The Western Balkans: deadlock in the EU enlargement process. OSW Commentary No. 43, 2010-11-24

On 9 November the European Commission presented the annual reports assessing the progress of the Balkans states in their preparations for EU membership, the enlargement strategy up to autumn 2011, and the assessment of the EU membership applications submitted by Albania and Macedonia. All these documents show that the reform process in the Balkan states has slowed down in comparison to previous years. The main reason for this slowdown is the negative consequences of the global economic crisis for these countries. Nonetheless, the transformation process is continuing, despite these difficulties. Another increasingly serious challenge for integrating the Balkan states is the EU's growing reluctance to enlarge any further. Among other measures, the EU states have blocked the formal acknowledgement of the integration progress (objections have been raised to the submission of membership applications by Albania, Serbia and Montenegro, and to granting Albania candidate status), which has significantly prolonged the accession process. In fact, this illustrates the lack of political will to accept new members. The European Commission is aware that the integration process may be blocked, and so in the coming year it is planning to focus on fostering the idea of enlargement among the EU member states. It will also focus on persuading the Balkan states to move on with reforms, especially those designed to strengthen state institutions (administration, the judiciary), even if their progress will not be formally considered during the integration process. The Commission assumes that by the end of next year, the reforms implemented by the Balkan states will be comprehensive enough to persuade the EU states to step up the integration process in subsequent years. However, if the EU member states' standpoint on the enlargement process does not change, the Commission's efforts will not bring about the expected results. Considering that their prospects for EU membership are receding, the Balkan states may not have sufficient motivation to go on with long-term reform efforts. As a result, the transformation process may become impeded, and in the longer perspective, the situation in the entire region may be destabilised.

EU member states and enlargement towards the Balkans. EPC ISSUE PAPER No. 79, July 2015

From the Executive Summary. The European Union’s enlargement to the Balkans seems to be running on autopilot since Croatia’s accession in 2013 and amidst the on-going crisis. While the region still has a clear European perspective, progress on the dossier has been marred not just by outstanding challenges in individual Balkan countries but often also by hurdles which develop within the Union – more specifically in the member states. While the EU’s internal procedures for handling enlargement have always been intergovernmental in nature, the frequency of incursions and opportunities for the member states to interfere and derail the process has increased over the past years, suggesting a so-called ‘nationalisation’ of enlargement. In 17 case studies and two theoretical chapters, this Issue Paper investigates whether the dossier has shifted more under the control of the member states, and looks at the kind of considerations and potential ‘roadblocks’ that influence the positions of key national actors on enlargement.

Russia in the Balkans: How should the EU respond? EPC Policy Brief, 12 October 2015

On 3 September 2015, Russia's 7th Guards Airborne-Assault (Mountain) Division kicked off an exercise near the Black Sea city of Novorossiysk, some 150 km southeast of the annexed Crimean peninsula. The timing was chosen carefully. 'Swift Response', a large-scale drill run by NATO alongside the coastline of Romania and Bulgaria, along with other European locations, had concluded several days earlier. Codenamed 'Slavic Brotherhood', the war games at Novorossiysk involved Belarusian Special Forces and, strikingly, paratroopers from Serbia. Here was a country negotiating its accession to the EU and a recent signatory of a cooperation deal with NATO that was siding with the self-declared competitor of the West.

Is the EU turning a blind eye to the 'new strongmen' of the Balkans? CEPS Commentary, 11 July 2016

"We are working on a daily basis with each and every one, to make steps towards the European integration of the Western Balkans." High Representative/Vice President Federica Mogherini Western Balkans Summit, Paris, 4 July 2016

L'argot: moyen d'évasion linguistique des dominés

Cette étude naît à la suite d'un contact direct avec l'une des manifestations contemporaines des variétés de français qui caractérisent Paris et dont l'histoire est liée à l'urbanisation de la ville, l'Argot des jeunes parisiens. Ce langage naît en effet de l'opposition des jeunes des catégories populaires vivant dans des quartiers dits « sensibles » aux pratiques des jeunes issus des classes moyennes et supérieures. Mais l'émergence de pratiques langagières argotiques n'est pas un phénomène récent. En effet la langue française a toujours été déstructurée pour masquer ou crypter des informations surtout chez les classes sociales les plus basses, au milieu desquelles vivaient les criminels. Le point de départ est donc la définition du langage argotique qui, en gardant la phonologie et la syntaxe de la langue française commune, introduit un lexique nouveau pour nommer les activités qui sont propres à des communautés spécifiques et que l'on analysera au cours de cette recherche. On parlera donc des premières sociétés criminelles caractérisées par l'usage de ce type de langage et de la découverte du première document argotique officiel à l'intérieur duquel on a retrouvé une description détaillée des expressions utilisées par un groupe de malfaiteurs. On se focalisera ensuite sur les attitudes linguistiques qui viennent d'une vision du monde typique des classes sociales les plus basses et qui comportent différents procédés de formation de mots propres au langage parallèle à la langue d'usage commun. On abordera enfin la condition des jeunes banlieusards de nos jours, qui, à cause du manque d'intérêt de la société qui les entoure, cherchent à s' évader de la condition de marginalité dans laquelle ils vivent à travers la création d'un langage qui puisse seconder leur sentiment d'appartenance au même groupe social et qu'ils utilisent comme instrument d'évasion d'une réalité aliénante.

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Reprinted from Annales de Provence.

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Mode of access: Internet.

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The Balkans, Italy and the Adriatic,

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Russia, the Balkans and the Dardanelles,

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Der Wald, seine Bezeichnung, Bedeutung und Geschichte in Frankreich; sprachgeographische Studie zu Gillierons "Atlas linguistique de la France."

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La Grèce avant les Grecs : etude linguistique & ethnographique, Pélasges, Lélèges, Sémites & Ioniens /

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Eléments de linguistique et de philologie; de la formation et de lé̀tude des langues ...

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