956 resultados para Landsat satellites.


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Neste estudo foram empregados sistemas de informações geográficas e técnicas de sensoriamento remoto para investigar o efeito do uso e cobertura do solo sobre a temperatura da superfície do solo (TSS) nos anos de 1985, 1990, 1995, 1999, 2002 e 2011, na bacia do Rio Corumbataí (BRC), SP. O padrão espacial da TSS foi derivado de imagens do satélite Landsat, por meio da banda termal do sensor TM. Estudou-se a relação entre os índices NDVI, NDBI, MI e da altitude com a TSS. A TSS da BRC foi crescente até o ano de 1999 e reduziu até o ano de 2011. O padrão espacial da TSS foi influenciado pelo uso e cobertura do solo. Houve correlação negativa da TSS com o NDVI e MI e positiva com o NDBI. Áreas de pastagem e áreas de cana-de-açúcar colhidas podem atingir TSS superiores às áreas urbanas, dependendo das condições de umidade do ambiente. Conclui-se que os dados do TM/Landsat associados aos dados coletados em campo, apresentam potencial para identificação de padrões térmico-hídricos em estudos de bacias hidrográficas.

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Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi avaliar espacialmente, usando geoestatística, a variação do Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada (NVDI) em dois tipos de sistemas de pastejo: rotacionado e contínuo. A obtenção do NDVI ocorreu por meio de imagens do satélite Landsat 8 de 2013 a 2015, tratadas usando o software ArcGIS 10.3. Os valores de NDVI foram atribuídos a cada pixel (30 x 30 m) da imagem. As datas das imagens foram agrupadas em duas estações, seca (de abril a setembro) e chuvosa (de outubro a março), e os valores de NDVI foram analisados usando estatística descritiva e geoestatística, incluindo análise dos semivariogramas e interpolação por krigagem ordinária em uma grade de 1 x 1 m. Os parâmetros de dependência espacial obtidos pelo ajuste do semivariograma foram utilizados para a interpolação por krigagem ordinária, e os mapas foram elaborados. Houve dependência espacial para o NDVI nos dois sistemas de produção de pecuária, com melhor representação da variabilidade na estação seca de 2013, pois o padrão de variabilidade espacial do semivariograma escalonado indica maior homogeneidade dos dados da área de estudo nessa época em relação às demais. Os mapas resultantes da krigagem permitiram identificar, com maior precisão, a interferência da condição de estresse hídrico no desenvolvimento da pastagem, mais vigorosa no sistema rotacionado. A utilização de NDVI obtido por imagens de satélite Landsat 8 demonstrou potencial para o acompanhamento do vigor da vegetação em áreas de pastagem.

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A pecuária é responsável por mais de 6% do Produto Interno Bruto. Manejos pecuários têm sido estudados para buscar meios mais eficientes de produção. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de sistemas pecuários sobre o índice de vegetação Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), para indicar os sistemas mais produtivos em temos de forragem. Duas áreas de produção de gado de corte e uma de gado de leite, localizadas na Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste (São Carlos, SP), foram avaliadas no período de abril de 2013 a agosto de 2015. Na área 1, os maiores valores de NDVI ocorreram no sistema integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta em todos os períodos. Os sistemas integrado pecuária-floresta e intensivo apresentaram valores similares, principalmente nos períodos de seca. Nas situações em que a cobertura principal eram as pastagens foi possível, na maior parte do tempo, separar os sistemas mais produtivos (intensivos) do sistema menos vigoroso (extensivo). Na área 2, o sistema intensivo e de alta lotação animal apresentou os maiores valores de índices de vegetação ao longo de todos os períodos avaliados e foi o mais produtivo. Na área 3, os sistemas de produção intensivo em recuperação e intensivo irrigado apresentaram os maior valores de NDVI na maior parte dos período avaliados, o que indica maior produtividade desses sistemas. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, séries temporais de NDVI têm o potencial de discriminar, entre os sistemas pecuários de produção não integrados, os sistemas mais produtivos (intensivos) dos sistemas menos produtivos (extensivos), principalmente nos períodos de seca.

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O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a eficiência dos dados dos sensores Aster e ETM+/Landsat 7 na classificação do uso e cobertura da terra, com ênfase nos níveis de degradação das pastagens na Zona da Mata Mineira, através da utilização de redes neurais artificiais. Foram testadas três composições de uma imagem do sensor Aster e uma do ETM+/Landsat 7, para definição das melhores feições discriminantes para o classificador. As classes de uso e cobertura consideradas foram: floresta, café, área urbana/solo exposto e três níveis de degradação das pastagens (moderado, forte e muito forte). Utilizou-se o simulador de redes neurais Java Neural Network Simulator e o algoritmo empregado foi o back-propagation. Dentre as composições de imagens testadas o melhor resultado foi alcançado com a utilização das 9 bandas do Aster (30m) como variáveis discriminantes, que também permitiu uma melhor discriminação dos níveis de degradação das pastagens considerados. Este resultado é atribuído à melhor resolução espectral desta composição de imagem quando comparada às demais. Dentre as classes consideradas, a pastagem no nível de degradação muito forte foi a que apresentou o maior erro de classificação, em todas as composições, sendo bastante confundida com a pastagem no nível de degradação forte.

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Os problemas ambientais urbanos se agravaram nas últimas décadas devido ao crescimento das cidades sem ou com inadequado planejamento urbano. Assim, a preocupação com a qualidade ambiental urbana ganha foco e suas técnicas de análise também. Desta forma, entre os diferentes problemas relacionados a essa questão destaca-se o clima urbano, gerado a partir de mudanças realizadas na cobertura da superfície urbana, resultando em mudanças na atmosfera local, percebidas principalmente na temperatura do ar.  Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças nas temperaturas da superfície intraurbana na cidade de Cândido Mota/SP e compará-las com a temperatura da superfície do ambiente rural próximo. Para a realização deste estudo, foi utilizada imagem de satélite – canal termal do satélite LandSat 7, banda 6, com resolução espacial de 60 metros – tratada no software IDRISI (marca registrada da Clark University) transformando os valores digitais para temperatura em graus Celsius (ºC). Este procedimento possibilitou uma análise das temperaturas das diferentes coberturas das estruturas da cidade e também da densidade de cobertura vegetal. A área de estudo selecionada foi a cidade de Cândido Mota/SP, e verificou-se que mesmo sendo de pequeno porte, apresenta diferenças significativas na temperatura da superfície quando se compara com o ambiente rural. 

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A method is presented for the development of a regional Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) and Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) spectral greenness index, coherent with a six-dimensional index set, based on a single ETM+ spectral image of a reference landscape. The first three indices of the set are determined by a polar transformation of the first three principal components of the reference image and relate to scene brightness, percent foliage projective cover (FPC) and water related features. The remaining three principal components, of diminishing significance with respect to the reference image, complete the set. The reference landscape, a 2200 km2 area containing a mix of cattle pasture, native woodland and forest, is located near Injune in South East Queensland, Australia. The indices developed from the reference image were tested using TM spectral images from 19 regionally dispersed areas in Queensland, representative of dissimilar landscapes containing woody vegetation ranging from tall closed forest to low open woodland. Examples of image transformations and two-dimensional feature space plots are used to demonstrate image interpretations related to the first three indices. Coherent, sensible, interpretations of landscape features in images composed of the first three indices can be made in terms of brightness (red), foliage cover (green) and water (blue). A limited comparison is made with similar existing indices. The proposed greenness index was found to be very strongly related to FPC and insensitive to smoke. A novel Bayesian, bounded space, modelling method, was used to validate the greenness index as a good predictor of FPC. Airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) estimates of FPC along transects of the 19 sites provided the training and validation data. Other spectral indices from the set were found to be useful as model covariates that could improve FPC predictions. They act to adjust the greenness/FPC relationship to suit different spectral backgrounds. The inclusion of an external meteorological covariate showed that further improvements to regional-scale predictions of FPC could be gained over those based on spectral indices alone.

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This paper studies receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) algorithms and performance benefits of RTK solutions with multiple-constellations. The proposed method is generally known as Multi-constellation RAIM -McRAIM. The McRAIM algorithms take advantage of the ambiguity invariant character to assist fast identification of multiple satellite faults in the context of multiple constellations, and then detect faulty satellites in the follow-up ambiguity search and position estimation processes. The concept of Virtual Galileo Constellation (VGC) is used to generate useful data sets of dual-constellations for performance analysis. Experimental results from a 24-h data set demonstrate that with GPS&VGC constellations, McRAIM can significantly enhance the detection and exclusion probabilities of two simultaneous faulty satellites in RTK solutions.

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Providing precise positioning services in regional areas to support agriculture, mining, and construction sectors depends on the availability of ground continuously operating GNSS reference stations and communications linking these stations to central computers and users. With the support of CRC for Spatial Information, a more comprehensive review has been completed recently to examine various wired and wireless communication links available for precise positioning services, in particular in the Queensland regional areas. The study covers a wide range of communication technologies that are currently available, including fixed, mobile wireless, and Geo-stationary and or low earth orbiting satellites. These technologies are compared in terms of bandwidth, typical latency, reliability, coverage, and costs. Additionally, some tests were also conducted to determine the performances of different systems in the real environment. Finally, based on user application requirements, the paper discusses the suitability of different communication links.

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This project aims to develop a methodology for designing and conducting a systems engineering analysis to build and fly continuously, day and night, propelled uniquely by solar energy for one week with a 0.25Kg payload consuming 0.5 watt without fuel or pollution. An airplane able to fly autonomously for many days could find many applications. Including coastal or border surveillance, atmospherical and weather research and prediction, environmental, forestry, agricultural, and oceanic monitoring, imaging for the media and real-estate industries, etc. Additional advantages of solar airplanes are their low cost and the simplicity with which they can be launched. For example, in the case of potential forest fire risks during a warm and dry period, swarms of solar airplanes, easily launched with the hand, could efficiently monitor a large surface, reporting rapidly any fire starts. This would allow a fast intervention and thus reduce the cost of such disaster, in terms of human and material losses. At higher dimension, solar HALE platforms are expected to play a major role as communication relays and could replace advantageously satellites in a near future.

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Many well-known specialists have contributed to this book which presents for the first time an in-depth look at the viruses, their satellites and the retrotransposons infecting (or occuring in) one plant family: the Poaceae (Gramineae). After molecular and biological descriptions of the viruses to species level, virus diseases are presented by crop: barley, maize, rice, rye, sorghum, sugarcane, triticales, wheats, forage, ornamental and lawn. A detailed index of the viruses and taxonomic lists will help readers in the search for information.

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Mechanical control systems have become a part of our everyday life. Systems such as automobiles, robot manipulators, mobile robots, satellites, buildings with active vibration controllers and air conditioning systems, make life easier and safer, as well as help us explore the world we live in and exploit it’s available resources. In this chapter, we examine a specific example of a mechanical control system; the Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). Our contribution to the advancement of AUV research is in the area of guidance and control. We present innovative techniques to design and implement control strategies that consider the optimization of time and/or energy consumption. Recent advances in robotics, control theory, portable energy sources and automation increase our ability to create more intelligent robots, and allows us to conduct more explorations by use of autonomous vehicles. This facilitates access to higher risk areas, longer time underwater, and more efficient exploration as compared to human occupied vehicles. The use of underwater vehicles is expanding in every area of ocean science. Such vehicles are used by oceanographers, archaeologists, geologists, ocean engineers, and many others. These vehicles are designed to be agile, versatile and robust, and thus, their usage has gone from novelty to necessity for any ocean expedition.

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The future vehicle navigation for safety applications requires seamless positioning at the accuracy of sub-meter or better. However, standalone Global Positioning System (GPS) or Differential GPS (DGPS) suffer from solution outages while being used in restricted areas such as high-rise urban areas and tunnels due to the blockages of satellite signals. Smoothed DGPS can provide sub-meter positioning accuracy, but not the seamless requirement. A disadvantage of the traditional navigation aids such as Dead Reckoning and Inertial Measurement Unit onboard vehicles are either not accurate enough due to error accumulation or too expensive to be acceptable by the mass market vehicle users. One of the alternative technologies is to use the wireless infrastructure installed in roadside to locate vehicles in regions where the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals are not available (for example: inside tunnels, urban canyons and large indoor car parks). The examples of roadside infrastructure which can be potentially used for positioning purposes could include Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)/Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) based positioning systems, Ultra-wide band (UWB) based positioning systems, Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) devices, Locata’s positioning technology, and accurate road surface height information over selected road segments such as tunnels. This research reviews and compares the possible wireless technologies that could possibly be installed along roadside for positioning purposes. Models and algorithms of integrating different positioning technologies are also presented. Various simulation schemes are designed to examine the performance benefits of united GNSS and roadside infrastructure for vehicle positioning. The results from these experimental studies have shown a number of useful findings. It is clear that in the open road environment where sufficient satellite signals can be obtained, the roadside wireless measurements contribute very little to the improvement of positioning accuracy at the sub-meter level, especially in the dual constellation cases. In the restricted outdoor environments where only a few GPS satellites, such as those with 45 elevations, can be received, the roadside distance measurements can help improve both positioning accuracy and availability to the sub-meter level. When the vehicle is travelling in tunnels with known heights of tunnel surfaces and roadside distance measurements, the sub-meter horizontal positioning accuracy is also achievable. Overall, simulation results have demonstrated that roadside infrastructure indeed has the potential to provide sub-meter vehicle position solutions for certain road safety applications if the properly deployed roadside measurements are obtainable.

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In order to support intelligent transportation system (ITS) road safety applications such as collision avoidance, lane departure warnings and lane keeping, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) based vehicle positioning system has to provide lane-level (0.5 to 1 m) or even in-lane-level (0.1 to 0.3 m) accurate and reliable positioning information to vehicle users. However, current vehicle navigation systems equipped with a single frequency GPS receiver can only provide road-level accuracy at 5-10 meters. The positioning accuracy can be improved to sub-meter or higher with the augmented GNSS techniques such as Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) which have been traditionally used in land surveying and or in slowly moving environment. In these techniques, GNSS corrections data generated from a local or regional or global network of GNSS ground stations are broadcast to the users via various communication data links, mostly 3G cellular networks and communication satellites. This research aimed to investigate the precise positioning system performances when operating in the high mobility environments. This involves evaluation of the performances of both RTK and PPP techniques using: i) the state-of-art dual frequency GPS receiver; and ii) low-cost single frequency GNSS receiver. Additionally, this research evaluates the effectiveness of several operational strategies in reducing the load on data communication networks due to correction data transmission, which may be problematic for the future wide-area ITS services deployment. These strategies include the use of different data transmission protocols, different correction data format standards, and correction data transmission at the less-frequent interval. A series of field experiments were designed and conducted for each research task. Firstly, the performances of RTK and PPP techniques were evaluated in both static and kinematic (highway with speed exceed 80km) experiments. RTK solutions achieved the RMS precision of 0.09 to 0.2 meter accuracy in static and 0.2 to 0.3 meter in kinematic tests, while PPP reported 0.5 to 1.5 meters in static and 1 to 1.8 meter in kinematic tests by using the RTKlib software. These RMS precision values could be further improved if the better RTK and PPP algorithms are adopted. The tests results also showed that RTK may be more suitable in the lane-level accuracy vehicle positioning. The professional grade (dual frequency) and mass-market grade (single frequency) GNSS receivers were tested for their performance using RTK in static and kinematic modes. The analysis has shown that mass-market grade receivers provide the good solution continuity, although the overall positioning accuracy is worse than the professional grade receivers. In an attempt to reduce the load on data communication network, we firstly evaluate the use of different correction data format standards, namely RTCM version 2.x and RTCM version 3.0 format. A 24 hours transmission test was conducted to compare the network throughput. The results have shown that 66% of network throughput reduction can be achieved by using the newer RTCM version 3.0, comparing to the older RTCM version 2.x format. Secondly, experiments were conducted to examine the use of two data transmission protocols, TCP and UDP, for correction data transmission through the Telstra 3G cellular network. The performance of each transmission method was analysed in terms of packet transmission latency, packet dropout, packet throughput, packet retransmission rate etc. The overall network throughput and latency of UDP data transmission are 76.5% and 83.6% of TCP data transmission, while the overall accuracy of positioning solutions remains in the same level. Additionally, due to the nature of UDP transmission, it is also found that 0.17% of UDP packets were lost during the kinematic tests, but this loss doesn't lead to significant reduction of the quality of positioning results. The experimental results from the static and the kinematic field tests have also shown that the mobile network communication may be blocked for a couple of seconds, but the positioning solutions can be kept at the required accuracy level by setting of the Age of Differential. Finally, we investigate the effects of using less-frequent correction data (transmitted at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 60 seconds interval) on the precise positioning system. As the time interval increasing, the percentage of ambiguity fixed solutions gradually decreases, while the positioning error increases from 0.1 to 0.5 meter. The results showed the position accuracy could still be kept at the in-lane-level (0.1 to 0.3 m) when using up to 20 seconds interval correction data transmission.