A new device for 100 per cent humidification of inspired air

A new humidifier for use during mechanical ventilation in endotracheally intubated patients is described and tested. The humidifier is based on a heat-moisture exchanger, which absorbs the expired heat and moisture and releases it into the inspired air. External heat and water are then added at the patient side of the heat-moisture exchanger, so that the inspired gas should reach 100% humidity (44 mg/l) at 37°C. In bench tests using constant and decelerating inspiratory flow and minute volumes of 3–25 l the device gave an absolute humidity of 41–44 mg/l, and it reduced the amount of water consumed in eight mechanically ventilated patients compared with a conventional active humidifier. During a 24-h test period there was no water condensation in the ventilator tubing with the new device.

Tarjamah-ʹi Tārīkh-i Yangī Dunyā : manuscript, 18th cent

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Les 'ulamã' à la veille de la bataille d'al-Kasr al-Kabir: fatwa contre l'alliance de mawlay al-Mutawakkil avec D. Sebastião

Osʿulamā’ exercem uma infuência sobre a comunidade, através do controlo do espaço religioso, a fim de dar a conhecer as normas do islão e garantir a sua boa aplicação. Do quadro social e cultural, onde se inserem estes sabios religiosos, abordamos o seu papel jurídico e religioso, mediante un aviso jurídico, « fatwā», na legitimação do poder. Num contexto marcado pela crise política e pela ameaça ibérica e otomana, osʿulamā’ unificam as linhas em torno do poder para melhor combater o perigo português.