983 resultados para MOLECULAR-CLONING


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Natural killer (NK) cell enhancing factor (NKEF) belongs to the newly defined peroxiredoxin (Prx) family. Its functions are to enhance NK cell cytotoxicity and to protect DNA and proteins from oxidative damage. In this study, a partial cDNA sequence of carp NKEF-B was isolated from thymus cDNA library. Subsequently, the full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was obtained by means of 3' and 5' RACE, respectively. The full-length cDNA of carp NKEF-B was 1022 bp, consisting of a 73 bp 5'-terminal untranslated region (UTR), a 355 bp T-terminal UTR, and a 594 bp open reading frame coding for a protein of 197 amino acids. Carp NKEF-B contained two consensus Val-Cys-Pro (VCP) motifs and three consensus cysteine (Cys-51, Cys-70 and Cys-172) residues. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp NKEF-B had an overall similarity of 74-96% to that of other species homologues. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that carp NKEF-B forms a cluster with other known teleost NKEF-Bs. Then, by PCR we obtained a 5.1 -k long genomic DNA of carp NKEF-B containing six exons and five introns. Realtime RT-PCR results showed that carp NKEF-B gene was predominantly detected in kidney and head kidney under un-infected conditions. Whereas under SVCV-infection condition, the expression of NKEF-B gene was significantly increased in blood cells, gill, intestine and spleen, but maintained in liver, and decreased significantly in kidney and head kidney. Finally, the rNKEF-B was constructed and expressed in Escherichia coli. By using an antibody against carp rNKEF-B, immunohistochemical study further indicated that NKEF-B positive cells are mainly some RBCs and a few epithelial cells in gill and intestine, and that under SVCV-infection condition, these positive cells or positive products in their cytoplasm were mainly increased in gill and spleen sections of carp. The results obtained in the present study will help to understand the function of NKEF-B in teleost innate immunity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase PKR is thought to mediate a conserved antiviral pathway by inhibiting viral protein synthesis via the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2 alpha). However, little is known about the data related to the lower vertebrates, including fish. Recently, the identification of PKR-like, or PKZ, has addressed the question of whether there is an orthologous PKR in fish. Here, we identify the first fish PKR gene from the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (PoPKR). PoPKR encodes a protein that shows a conserved structure that is characteristic of mammalian PKRs, having both the N-terminal region for dsRNA binding and the C-terminal region for the inhibition of protein translation. The catalytic activity of PoPKR is further evidence that it is required for protein translation inhibition in vitro. PoPKR is constitutively transcribed at low levels and is highly induced after virus infection. Strikingly, PoPKR overexpression increases eIF2 alpha phosphorylation and inhibits the replication of Scophthalmus maximus rhabdovirus (SMRV) in flounder embryonic cells, whereas phosphorylation and antiviral effects are impaired in transfected cells expressing the catalytically inactive PKR-K421R variant, indicating that PoPKR inhibits virus replication by phosphorylating substrate eIF2 alpha. The interaction between PoPKR and eIF2 alpha is demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation assays, and the transfection of PoPKR-specific short interfering RNA further reveals that the enhanced eIF2 alpha phosphorylation is catalyzed by PoPKR during SMRV infection. The current data provide significant evidence for the existence of a PKR-mediated antiviral pathway in fish and reveal considerable conservation in the functional domains and the antiviral effect of PKR proteins between fish and mammals.

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SLP-76 is an important member of the SLP-76 family of adapters, and it plays a key role in TCR signaling and T cell function. Partial cDNA sequence of SLP-76 of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was isolated from thymus cDNA Library by the method of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH). Subsequently, the full length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was obtained by means of 3' RACE and 5' RACE, respectively. The full Length cDNA of carp SLP-76 was 2007 bp, consisting of a T-terminal untranslated region (UTR) of 285 bp, a T-terminal. UTR of 240 bp, and an open reading frame of 1482 bp. Sequence comparison showed that the deduced amino acid sequence of carp SLP-76 had an overall similarity of 34-73% to that of other species homotogues, and it was composed of an NH2-terminal domain, a central proline-rich domain, and a C-terminal SH2 domain. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated the existence of a Gads binding site R-X-X-K, a 10-aa-long sequence which binds to the SH3 domain of LCK in vitro, and three conserved tyrosine-containing sequence in the NH2-terminal domain. Then we used PCR to obtain a genomic DNA which covers the entire coding region of carp SLP-76. In the 9.2 k-long genomic sequence, twenty one exons and twenty introns were identified. RT-PCR results showed that carp SLP-76 was expressed predominantly in hematopoietic tissues, and was upregulated in thymus tissue of four-month carp compared to one-year old carp. RT-PCR and virtual northern hybridization results showed that carp SLP-76 was also upregulated in thymus tissue of GH transgenic carp at the age of four-months. These results suggest that the expression level of SLP-76 gene may be related to thymocyte development in teleosts. (c) 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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Gene and genomic duplications are very important and frequent events in fish evolution, and the divergence of duplicated genes in sequences and functions is a focus of research on gene evolution. Here, we report the identification and characterization of three duplicated Spindlin (Spin) genes from medaka (Oryzias latipes): OlSpinA, OlSpinB, and OlSpinC. Molecular cloning, genomic DNA Blast analysis and phylogenetic relationship analysis demonstrated that the three duplicated OlSpin genes should belong to gene duplication. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed significant expression differences of the three OlSpins among different tissues and during embryogenesis in medaka, and suggested that sequence and functional divergence might have occurred in evolution among them. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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本文通过5’-RACE和3’-RACE方法克隆了西双版纳地区的卵黄萤Luciola ovalis和端黑萤Luciola terminalis两种荧光素酶基因。两个荧光素酶基因被连接到pET-15b载体上并在BL21(DE3)菌株中表达。L. ovalis荧光素酶基因的开放阅读框有1635个碱基,编码一个544个氨基酸的蛋白。L. terminalis荧光素酶基因有一个1647bp的开放阅读框,编码一个548个氨基酸的蛋白。它们的氨基酸序列和北美萤火虫(Photinus pyralis)的氨基酸序列分别有65.3%和65.9%的相似性,而彼此之间又有73.5%的相似性。两种在大肠杆菌中表达的荧光素酶均有很高的活性,它们的最大发光波长分别是566 nm和563 nm。同时表达的四种荧光素酶(L. ovalis、L. terminalis、Hotaria parvula和Pyrocoelia miyako)在不同pH下活性变化很大,四种荧光素酶在pH 6.5-7.5之间有比较高的活性,其中L. ovalis和P. miyako两种荧光素酶在pH 7.0时活性最高,而另两种在pH 7.5时活性最高。当pH大于8.0时,这四种荧光素酶的活性都散失很快,可见它们对pH变化非常敏感。序列分析和结构模拟发现,荧光素酶活性位点周围有六个非常保守的结构域,这六个保守区域包含了大多数在催化发光反应中与底物荧光素和ATP结合的氨基酸。L. terminalis萤火虫荧光素酶的三级结构与L. cruciata荧光素酶晶体结构非常相似,而L. ovalis荧光素酶的三级结构在AMP结合位点附近有两个偏离的环。

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CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) can stimulate the immune system, and therefore are widely used as a therapeutic vaccination and immune adjuvant in human. In the present study, CpG-C, a combination of A- and B-class ODN, was injected into Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis at three doses (0.1, 1 and 10 mu g crab-1), and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, activities of total intracellular phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme-like activities, the mRNA transcripts of EsproPO, EsCrustin and EsALF were assayed to evaluate its modulating effects on the immune system of crab. The ROS levels in all treated and control groups were significantly increased from 6 to 24 h, except that ROS in 0.1 mu g CpG-C-treated crabs was comparable to that of the blank at 6 h. The PO activity was significantly enhanced and EsproPO transcripts were down-regulated (P < 0.01) at 6 h after the injection of 0.1 mu g CpG-C, with no significant changes in the other dosage treatments. The lysozyme-like activities and EsCrustin transcripts in the CpG-C-treatment groups were significantly higher than those of controls. The mRNA expression of EsALF remained almost constant in all the groups during the treatment. These results collectively suggested that CpG-C could activate the immune responses of E. sinensis, and might be used as a novel immunostimulant for disease control in crabs.

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中华绒螯蟹是我国重要的水产经济动物,近年来养殖规模不断扩大,产量持续增加。但是,伴随着养殖规模的扩大,养殖环境也日益恶化并导致了大量疾病的发生,严重制约了中华绒螯蟹养殖业的健康发展。因此,疾病预防和控制对中华绒螯蟹养殖业的可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用。与其他无脊椎动物一样,中华绒螯蟹的免疫系统没有免疫球蛋白和淋巴细胞,而是依靠由细胞免疫和体液免疫构成的固有免疫系统来对病原进行识别和清除。中华绒螯蟹的固有免疫机制的研究有助于推动中华绒螯蟹病害防治工作的开展。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合末端快速扩增(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)技术从中华绒螯蟹血淋巴中克隆到了过氧化物还原酶(peroxiredoxin,EsPrx6)和硫氧还蛋白(thioredoxin,EsTrx1)基因的cDNA 全长序列;采用实时荧光定量PCR 技术检测了这两个基因在健康个体中表达的组织分布情况以及鳗弧菌刺激后血淋巴细胞中的时序表达规律;同时,将这两个基因的编码区克隆到pET 系列载体,并在大肠杆菌中实现了重组表达,并进行了体外活性检测。 过氧化物还原酶是一个抗氧化蛋白超家族,在保护机体免受活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的伤害中发挥着重要作用。中华绒螯蟹Prx6(EsPrx6) 基因的cDNA 全长为1076 bp,5` UTR(untranslated region,UTR) 为69 bp,3` UTR 为347 bp,开放阅读框(open reading frame,ORF)为660 bp,编码219 个氨基酸的蛋白。mRNA 3`-端具有多聚腺苷酸加尾信号(polyadenylation signal)AATAAA 和polyA 尾巴。EsPrx6 的预测分子量为 24 kDa,理论等电点为6.21,具有一个保守的Prx 结构域、一个AhpC 结构域和过氧化物酶催化活性中心PVCTTE,表明EsPrx6 属于1-Cys 型Prx。在所检测的组织中均有EsPrx6 的表达,其中以肝胰腺表达量最高,为血淋巴细胞中表达量的17.4 倍。鳗弧菌刺激后,血淋巴细胞中EsPrx6 的表达下降,到12 h 时,实验组显著低于对照组(P<0.05);随时间推移,表达水平逐渐回升,但在整个实验期间,都没有恢复到起始水平。将EsPrx6 进行体外重组并在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3)中实现表达,重组EsPrx6 具有预期的抗氧化活性和过氧化物酶活性,其中抗氧化活力为14.69 U/mg 蛋白,高于相同条件下GSH 的抗氧化力(P<0.05),过氧化物酶活力为23.46 U/mg 蛋白。结果表明,EsPrx6 作为一种重要的抗氧化剂,在中华绒螯蟹抵御ROS 可能引起的氧化损伤方面具有重要作用。 硫氧还蛋白是广泛存在于生物体内的一种具有硫醇依赖性的具有还原活性的蛋白。中华绒螯蟹Trx1(EsTrx1)基因的cDNA 全长为641 bp,5` UTR 为17 bp,3` UTR 为306 bp,开放阅读框为318 bp,编码105 个氨基酸。EsTrx1 的预测分子量为12.2 kDa,理论等电点为4.8。EsTrx1 不含信号肽,其氨基酸序列与其他动物的Trx1s 具有高度相似性,如与地中海黄蝎的Trx1 相似度达到73%;而与其他物种Trx2 的同源性很低,相似度仅为14.3-22.8%,表明EsTrx1 属于Trx1 亚族。实时荧光定量PCR 检测发现,EsTrx1 在鳃、性腺、肝胰腺、肌肉、心脏和血淋巴细胞中都有表达。血淋巴细胞中EsTrx1 mRNA 的表达量在菌刺激后上升,刺激后6 h,实验组表达量显著高于对照组和空白组(P<0.05),然后逐渐恢复到刺激前水平。为进一步探讨其生物学功能,将EsTrx1 进行体外重组并在大肠杆菌E. coli BL21(DE3)得到表达,重组EsTrx1 具有预期的氧化还原调节活性,抗氧化活力为3.06 U/mg,且抗氧化活力高于GSH(P<0.05)。rEsTrx1 的二硫键还原活力为5.03,低于凡纳滨对虾的二硫键还原活力(10.44),接近于大肠杆菌(4.93),小牛胸腺(6.50)和小牛肝脏(5.09),而高于鲍鱼Trx2(1.83)活力。结果表明,EsTrx1 在生理条件下能够作为一种重要的抗氧化剂,参与对细菌感染的免疫应答反应。

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该文利用生化、组化、电镜酶细胞化学技术以及分子生物学技术,研究了中国对虾酚氧化酶(PO)的活性、在血淋巴中的定位、Cu结合位点cDNA片段结构分析.以生物化学方法研究了中国对虾和南美白对虾血清酚氧化酶(PO)生理功能和活性影响.超显微结构定位显示,PO阳性产物位于血细胞和血细胞周围.PO大部分均质且电子密度很高.在细胞外层有异物处的PO密度最大.其中大颗粒细胞周围的PO阳性产物最多,小颗粒细胞和透明细胞则很少或没有.中国对虾酚氧化酶原(proPO)cDNA片断含有两个公认的铜结合位点,两个位点周围的组氨酸的高度保守.

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关于无脊椎动物中是否存在细胞因子一直都存在着异议。从细胞因子本身入手,运用细胞生物学和免疫学手段,已经在软体动物、节肢动物和棘皮动物等无脊椎动物中证实了高等动物细胞因子样活性物质的存在,然而利用分子生物学手段至今没有得到任何核苷酸或蛋白序列信息,而从与细胞因子相关的分子如调控其表达的转录因子入手来研究无脊椎动物中的细胞因子样物质的存在,或许会得到意想不到的惊喜。 最近从人的单核细胞系THP-1中分离纯化出一种新型的转录因子,它可以被LPS诱导表达,产生的蛋白在TNF-α的表达过程中起着非常重要的作用,因而命名为LPS-induced TNF-α factor(LITAF)。随后该基因在小鼠和鸡中也被克隆分离出来,其编码的蛋白已经证实在TNF-α的表达过程中起着不可或缺的作用。迄今为止,在无脊椎动物中还没有相关同源基因的报道。 本研究采用大规模EST测序方法,结合锚定PCR技术从栉孔扇贝体内克隆到了高等动物LITAF基因的同源基因CfLITAF的全长cDNA序列。该cDNA全长为1240bp,其中5' 非编码区(UTR)为112 bp;开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)包括450 bp,编码149个氨基酸残基,该多肽的理论分子量为16.08 kDa,等电点为6.77;3' UTR为678bp,包含一个poly A尾巴。SMART结构域预测发现CfLITAF蛋白含有一个保守的LITAF结构域。实时定量PCR检测CfLITAF基因在栉孔扇贝主要免疫器官中的表达分布情况,发现在所检测的六种组织血细胞、外套膜、肌肉、心、腮、性腺中均能检测到CfLITAF基因转录本的不同丰度的表达。血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量相差不大,而在心、外套膜、腮和性腺中的表达量要高于血淋巴和肌肉中的表达量,分别是血中表达量的2.45、2.82、9.23和24.93倍。 为了验证其表达量是否会受到LPS的诱导,利用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)检测了CfLITAF基因在受到LPS和PGN刺激后在血细胞中的表达规律。结果如下:在LPS刺激后3h,CfLITAF的表达量显著上调,达到了原初水平的1.5倍,随着时间的延长,其表达量逐渐恢复到刺激前水平;在用PGN刺激血细胞后的9个小时内均没有检测到CfLITAF基因mRNA表达量的显著变化。实验中所用血细胞为同一批原代培养的栉孔扇贝血淋巴细胞,细胞活力通过台盼蓝拒染实验测定。 CfLITAF基因的克隆与表达分析,不仅为进一步认识栉孔扇贝的免疫防御机制提供了实验参考,更重要的是为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究提供了一个分子水平上的线索,为无脊椎动物中细胞因子样物质的研究奠定了理论基础。

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贝类养殖是我国海水养殖业中最重要的组成部分之一。贝类人工大规模养殖中的关键环节是种苗的人工繁育,早期幼虫能否正常生长发育,对幼虫变态和变态后生长率及成活率有很大的影响,直接关系到生产产量和经济效益,所以,了解幼虫发育机制对于生产实践具有重要的指导意义。 文蛤(Meretrix meretrix)是一种在东亚各国沿海和滩涂地区广泛分布的双壳贝类,是我国一种重要的经济品种。本论文以文蛤幼虫为研究对象,分别对文蛤幼虫发育过程中贝壳形成相关的铁蛋白(MmeFer)、营养及变态相关的组织蛋白酶B(MmeCB)及变态过程中细胞凋亡相关的caspase三个基因进行了克隆,分析了基因及编码蛋白在担轮幼虫期(L1)、D形幼虫期(L2)、壳顶幼虫期(L3)和稚贝期(L4)的时空表达特征,解析了其可能的功能,并研究了相应酶类的特异性抑制剂作用对幼虫发育过程的影响,进行了目标蛋白的功能验证,详述如下: 研究结果显示,在文蛤胚胎发育到原肠胚时放入不含铁离子的人工海水中培养,发育成无壳的畸形,随着人工海水中铁离子添加浓度的升高,幼虫长出壳状组织接近正常状态;而发育到L1期幼虫放入不含铁离子的人工海水中培养却可以发育出正常的壳,推测铁和铁代谢相关蛋白在幼虫贝壳初始形成有重要的作用。根据构建的文蛤幼虫cDNA文库中提供的序列信息,从文蛤中克隆了与铁离子代谢密切相关的铁蛋白(MmeFer)的全长cDNA 序列;通过Real time PCR发现,MmeFer mRNA的表达量在贝壳形成前后有明显改变;整体原位杂交结果显示MmeFer mRNA在L1期的表达部位刚好是贝壳生成的起始部位,推断文蛤铁蛋白与文蛤幼虫贝壳初始形成密切相关。 利用文蛤幼虫cDNA文库中的EST信息在幼虫中克隆到文蛤组织蛋白酶B(MmeCB)全长cDNA序列;通过整体原位杂交分析发现MmeCB mRNA在L2至L4期幼虫的消化腺部位表达,而且在L2期的幼虫表皮也有表达,说明MmeCB可能和幼虫消化相关,而且可能参与幼虫从表皮摄取营养的过程。利用MmeCB特异性抑制剂(CA074Me)处理饥饿幼虫,发现其生长受到明显抑制,验证了MmeCB参与幼虫表皮营养代谢的推论。利用免疫组织化学技术,研究了MmeCB蛋白在文蛤幼虫中的时空分布,发现其在L2期幼虫表面和胃部有阳性信号,而在L3期,MmeCB在幼虫面盘基部有强烈的表达,提示MmeCB在文蛤幼虫中不仅起到营养的作用,而且可能和幼虫附着变态有关。利用CA074Me分别处理文蛤胚胎和变态期幼虫,发现抑制MmeCB的活性对胚胎发育和幼虫变态都有显著影响。研究结果提示MmeCB在幼虫发育各阶段均具有重要的生物学功能。 根据caspase在不同物种中的保守区域设计简并引物,在文蛤幼虫中扩增到cDNA序列片段;检测有活性的caspase在文蛤幼虫各发育时期的分布部位,发现其在L1至L3期幼虫中都有分布,说明整个幼虫形态变化过程中都有caspase的参与;细胞凋亡检测结果显示,幼虫主要发生细胞凋亡的部位在L3期幼虫的面盘,即变态过程中要退化的器官,说明细胞凋亡可能是文蛤幼虫变态过程中面盘退化的主要机制;用caspase特异性抑制剂处理变态前幼虫,发现幼虫变态率下降,初步验证了caspase在文蛤幼虫变态过程中的作用。 通过对上述三种基因的研究,分别探讨了文蛤幼虫发育阶段中的几个主要事件(L1期到L2期的贝壳形成、L2到L3期的幼虫营养摄食及L3到L4期的附着变态)相关的基因及其功能,为研究贝类生长发育调控的分子机理提供了新的线索。

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扇贝是我国海水养殖的重要品种,但自1994年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且直接威胁到现有产业的生存和发展。扇贝病害的不断爆发以及病因的多样性迫切要求制定新的疾病防治措施和开发新型的抗菌物质。因此,深入研究扇贝免疫防御机制,探讨提高机体抗病力的有效途径和方法,改良种质和培育抗病品系,无疑是解决目前困扰扇贝养殖业健康可持续发展的必经之路。 抗氧化酶可以清除活性氧,是维持机体内氧环境平衡,抵抗外界环境影响的重要免疫因子。本研究采用大规模 EST 测序方法和同源克隆的方法,结合 cDNA 末端快速扩增(RACE)技术,从栉孔扇贝中克隆到了超氧化物岐化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GPX)等抗氧化酶基因的全长 cDNA序列,并对其基因结构进行了分析。同时,用实时定量PCR方法对这三个基因在健康扇贝血淋巴细胞、肾、鳃、肌肉、性腺等组织和在分别用鳗弧菌,溶壁微球菌和假丝酵母处理扇贝后不同时间段的表达差异情况进行了研究。 超氧化物歧化酶基因CfSOD的cDNA 全长为1022 bp,其中开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有 459 bp,编码 153个氨基酸残基,无信号肽,为胞内蛋白。经BLASTP分析发现,CfSOD与其它动物具有较高的同源性。CfSOD中存在两个Cu/Zn-SOD的签名序列;另外Cu结合必须氨基酸(His-45,-47,-62 和-119)和Zn结合必须氨基酸(His-62,-70,-79和Asp-82)在CfSOD中保守。实时定量PCR 检测发现,CfSOD在鳃、血细胞和肾中有较高的表达。在鳗弧菌和溶壁微球菌刺激后,CfSOD的相对表达量逐渐下降,然后分别在32小时和16小时的时候恢复到刺激前的表达水平。在假丝酵母刺激后,CfSOD的mRNA表达没有显著差异。 栉孔扇贝过氧化氢酶基因CfCAT的cDNA全长为3146 bp,其中开放阅读框含有1521bp,编码507个氨基酸残基,无信号肽,为胞内蛋白。经BLASTP分析发现,CfCAT与其它动物具有较高的同源性。 CfCAT中存在过氧化氢酶近端活性位点和过氧化氢酶近端血红素配体签名序列,另外存在两个糖基化位点 NFS和 NFT,同时在CfCAT 的C末端存在过氧化物酶体定位信号AQL,为典型过氧化氢酶。实时定量PCR 检测发现,健康的扇贝中CfCAT在鳃和性腺中有较高的表达。CfCAT基因在鳗弧菌刺后表达升高,在4小时达到最高,约是刺激前表达量的6.8倍(P<0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐下降。在8小时表达量达到为刺激前表达量的1.3倍(P<0.05),在16和32小时略高于刺激前的水平。在溶壁微球菌刺激后CfCAT基因表达量也呈上升趋势,在刺激后4小时达到刺激前表达量的约2倍,然后有所下降,在16 小时又上升到刺激前表达量的2.9倍。CfCAT基因在假丝酵母刺激后的表达略有升高,4小时约是刺激前的1.2倍(P<0.05),在其他时间段变化不明显。 栉孔扇贝谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因CfGPX的cDNA 全长为1290 bp,其中开放阅读框含有705bp,编码235个氨基酸残基,有一个24核苷酸的信号肽序列。经BLASTP 分析发现,CfSOD与其它动物具有较高的同源性。CfGPX中发现谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性位点的签名序列, 另外发现硒半胱氨酸和硒半胱氨酸插入序列,为含硒型谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶。实时定量PCR 检测发现,未经处理的扇贝中CfGPX在性腺、肌肉、血和肾中有较高的表达。CfGPX基因在鳗弧菌刺后表达量快速上升,在6 小时的时候表达量达到最高,为刺激前的4.0倍(P>0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐下降。在溶壁微球菌刺激后CfGPX在前6小时表达略有降低,在6小时的时候表达量为刺激前的0.5倍(P<0.05),后随着时间的变化而逐渐升高。在16小时的时候表达量为刺激前的2.1倍(P<0.05)。在假丝酵母刺激后, CfGPX的表达量略有下降在8小时的时候表达量为刺激前的0.8倍(P<0.05)。 实验证明栉孔扇贝的超氧化物歧化酶基因CfSOD,过氧化氢酶基因CfCAT,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶基因CfGPX基因在机体抵抗外界微生物刺激中起到了重要的作用。

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扇贝养殖是我国重要的海水养殖产业,然而自1997 年以来,养殖扇贝陆续爆发的大规模死亡,不但造成了巨大的经济损失,而且严重影响了该产业的健康发展。丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子及丝氨酸蛋白酶在无脊椎动物的免疫应答中起着核心作用,它们的协同作用直接导致外界病源入侵的信号转导和级联放大,并进一步激活一系列防御体系,如黑化反应、血液凝结和抗菌肽的合成等。因此,克隆扇贝参与免疫防御的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因并对其功能进行研究,将有助于进一步研究扇贝的免疫防御机制,丰富和发展无脊椎动物免疫学的内容。 运用大规模EST技术和RACE技术从栉孔扇贝中克隆出一个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为CfKZSPI。该基因cDNA序列全长1788bp,其中5' 非编码区(Untranslated Region, UTR)为97 bp,3' UTR161 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame, ORF)含有1530 bp,编码509 个氨基酸残基。对其推测氨基酸序列进行分析,发现其中包括22个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列和12个Kazal型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR(quantitative real time PCR)对鳗弧菌浸泡刺激后栉孔扇贝血淋巴中CfKZSPI 的 mRNA表达量进行了检测,发现其mRNA 的表达量在鳗弧菌刺激后3h明显上升,达到空白组的43.6倍;然后在6h时有所下降,为空白组的15.0倍;随着菌刺激时间的增长,CfKZSPI基因的 mRNA 表达量急剧增加,在刺激后8h,12h,24h分别达到空白组的174.1,207.8,675.4倍。统计分析发现3h(P=0.019<0.05)和12h(P=0.020<0.05)时,CfKZSPI基因mRNA表达量与空白组差异均显著。为了研究栉孔扇贝CfKZSPI的蛋白活性,将其第十二个结构域克隆到pET-32a(+)载体中,转化大肠杆菌Rosetta-gami(DE3)表达菌株,获得可溶性表达的蛋白rCfKZSPI-12,对其进行抑制蛋白酶活性的分析,发现其对胰蛋白酶有很强的抑制活性,而对凝血酶没有抑制活性。当rCfKZSPI-12与胰蛋白酶分子比率为1:1时,约90%的蛋白酶活性被抑制。运用狄更斯作图法研究rCfKZSPI-12对胰蛋白酶的抑制能力,结果发现其对胰蛋白酶的抑制常数为173 nmol L-1。 采用同样方法从海湾扇贝cDNA文库中克隆出一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂基因,定名为Aikunitz。该基因全长632 bp,其中5' UTR 为105 bp,3' UTR 为 245 bp,有一个典型的多聚腺苷酸信号序列(AATAAA)和一个ploy A 尾巴,ORF 含有282 bp,编码93 个氨基酸残基。推测的氨基酸序列N末端有一个20个氨基酸残基组成的信号肽序列,成熟蛋白包括一个Kunitz型丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂结构域。采用QRT-PCR对鳗弧菌和藤黄微球菌感染后海湾扇贝血淋巴中Aikunitz 的mRNA的表达量进行了检测,结果发现其在鳗弧菌刺激后3h到9h持续上升,9h时表达量为PBS对照组的4.49倍(P=0.008<0.05),然后开始下降,在72h时表达量为对照组的0.24倍(P=0.021<0.05);而在藤黄微球菌刺激后3h到12h其表达量上升,其中6h时为空白组的5.95倍(P=0.0004<0.01);12h以后迅速下降,其中24h的表达量为对照组的0.38倍(P=0.028<0.05)。将Aikunitz基因编码的成熟蛋白按照重组CfKZSPI-12的方法进行重组表达,并对重组蛋白进行抑制蛋白酶和抑菌活性分析。结果发现其对胰蛋白酶和弹性蛋白酶两种丝氨酸蛋白酶都没有抑制作用。抑菌实验同样发现,重组Aikunitz 对供试的革兰氏阳性菌藤黄微球菌和革兰氏阴性菌鳗弧菌和大肠杆菌都不显示明显抑菌活性。

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热休克蛋白70是热休克蛋白家族中重要的成员,参与新生蛋白的折叠、转运、重折叠变性蛋白、协助降解变性蛋白和抗逆环境胁迫等功能。海带和裙带菜是浅海潮下带典型的褐藻,孔石莼和浒苔是潮间带典型的绿藻,四种大型海藻均有重要的经济价值和生态价值。随着潮汐变化固着藻类生境理化因素变化剧烈,藻类面临着严重的环境胁迫,因此研究藻类抗逆机理有着重要的意义。 本研究采用同源克隆法配合RACE-PCR,克隆了海带、孔石莼、裙带菜和浒苔HSP70基因的全序列(分别命名为LJHSP70、UPHSP70、QDHSP70和EPHSP70)。利用生物信息学方法分析了四种藻类HSP70结构特征、同源性关系和进化地位。获得的海带HSP70基因全序列长为2918 bp,5’非翻译区为248 bp,3’非翻译区为696 bp,开放阅读框为1974 bp,编码657个氨基酸,预测的分子量为72.03 kDa,等电点为4.97。获得的裙带菜HSP70基因全序列长为3243 bp,5’非翻译区为248 bp,3’非翻译区为1021 bp,开放阅读框为1974 bp,编码657个氨基酸,预测的分子量为72.03 kDa,等电点为4.96。获得的孔石莼HSP70基因全序列长为2283 bp,5’非翻译区为65 bp,3’非翻译区为247 bp,开放阅读框为1971 bp,编码656个氨基酸,预测的分子量为71.13 kDa,等电点为5.04。获得的浒苔HSP70基因全序列长为2265 bp,5’非翻译区为65 bp,3’非翻译区为217 bp,开放阅读框为1983 bp,编码660个氨基酸,预测的分子量为71.39 kDa,等电点为5.03。四种海藻HSP70氨基酸序列均含有四肽重复序列GGMP,具有三个典型的HSP70签名基序。细胞质定位的HSP70 C-末端特征基序为EEID或EEVD,并且N-端氨基酸序列保守性高于C-端。海带和裙带菜HSP70蛋白同源性为98%,孔石莼和浒苔HSP70蛋白同源性为96%,四种海藻HSP70蛋白序列与陆地植物和其他藻类HSP70蛋白序列同源性为70-80%。 利用荧光定量RT-PCR技术对不同胁迫条件处理的海带和孔石莼HSP70 mRNA的表达水平进行定量分析。不同热激温度(5-40 ℃)处理组中,30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量最高是10 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量的3倍,而35 ℃或40 ℃处理组的海带HSP70表达量却低于25 ℃或30 ℃处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量。25 ℃不同热激时间(0-12 h)处理组中,海带HSP70 mRNA表达量呈先上升后下降趋势。热激1 h后海带HSP70 mRNA表达量迅速上升,热激7 h后mRNA表达量达到最大,是对照组表达量的4倍。不同盐度(0‰-45‰)胁迫处理组中,0‰或5‰盐度处理组的海带HSP70 mRNA表达量是30‰盐度处理组海带HSP70 mRNA表达量的3倍。35‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组之间HSP70 mRNA表达量较低且无显著差异。 不同热激温度(5-40℃)处理组中,20 ℃或25 ℃处理的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量较低,而5 ℃、35 ℃、或40 ℃处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA的表达量是25 ℃处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量的2倍以上。30 ℃不同热激时间(0-12 h)处理组中,孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量也呈先上升后下降趋势。热激5 h后孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量达到最大,是对照组的3.5倍。不同盐度(0‰-45‰)胁迫处理组中,0‰或5‰盐度处理组的孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量是30‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70表达量的3倍。30‰、40‰和45‰盐度处理组孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量较低,且无显著差异。不同紫外线照射时间(0-4.0 h)和不同干燥时间(0-4.0 h)处理组中,孔石莼HSP70 mRNA表达量都在3 h后达到最高值,之后表达量维持在较高水平。 为进一步研究藻类HSP70的生物学功能,将海带HSP70基因的开放阅读框区域克隆到表达载体pEASY-E2中,并转化到大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)pLysS。将阳性重组子培养于含有AMP(100 U/mL)的LB培养基,IPTG诱导表达,SDS-PAGE电泳鉴定。经5 h诱导,其表达量达到平台期,继续培养HSP70表达量并不显著增高。5 mM IPTG诱导海带HSP70蛋白表达量高于1 mM IPTG诱导蛋白表达量。

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Kinestatin, isolated from the skin of the Chinese toad, Bombina maxima, was the first bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist identified in amphibians. Molecular cloning established that it is co-encoded with the bradykinin-related peptide, maximakinin, within one of several skin kininogens. To examine other species within the genus Bombina for the presence of structural homologues of kinestatin, we subjected skin secretion of the toad, Bombina orientalis, to HPLC fractionation with subsequent bioassay of fractions for antagonism of bradykinin activity using an isolated rat tail artery smooth muscle preparation. A single fraction was located that inhibited bradykinin-induced relaxation of rat arterial smooth muscle and MALDI-TOF analysis of this fraction revealed that it contained a single peptide of molecular mass 3198.5 Da. Further primary structural analysis of this peptide showed that it was a 28-mer with an N-terminal Asp (D) residue and a C-terminal Val (V) residue that was amidated. The peptide was named DV-28 amide in accordance with these primary structural attributes. Synthetic DV-28 amide replicated the observed bradykinin antagonistic effect within the smooth muscle bioassay in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, it was observed to inhibit the proliferation of human microvessel endothelial cells (HMECs) as assessed by MTT assay. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that DV-28 amide was, like kinestatin, co-encoded with a bradykinin receptor agonist on one of two skin kininogens identified in B. orientalis. DV-28 amide thus represents a novel class of bradykinin antagonist from skin secretions of bombinid toads that appear to be a rich source of such novel peptides.

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The skin secretions produced by many amphibians are formidable chemical/biological weapons deployed as a defence against predators. Bioactive peptides are often the predominant class of biochemical within these secretions and the inventory of such remains incomplete with each individual taxon producing unique cocktails contained within which are some signature peptides, such as bradykinins and tachykinins. These secretions have been the source of many peptides subsequently found to have structural homologues in vertebrate neuroendocrine systems (bombesin/GRP; sauvagine/CRF; caerulein/CCK) and vice versa (bradykinin, CGRP, NMU). They are thus unequivocally intriguing resources for novel bioactive peptide discovery. Here we describe a novel 22-mer amidated peptide, named GK-22 amide (N-terminal Gly (G) and C-terminal Lys (K) amide) with an internal disulphide bridge between Cys (C) 11 and 20 from the skin secretion of Odorrana versabilis. Molecular cloning indicated that it is encoded as a single copy on a biosynthetic precursor of 59 amino acid residues consisting of a signal peptide, an acidic amino acid residue-rich spacer domain and a mature peptide encoding domain flanked N-terminally by a classical -Lys-Arg- (KR) propeptide convertase processing site and C-terminally by a Gly (G) residue amide donor. A synthetic replicate of this peptide produced potent and dose-dependent contraction of the smooth muscle of rat urinary bladder. GK-22 amide thus represents the prototype of a novel class of myotropic peptide from amphibian skin and its discovery illustrates the continuing potential of this resource to this end.