Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane

A high quality pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was successfully synthesized on an alpha-Al2O3 support by a novel microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis (MARS) method. Influence of synthesis conditions, such as synthesis time, synthesis procedure, etc., on the formation of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane by MAHS method was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and gas permeation measurements. The synthesis of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane by MAHS method only needed 45 min and synthesis was more than 8 times faster than by the conventional hydrothermal synthesis (CHS) method. A pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was easily synthesized by MAHS method, while a zeolite membrane, which consisted of NaX zeolite, NaA zeolite and hydroxy-sodalite zeolite, was usually synthesized by CHS method. The effect of preparation procedures had a dramatic impact on the formation of hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane and a single-stage synthesis procedure produced a pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane. The pure hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane synthesized by MARS method was found to be well inter-grown and the thickness of the membrane was 6-7 mum. Gas permeation results showed that the hydrogen/n-butane permselectivity of the hydroxy-sodalite zeolite membrane was larger than 1000. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Sn-modified Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts for selective hydroisomerization of n-paraffins

The hydroconversion of n-paraffins is a key reaction in hydrodewaxing of lubricating base oil. In this paper, we investigate the performance of Pt/SAPO-11 catalysts for isomerization of n-paraffins by the model compound of n-dodecane. Under this experimental condition, yields of feed isomers as well as cracking products are a function of the total n-dodecane conversion. Primary products are methylundecane while multi-brancheds and cracking products are formed in successive reactions. The result shows that the addition of Sn increases the selectivity for isomerization reaction. The most ideal experimental data for hydroconversion of n-dodecane is that the selectivity of isomerized products gets 90% when conversion of n-dodecane is 90% for the Sn-promoted Pt/SAPO-11 catalyst.

不同土壤水分条件对长白山阔叶红松林5种树种的生理生态特性的影响(英文)

水分亏缺影响植物的整个生长过程,不论是外部形态还是内部结构以及各种代谢过程均受到影响。不同植物对其不同程度水分亏缺的响应是不同的,这主要是由于不同植物在不同水分条件下碳同化与水分利用机制间存在差异的结果。本研究以组成长白山阔叶红松林主要树种红松、水曲柳、胡桃楸、椴树和蒙古柞的幼苗为研究对象,盆栽于模拟干旱条件下,其土壤含水量分别为田间持水量(37.2%)的85%~100%(CK)、65%~85%、(MW)和45%~65%(LW)。讨论了不同模拟干旱强度对树木耐旱特征、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用率等参数的影响。结果表明,所有供试树种经模拟干旱处理后叶片耐旱特征增加:叶片厚度、自由水含量和肉质度增加,比叶面积减小。不同树种的光合速率对不同土壤水分条件反映趋势基本相似,除水曲柳在轻度土壤水分亏缺下光合速率和水分利用率比对照组有所提高外,其它4个树种光合速率和水分利用率均下降,但蒸腾速率对土壤水分含量反应不一,反映出幼树对对土壤水分含量适应的复杂性。表3参15。

长白山阔叶红松林主要树种对干旱胁迫的生态反应及生物量分配的初步研究

以组成长白山温带阔叶红松林主要树种红松、水曲柳、胡桃楸、椴树和蒙古柞的幼苗 ,盆栽于土壤含水量分别为田间持水量的 85 %～ 10 0 % (CK)、65 %～ 85 % (MW )和 45 %～ 65 % (LW )条件下 4个月 .研究不同土壤水分亏缺对不同树种生态反应和生物量再分配 ,结果表明 ,干旱处理显著降低供试树种的单叶面积、侧根数、根长等 ,降低叶比重 ,增加根比重 .不同种对干旱响应存在明显差异 .椴树和水曲柳叶比重随水分亏缺的加剧而显著降低 ,蒙古柞和胡桃楸叶比重值在轻度水分亏缺时达到最高 .但不同树种幼树茎比重并不随土壤水分含量的降低而发生明显变化 ,各树种生物量较对照组有显著差异 .椴树、水曲柳、胡桃楸、红松幼树总生物量平均降低 32 .8、43.6、2 6.2和 2 3 8% ,蒙古柞幼树生物量平均增加 4.8% ,耐旱性比其它 4个供试树种强 .

Comparison of 6Mo/MCM-22 and 6Mo/ZSM-5 in the MDA process

A comparison of methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) on 6Mo/MCM-22 and 6Mo/ZSM-5 was carried out using a gas mixture of 90%CH4, 2%CO2 and 8%Ar as the feed. The results indicate that the stability of 6Mo/MCM-22 is better than that of 6Mo/ZSM-5. A detailed study reveals that the ability for coke accommodation and the retention of the shape selectivity for aromatics formation is responsible for the stability of a MDA catalyst.

The role of coke in the deactivation of Mo/MCM-22 catalyst for methane dehydroaromatization with CO2

The effect of space velocity on reaction performance and coke deposition over 6Mo/MCM-22 catalyst in methane dehydro-aromatization (MDA) with CO2 were studied. The characterization of catalysts reacted at different space velocity after the same amount of methane feed by TG, TPO and Benzene/NH3-TPD techniques suggested that the inert coke maybe responsible for the deactivation of catalyst because of its blockage effect for pore system.

Effect of support on chromium based catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of C2H6 with CO2 to C2H4

The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) with CO2 to C2H4 has been studied over a series of Cr-based catalysts using SiO2, Al2O3, (MCM-41 zeolite) MCM-41, MgO and Silicate-2 (Si-2) as the supports. TPR, NH3-TPD, and EPR characterizations of catalysts were carried out to investigate the reduction property of Cr species on different supports, the acidities of catalysts and Cr species of 6Cr/SiO2 catalysts, respectively.

Promotional effect of colloidal alumina on the activity of the In/HZSM-5 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO with methane

Colloidal alumina was used to improve the activity of an In/HZSM-5 catalyst for the selective reduction of NO with CH4 in the excess of oxygen. Compared with In/HZSM-5, the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst showed higher activity in a wide range of reaction temperatures. It is visualized that a synergetic effect between In/HZSM-5 and Al2O3 enhances the conversion of NOx. The addition of Al2O3 improved the conversion of NO to NO2 and facilitated the activation of methane. An In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 pre-treated with steam for 15 h at 700 degreesC still showed a high activity for the removal of NOx with methane, while an In/HZSM-5 similarly pre-treated with steam showed a lower activity than the fresh sample. The activity of the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst could be restored completely after water vapor was removed from the feed gas. Furthermore, it was found that the In/HZSM-5/Al2O3 remained fairly active under high GHSV and O-2 concentration conditions. It was also interesting to find that an increase in NO content could enhance the conversion of methane, and this illustrates that the existence of NO is beneficial for the activation of methane. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Reduction of NO by CH4 with microwave heating

The reduction of NO by CH4 in the presence of excess O-2 over Co/HZSM-5, Ni/HZSM-5 and Mn/HZSM-5 catalysts with microwave heating was studied. By comparing the activities of the catalysts in the microwave heating mode with that in the conventional reaction mode, it was demonstrated that microwave heating could greatly reduce the reaction temperature, and could clearly expand the temperature window of the catalysts. Especially for the Co/HZSM-5 catalyst, the maximum conversion of NO to N-2 in the conventional reaction mode was consistent with that in the microwave heating mode. However, the temperature window for the maximum conversion in the microwave heating mode was from 260 to 360degreesC instead of a temperature of 420degreesC in the conventional reaction mode. The results suggest that microwave heating has a novel effect in the reduction of NO.

Direct conversion of methane under nonoxidative conditions

Direct conversion of methane into hydrogen and valuable chemicals under nonoxidative conditions is a process severely limited thermodynamically. However, the movement from the present era of fossil fuels into the coming hydrogen energy age makes it an interesting and important approach compared with the direct conversion of methane under the aid of oxidants. This paper gives a brief overview of the direct conversion of CH4 under nonoxidative conditions. At the same time, our understanding of methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts for the simultaneous formation of hydrogen and light aromatics is discussed in general, while the bifunctionality of Mo/HZSM-5 catalysts and the role of carbonaceous deposits formed during the reaction are reviewed in more detail. A perspective of the topic from both academic points of view and potential industrial applications is also presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

Shape selectivity in methane dehydroaromatization over Mo/MCM-22 catalysts during a lifetime experiment

Dehydroaromatization of CH4 with 2% CO2 on 6Mo/MCM-22 in a 100-h lifetime test was carried out at 993 K, atmospheric pressure and 1500 mL/gh. The duration of the lifetime test can be divided into an induction stage, stable stage and deactivation stage on the basis of the selectivities of hydrocarbons and coke. The characteristics of deposited coke with different time onstream were studied using TPO and TG techniques. There were two peaks corresponding to two kinds of coke recorded in TPO profiles, and the oxidation temperature of coke shifted to higher values with less hydrogen content with the increase of coke deposits. BET and Benzene-TPD techniques were employed to study the variation of specific surface area of the external and micropore surface versus time onstream. With the accumulation of coke deposits, although the pores became partially blocked and the internal surface decreased, methane could still enter the channel and was converted to benzene with shape selectivity until a critical value of coke deposition was reached.

A Mossbauer study of In-Fe2O3/HZSM-5 catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by methane

The selective catalytic reduction of NO by CH4 was compared over In-Fe2O3/HZSM-5 catalysts prepared by impregnation and co-impregnation methods. It was found that the catalyst preparation method greatly affected the catalyst activity. The impregnated catalyst was very active, but the co-impregnated one showed poor activity. The In Fe2O3/HZSM-5 catalysts were investigated by Mossbauer spectroscopy. The results showed that indium cations entered into the iron oxide lattice in the co-impregnated catalyst, while the impregnated catalyst exhibited a more stable structure, when both of the catalysts were treated severely in the reaction atmosphere. Characterization by means of combined in situ temperature programmed reduction (TPR)- Mossbauer spectroscopy further revealed that the performances of the two catalysts were different in the TPR processes.

Effect of addition of Zn on the catalytic activity of a Co/HZSM-5 catalyst for the SCR of NOx with CH4

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by methane in the presence of excess oxygen was studied on a Zn-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst. It was found that the addition of Zn could improve effectively the selectivity of methane towards NOx reduction. When prepared by a coimpregnation method, the Zn-Co/HZSM-5 catalyst showed much higher catalytic activity than the two catalysts of a Zn/Co/HZSM-5 and Co/Zn/HZSM-5 prepared by the successive impregnation method. It is considered that there exists a cooperative effect among the Zn, Co and zeolite, which enhances the reduction of NO to NO2 reaction and the activation of methane. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

干旱胁迫对蒙古柞表观资源利用率的影响

比较研究了模拟干旱及自然水分梯度条件下蒙古柞树种光合生理指标 ,模拟干旱处理试验土壤含水量分别控制在田间持水量的 85 %～ 10 0 % (CK)、6 5 %～ 85 % (MW )和 4 5 %～ 6 5 % (LW ) .结果表明 ,干旱胁迫对蒙古柞幼树净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用率、表观CO2 利用率和表观光能利用率等生理指标均产生明显影响 .野外自然条件下水分梯度对蒙古柞大树气孔导度、水分利用率和净光合速率有显著影响 ,但对蒸腾速率、表观CO2 利用率和表观光能利用率的影响不显著 ,中等水分条件可明显提高蒙古柞大树叶片的气体交换和水分利用率 ,说明蒙古柞树种叶片气体交换和表观资源利用率对干旱胁迫的响应程度不同 .蒙古柞树种是干旱可变植物 ,长期水分胁迫可提高树种的耐旱能力 ,特别是中等水分胁迫能保持蒙古柞固有的强劲耐旱能力

Influence of iron promoter on catalytic properties of Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2 for CO hydrogenation

The effect of iron promoter on the catalytic properties of Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2 catalyst in the synthesis Of C-2 oxygenates from syngas was investigated by means of the following techniques: CO hydrogenation reaction, temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption and reaction of adsorbed CO (CO-TPD and TPSR) and pulse adsorption of CO. The results showed that the addition of iron promoter could improve the activity of the catalysts. Unexpectedly, the yield of C-2 oxygenates increased greatly from 331.6 up to 457.5 g/(kg h) when 0.05% Fe was added into Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2 catalyst, while no change in the selectivity to C-2 oxygenates was observed. However, the activity and selectivity Of C-2 oxygenates were greatly decreased if the Fe amount exceeded 1.0%. The existence of a little iron decreased the reducibility of Rh precursor, while the reduction of Fe component itself became easier. CO uptake decreased with increasing the quantity of Fe addition. This phenomenon was further confirmed by CO-TPD results. The CO-TPD and TPSR results showed that only the strongly adsorbed CO could be hydrogenated, while the weakly adsorbed CO was desorbed. We propose that Fe is highly dispersed and in close contact with Rh and Mn; such arrangements were responsible for the high yield Of C-2 oxygenates. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.