públicas, desde los últimos años del período colonial hasta la finalización de la aplicación de la enfiteusis en la década de 1840, centrando la atención en la ocupación del territorio y los derechos adquiridos en los partidos de Chascomús y Ranchos. Aquí se pone de manifiesto el reconocimiento local de los estancieros y hacendados y los motivos de las disputas. A partir del análisis de los litigios se aprecia el juego de intereses de los hacendados y las conexiones con el poder civil en la frontera que se definen en la resolución extrajudicial del conflicto. Por otro lado se examinará el rol de las autoridades y los fundamentos de los dictámenes

Sistema mediático, conflictos sociales e imaginarios políticos : un análisis aplicado al conflicto que, en 2008, enfrentó al Gobierno Nacional y al sector agropecuario. Espacio Público, colectivos de identidad y mediatización

Este proyecto de investigación se propone, en términos generales, entender cómo interviene el sistema de medios sobre los modos de producción de la discursividad política en un espacio público mediatizado. Puntualmente, interesa analizar las condiciones que la televisión -concebida en su triple condición de medio, institución y dispositivo tecnológico- impone a la construcción y gestión de identidades colectivas durante el denominado "conflicto del campo" en Argentina, entre Marzo y Julio de 2008. Entendemos que la mediatización es una dimensión misma del conflicto, y no un añadido impropio. En este sentido, nos preguntamos por el vínculo entre la lógica del discurso político y la lógica del discurso mediático cuando se trata de producir o gestionar entidades del imaginario político (colectivos de identificación, meta-colectivos, meta-colectivos singulares, etc.), y por las estrategias específicas, implicadas en cada lógica, para vincular lo individual (el lugar del líder, del representante, del periodista o del ciudadano) y lo colectivo (ya que ninguno de ellos puede evitar gestionar, en su discurso, el contacto con las identidades colectivas en pugna).

De ocupantes a propietarios, los conflictos entre vecinos de la frontera bonaerense. Chascomús y Ranchos, 1800-1840

En esta perspectiva, que intenta desentrañar las continuidades y rupturas entre el orden colonial y el entramado político y social del rosismo, nuestra intención es aportar un análisis sobre los litigios entre vecinos cuando la posesión de hecho sobre un terreno estaba en vías de convertirse en propiedad plena, cada vez que se accedía a los títulos mediante los distintos sistemas de otorgamiento de tierras públicas, desde los últimos años del período colonial hasta la finalización de la aplicación de la enfiteusis en la década de 1840, centrando la atención en la ocupación del territorio y los derechos adquiridos en los partidos de Chascomús y Ranchos. Aquí se pone de manifiesto el reconocimiento local de los estancieros y hacendados y los motivos de las disputas. A partir del análisis de los litigios se aprecia el juego de intereses de los hacendados y las conexiones con el poder civil en la frontera que se definen en la resolución extrajudicial del conflicto. Por otro lado se examinará el rol de las autoridades y los fundamentos de los dictámenes

Sistema mediático, conflictos sociales e imaginarios políticos : un análisis aplicado al conflicto que, en 2008, enfrentó al Gobierno Nacional y al sector agropecuario. Espacio Público, colectivos de identidad y mediatización

Este proyecto de investigación se propone, en términos generales, entender cómo interviene el sistema de medios sobre los modos de producción de la discursividad política en un espacio público mediatizado. Puntualmente, interesa analizar las condiciones que la televisión -concebida en su triple condición de medio, institución y dispositivo tecnológico- impone a la construcción y gestión de identidades colectivas durante el denominado "conflicto del campo" en Argentina, entre Marzo y Julio de 2008. Entendemos que la mediatización es una dimensión misma del conflicto, y no un añadido impropio. En este sentido, nos preguntamos por el vínculo entre la lógica del discurso político y la lógica del discurso mediático cuando se trata de producir o gestionar entidades del imaginario político (colectivos de identificación, meta-colectivos, meta-colectivos singulares, etc.), y por las estrategias específicas, implicadas en cada lógica, para vincular lo individual (el lugar del líder, del representante, del periodista o del ciudadano) y lo colectivo (ya que ninguno de ellos puede evitar gestionar, en su discurso, el contacto con las identidades colectivas en pugna).

Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land

The United Nations Climate Change Conference, Durban 2011, delivered a breakthrough on the international community's response to climate change. In the second largest meeting of its kind, the negotiations advanced, in a balanced fashion, the implementation of the Convention and the Kyoto Protocol, the Bali Action Plan, and the Cancun Agreements. The outcomes included a decision by Parties to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change as soon as possible, and no later than 2015. One of the decisions adopted by COP 17 and CMP 7 regard to the land use, land-use change and forestry, and invites the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change to review and, if necessary, update supplementary methodologies for estimating anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities under Article 3, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Kyoto Protocol. Land degradation is a human-induced or natural process which negatively affects the productivity of land within an ecosystem. The direct causes of land degradation are geographically specific. Climate change, including changes in short-term variation, as well as long-term gradual changes in temperature and precipitation, is expected to be an additional stress on rates of land degradation. Book Topics: • Introduction to Climate Change and Land Degradation • Change Mitigation • Climate Change and Waste Land Restoration • Water Management and Planning • Erosion and Hydrological Restoration • Forest Fire Land Restoration • Polluted Soils Restoration • Combating Climate Change by Restoration of Degraded Land • Research Matters – Climate Change Governance • Advanced Statistics Climate Change and Restoration of Degraded Land is of interests to academics, engineers, consultans, designers and professionals involved in restoration of degraded lands projects.

3.4 MU registrar informed Lloyd Gaines that he was not eligible to attend the University of Missouri due to the fact that Gaines was a Negro

After several weeks, Gaines finally received a reply to his application from Sy Woodson Canada, the MU registrar. Canada informed him that he was not eligible to attend the University of Missouri due to the fact that Gaines was a Negro and it was in conflict of Missouri state law for MU to admit him.

Identification of the mRNA targets of tRNA-­specific regulation using genome-­wide simulation of translation

FUNDING Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [BB/I020926/1 to I.S.]; BBSRC PhD studentship award [C103817D to I.S. and M.C.R.]; Scottish Universities Life Science Alliance PhD studentship award (to M.C.R. and I.S.]. Funding for open access charge: BBSRC. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.

Transcending Cultural and Language Differences: Ethical Codes of Conduct for Translators and Interpreters in Afghanistan

This project examines what an ethical code of conduct would look like in Afghanistan through analysis of historical, cultural and linguistic aspects found within its regions, as well as an examination of ethical codes of conduct for translators and interpreters in other countries. While numerous ethical guidelines and codes of conduct for translators and interpreters exist throughout global communities, it seems that creating a successful standardized ethical code of conduct in Afghanistan may be difficult to achieve given cultural and linguistic complexities. An ethical code of conduct for translators and interpreters in Afghanistan should include particular focus on: cultural sensitivity and courtesy, impartiality, conflict of interest, options for withdrawal, as well as reflect the importance of Pashtunwali.

Disclosure of Leniency Materials: A Bridge between Public and Private Enforcement of Antitrust Law. Research Paper in Law 08/2013, December

The disclosure of leniency materials held by competition authorities has recently been under the spot. On the one hand, these documents could greatly help cartel victims to prove the damage and the causation link when filing damage actions against cartelists. On the other hand, future cartelists could be deterred from applying for leniency since damage actions could be brought as a result of the information submitted by themselves. Neither the current legislation nor the case law have attained yet to sufficiently clarify how to deal with this clash of interests. Our approach obviously attempts to strike a balance between both interests. But not only that. We see the current debate as a great opportunity to boost the private enforcement of antitrust law through the positive spillovers of leniency programmes. We hence propose to build a bridge between the public and the private enforcement by enabling a partial disclosure of the documents.

Foreign policy at the service of modernisation: old wine in a new wineskin. OSW Commentary No. 39, 2010-08-31

Russia’s contacts with the external world over the past year have been characterised by a gradual improvement in its relations with the West, as well as the use of non-confrontational rhetoric, the most far-reaching example of which was the address President Dmitri Medvedev gave to Russian ambassadors this July. In an attempt to harmonise foreign policy with the widely propagated programme for the modernisation of Russia1 President Medvedev presented a vision of the Russian Federation as a responsible global power which is open to co-operation. According to this vision, Russian foreign policy would help to attract foreign investments and technologies. The West was presented as a partner, not a rival. Both this rhetoric and the atmosphere of co-operation in relations with the USA and the EU contrast with the assertive and aggressive Russian policy which was symbolised by and culminated in the Russian-Georgian conflict of 2008. The changes observed in Russian foreign policy are quite limited, and are not constructing a new external strategy. Those changes are rather an attempt to find more efficient ways to implement old strategic goals. The new image of a responsible global power is inconsistent, and Russian policy is still assertive and geopolitically motivated. Although a new rhetoric is really in place, the Russian political elite’s perception of their country’s place and role in the contemporary international order remains unchanged. Moscow’s readiness to become engaged in genuine co-operation with the West has not increased significantly; it is still to a great extent declarative in nature.

An Exercise in Legal Honesty: Re-writing the Court of Justice and the Bundesverfassungsgericht. IHS Political Science Series No. 136, February 2014

At a time of crisis – a true state of emergency – both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the German Federal Constitutional Court have failed the rule of law in Europe. Worse still, in their evaluation of the ersatz crisis law, which has been developed in response to financial and sovereign debt crises, both courts have undermined constitutionality throughout Europe. Each jurisdiction has been implicated within the techocratisation of democratic process. Each Court has contributed to an incremental process of the undermining of the political subjectivity of European Citizens. The results are depressing for lawyers who are still attached to notions of constitutionality. Yet, we must also ask whether the Courts could have acted otherwise. Given the original flaws in the construction of Economic and Monetary Union, as well as the politically pre-emptive constraints imposed by global financial markets, each Court might thus be argued to have been forced to suspend immediate legality in a longer term effort to secure the character of the legal jurisdiction as a whole. Crisis can and does defeat the law. Nevertheless, what continues to disturb is the failure of law in Europe to open up any perspective for a return to normal constitutionality post crisis, as well as its apparent inability to give proper and honest consideration to the hardship now being experienced by millions of Europeans within crisis. This contribution accordingly seeks to reimagine each Judgment in a language of legal honesty. Above all, this contribution seeks to suggest a new form of post-national constitutional language; a language which takes as its primary function, proper protection of democratic process against the ever encroaching powers of a post-national executive power. This contribution forms a part of an on-going effort to identify a new basis for the legitimacy of European Law, conducted jointly and severally with Christian Joerges, University of Bremen and Hertie School of Government, Berlin. Differences do remain in our theoretical positions; hence this individual essay. Nevertheless, the congruence between pluralist and conflict of law approaches to the topic are also readily apparent. See, for example, Everson & Joerges (2013).

Alone in virtue. The "New Turkish" ideology in Turkey's foreign policy. OSW Point of View Number 49, April 2015

Once the West’s ally, Turkey has been an ever more problematic partner in recent years. The Turkish leadership no longer views the alliance with the European Union and membership in NATO as based on shared values; rather, it is now merely a cherry-picked and shaky community of interests. Turkey is also increasingly alienated politically in the Middle East. In the aftermath of the Arab Spring and the regional developments which followed, Ankara has lost much of the influence it had built in region in previous years. Turkey’s growing international isolation is a consequence of the country ever more fully subordinating its foreign policy to the ideology of the ruling AKP. The world vision offered by that ideology does not square with the diagnoses of Turkey’s partners. The objectives it sets for Turkish foreign policy are incompatible with its partners’ expectations. Moreover, a foreign policy rooted in ideology is less flexible and less capable of adjusting to current international dynamics.