Direct angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) stimulation attenuates T-cell and microglia activation and prevents demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.

In the present study, we evaluated stimulation of the angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R) by the selective non-peptide agonist Compound 21 (C21) as a novel therapeutic concept for the treatment of multiple sclerosis using the model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. C57BL-6 mice were immunized with myelin-oligodendrocyte peptide and treated for 4 weeks with C21 (0.3 mg/kg/day i.p.). Potential effects on myelination, microglia and T-cell composition were estimated by immunostaining and FACS analyses of lumbar spinal cords. The in vivo study was complemented by experiments in aggregating brain cell cultures and microglia in vitro. In the EAE model, treatment with C21 ameliorated microglia activation and decreased the number of total T-cells and CD4+ T-cells in the spinal cord. Fluorescent myelin staining of spinal cords further revealed a significant reduction in EAE-induced demyelinated areas in lumbar spinal cord tissue after AT2R stimulation. C21-treated mice had a significantly better neurological score than vehicle-treated controls. In aggregating brain cell cultures challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFNγ), AT2R stimulation prevented demyelination, accelerated re-myelination and reduced the number of microglia. Cytokine synthesis and nitric oxide production by microglia in vitro were significantly reduced after C21 treatment. These results suggest that AT2R stimulation protects the myelin sheaths in autoimmune central nervous system inflammation by inhibiting the T-cell response and microglia activation. Our findings identify the AT2R as a potential new pharmacological target for demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.

Factors associated with latent tuberculosis among asylum seekers in Switzerland: a cross-sectional study in Vaud County.

BACKGROUND: Screening and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in asylum seekers (AS) may prevent future cases of tuberculosis. As the screening with Interferon Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) is costly, the objective of this study was to assess which factors were associated with LTBI and to define a score allowing the selection of AS with the highest risk of LTBI. METHODS: In across-sectional study, AS seekers recently arrived in Vaud County, after screening for tuberculosis at the border were offered screening for LTBI with T-SPOT.TB and questionnaire on potentially risk factors. The factors associated with LTBI were analyzed by univariate and multivariate regression. RESULTS: Among 393 adult AS, 98 (24.93%) had a positive IGRA response, five of them with active tuberculosis previously undetected. Six factors associated with LTBI were identified in multivariate analysis: origin, travel conditions, marital status, cough, age and prior TB exposure. Their combination leads to a robust LTBI predictive score. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of LTBI and active tuberculosis in AS is high. A predictive score integrating six factors could identify the asylum seekers with the highest risk for LTBI.

Development and preclinical assessment of a bioartificial pancreas.

Transplantation of insulin secreting cells is regarded as a possible treatment for type 1 diabetes. One major difficulty in this approach is, however, that the transplanted cells are exposed to the patient's inflammatory and autoimmune environment, which originally destroyed their own beta-cells. Therefore, even if a good source of insulin-secreting cells can be identified for transplantation therapy, these cells need to be protected against these destructive influences. The aim of this project was to evaluate, using a clonal mouse beta-cell line, whether genetic engineering of protective genes could be a viable option to allow these cells to survive when transplanted into autoimmune diabetic mice. We demonstrated that transfer of the Bcl-2 anti-apoptotic gene and of several genes specifically interfering with cytokines intracellular signalling pathways, greatly improved resistance of the cells to inflammatory stresses in vitro. We further showed that these modifications did not interfere with the capacity of these cells to correct hyperglycaemia for several months in syngeneic or allogeneic streptozocin-diabetic mice. However, these cells were not protected against autoimmune destruction when transplanted into type 1 diabetic NOD mice. This suggests that in addition to inflammatory attacks by cytokines, autoimmunity very efficiently kills the transplanted cells, indicating that multiple protective mechanisms are required for efficient transplantation of insulin-secreting cells to treat type 1 diabetes.

Flagellin promotes myeloid differentiation factor 88-dependent development of Th2-type response.

Activation of dendritic cells (DC) by microbial products via Toll-like receptors (TLR) is instrumental in the induction of immunity. In particular, TLR signaling plays a major role in the instruction of Th1 responses. The development of Th2 responses has been proposed to be independent of the adapter molecule myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) involved in signal transduction by TLRs. In this study we show that flagellin, the bacterial stimulus for TLR5, drives MyD88-dependent Th2-type immunity in mice. Flagellin promotes the secretion of IL-4 and IL-13 by Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells as well as IgG1 responses. The Th2-biased responses are associated with the maturation of DCs, which are shown to express TLR5. Flagellin-mediated DC activation requires MyD88 and induces NF-kappaB-dependent transcription and the production of low levels of proinflammatory cytokines. In addition, the flagellin-specific response is characterized by the lack of secretion of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12 p70. In conclusion, this study suggests that flagellin and, more generally, TLR ligands can control Th2 responses in a MyD88-dependent manner.

Human effector CD8+ T lymphocytes express TLR3 as a functional coreceptor.

TLR are evolutionarily conserved molecules that play a key role in the initiation of innate antimicrobial immune responses. Through their influence on dendritic cell maturation, these receptors are also thought to indirectly shape the adaptive immune response. However, no data are currently available regarding both TLR expression and function in human CD8+ T cell subsets. We report that a subpopulation of CD8+ T cells, i.e., effector, but neither naive nor central memory cells, constitutively expresses TLR3. Moreover, the ligation of the receptor by a specific agonist in TLR3-expressing CD8+ T cells increased IFN-gamma secretion induced by TCR-dependent and -independent stimulation, without affecting proliferation or specific cytolytic activity. These results thereby suggest that TLR3 ligands can not only indirectly influence the adaptive immune response through modulation of dendritic cell activation, but also directly increase IFN-gamma production by Ag-specific CD8+ T cells. Altogether, the present work might open new perspectives for the use of TLR ligands as adjuvants for immunotherapy.

Dépistage et traitement de l'infection tuberculeuse latente chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés dans le canton de Vaud Dépistage et traitement de l'infection tuberculeuse latente chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés dans le canton de Vaud

I. Facteurs associés avec l'infection tuberculose latent chez les requérants d'asile entrant dans le canton de Vaud : Une étude transversale dans le canton de Vaud. Objectifs : Les objectifs de cette étude étaient l'identification des facteurs associés à l'infection tuberculeuse latente (ITBL) chez les requérants d'asile récemment arrivés au Canton de Vaud et leur utilisation pondérée pour l'élaboration d'un score prédictif qui pourrait permettre la meilleure sélection des individus à dépister avec les Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRA). Méthode : Le protocole de l'étude prévoyait l'inclusion des requérants d'asile de plus de 16 ans, récemment arrivés dans deux centre de requérant du canton de Vaud ceux de Sainte-Croix et de Crissier. De septembre 2009 à juillet 2010 les requérants d'asile ont bénéficié lors des visites au centre de soins infirmier (CSI) d'informations sur l'ITBL et le protocole et les enjeux de l'étude. Les requérants d'asile ont d'emblée été informées que leur participation à l'étude n'aurait pas d'impact sur le débouché de leur dossier d'asile et qu'il n'y aurait pas de compensation financière à leur participation. Après avoir signé le consentement éclairé les requérants d'asile bénéficiaient d'une entrevue avec l'infirmière du centre où un questionnaire démographique et médical était remplit. 10cc de sang étaient prélevés à la fin de l'entrevue pour l'examen IGRA. Les patients présentant des symptômes évocateurs de tuberculose active ou un anamnèse de traitement pour une tuberculose active étaient exclus de l'étude et adressés au médecin référant du centre pour une visite médicale. Selon les résultats du test T-SPOT.TB (IGRA), les requérants étaient classés en deux groupes : positifs et négatifs. Le groupe IGRA positif était adressé au médecin référant. L'analyse statistique des données de l'étude a été réalisée par le logiciel STATA 11.2. Les coefficients de l'analyse multivariée ont été combinées pour la création d'un score pronostic dont la puissance de discrimination a été évaluée par une courbe ROC. Le protocole de l'étude avait reçu l'aval de la commission d'éthique de l'Université de Lausanne. Résultats : Durant la période de l'étude, 788 requérants d'asile ont été hébergés dans les deux centres de l'étude. 639 avaient plus de 16 ans et 393 d'entre eux ont participé à l'étude (61.50%). 295 (75.06%) avaient un IGRA négatif et 98 (24.93%) étaient positifs. A noter que parmi les 98 positifs, 5 avaient une tuberculose active non détecté précédemment. Les analyses univarié et multivarié ont permis d'identifier 6 facteurs associées à l'ITBL : Région d'origine, moyen de transport, état civil, âge, toux et antécédent d'exposition à la tuberculose. Le score élaboré en combinant ces 6 facteurs présente un AUC de 81% avec une sensibilité de 80%, une spécificité de 70% et des valeurs prédictive positive et négative respectivement de 45% et 92% quant un seuil de 13 est utilisé. Conclusion : Les requérants d'asile qui immigrent en Suisse proviennent de pays où l'incidence de la tuberculose est supérieure à celle des pays de l'Europe occidentale et présentent un risque élevé pour l'infection tuberculose latente (ITBL). L'origine comme seul facteur n'est pas suffisant pour stratifier le risque d'ITBL et ne peut pas justifier la prescription d'un traitement préventif d'ITBL. L'introduction des tests de détection, hautement spécifiques de l'infection au M. tuberculosis tel que les IGRA ainsi que le taux élevé de réussite des traitements préventifs de l'infection latente ont ouvert la voie à un dépistage précoce de l'ITBL qui compléterait le dépistage de la tuberculose active actuellement effectué à la frontière. Afin de mieux cibler le dépistage par ces tests une meilleure sélection des individus à dépister est impérative. Elle pourrait se faire en évaluant le score individuel de risque ITBL par requérant. -- II. Taux élevé d'adhérence au traitement préventif de l'infection tuberculeuse latente prescrit à un collectif de requérants d'asile dans un canton suisse. Objectifs: L'efficacité du traitement préventif de l'infection tuberculeuse latente dépend de l'adherence du sujet au traitement. Un traitement bien conduit pour une duré prévue est en mesure de prévenir l'activation des cas d'infection tuberculeuse latente (ITBL). Le plus grand enjeu dans un programme préventif pour la tuberculose est, outre de cibler la détection des individus les plus à risque pour l'ITBL, de pouvoir traiter efficacement le collectif dépisté positif. Cette étude évaluait la faisabilité d'un traitement préventif court parmi un collectif de requérants d'asile porteurs d'une ITBL dans le canton de Vaud. Méthode: Nous avons effectué une étude prospective de cohorte parmi des requérants d'asile récemment attribués dans le canton de Vaud, âgés de plus de 16 ans et qui avaient été dépistés positifs par IGRA. L'ensemble du collectif selon le protocole de l'étude était adressé au médecin référant afin d'exclure une tuberculose active et pour discuter du traitement préventif si le diagnostic d'ITBL était confirmé. Lors de la première visite médicale, outre l'examen clinique, un bilan radiologique avec une radiographie du thorax et un bilan de la biologie hépatique ainsi qu'un test de dépistage HIV était proposé à l'ensemble du collectif. En cas de suspicion clinique ou d'image radiologique suspecte de tuberculose active le sujet était adressé pour des examens complémentaires. Les sujets porteurs d'ITBL se voyaient proposés, en l'absence de contre indications, un traitement de rifampicine de quatre mois. En acceptant de participer à l'étude ils s'engageaient de se présenter à leur contrôle médical mensuel où était évaluée l'adhérence au traitement et l'apparition d'effets indésirable ou de complications. Si l'adhérence était jugée correcte l'ordonnance du traitement était renouvelée d'un mois et le requérant recevait son prochain rendez-vous de contrôle. L'adhérence était considéré satisfaisante si le patient était adhérent à son schéma de visites médicales et demandait le renouvellement de son ordonnance. Si le requérant d'asile ne se présentait pas à deux contrôles il était considéré comme non adhérent et son traitement est suspendu. Résultats : Notre collectif comptait 98 sujet présument atteint de ITBL sur la base du test T-SPOT.TB ce qui représentait 24.9% du collectif initial. L'âge moyen était de 26.7 ans, 74% était des hommes. La majorité étaient des africains: 66 %, 17% étaient asiatiques et les populations balkaniques et de l'exunion soviétique étaient représentés à part égale d'huit pourcent. Parmi notre collectif nous n'avions pas de sujet immunodéficient notamment HIV positif. Des 98 sujets, 11 ne se sont pas présenté à leur visite médicale initiale. La visite médicale initiale a permis la détection de 8 patients porteurs d'une tuberculose active, dont cinq ont reçu un traitement antituberculeux, ou d'une autre affection pulmonaire non tuberculeuse. Chez deux patients il y avait une contre-indication au traitement préventif et deux avaient un anamnèse positif de traitement antituberculeux non précédemment déclaré. Le traitement préventif a été prescrit à 74 requérants d'asile. Durant le suivi mensuel trois requérants ne se sont pas présentés lors de la première visite de suivi, trois lors de la seconde et sept lors de la troisième pour un total de 13 sujets. Chez deux sujets le traitement préventif a du être suspendu à cause d'une adhérence problématique secondaire à des abus de substances illégales. Durant le suivi, nous n'avons pas eu de sérieuses complications ni d'effets indésirables au traitement qui auraient nécessité son arrêt. En final 60/75 des sujets ont achevé leur traitement soit 80% du collectif. Conclusion: Malgré la vulnérabilité et la volatilité inhérente à cette population qui est d'ailleurs la plus à risqué de réactivation d'une ITBL, cette étude montre que il est possible d'obtenir de taux d'adhérence très élevés au traitement préventif. Nous considérons que les conditions qui ont permis ces résultats sont la prescription d'un schéma de traitement préventif court, un suivi médico-soignant régulier et l'hébergement contrôlée et stable où résidait notre collectif.

Proteomic analysis of cytokine induced proteins in human intestinal epithelial cells: implications for inflammatory bowel diseases.

A role for cytokine regulated proteins in epithelial cells has been suggested in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The aim of this study was to identify such cytokine regulated targets using a proteomic functional approach. Protein patterns from (35)S-radiolabeled homogenates of cultured colon epithelial cells were compared before and after exposure to interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta and interleukin-6. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both autoradiographies and silver stained gels were analyzed. Proteins showing differential expression were identified by tryptic in-gel digestion and mass spectrometry. Metabolism related proteins were also investigated by Western blot analysis. Tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein JKTBP, interferon-induced 35kDa protein, proteasome subunit LMP2 and arginosuccinate synthetase were identified as cytokine modulated proteins in vitro. Using purified epithelial cells from patients, overexpression of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, an enzyme involved in tryptophan metabolism, was confirmed in Crohn's disease as well as in ulcerative colitis, as compared to normal mucosa. No such difference was found in diverticulitis. Potentially, this observation opens new avenues in the treatment of IBD.

Revisiting the specificity of the MHC class II transactivator CIITA in vivo.

CIITA is a master regulatory factor for the expression of MHC class II (MHC-II) and accessory genes involved in Ag presentation. It has recently been suggested that CIITA also regulates numerous other genes having diverse functions within and outside the immune system. To determine whether these genes are indeed relevant targets of CIITA in vivo, we studied their expression in CIITA-transgenic and CIITA-deficient mice. In contrast to the decisive control of MHC-II and related genes by CIITA, nine putative non-MHC target genes (Eif3s2, Kpna6, Tap1, Yars, Col1a2, Ctse, Ptprr, Tnfsf6 and Plxna1) were found to be CIITA independent in all cell types examined. Two other target genes, encoding IL-4 and IFN-gamma, were indeed found to be up- and down-regulated, respectively, in CIITA-transgenic CD4(+) T cells. However, there was no correlation between MHC-II expression and this Th2 bias at the level of individual transgenic T cells, indicating an indirect control by CIITA. These results show that MHC-II-restricted Ag presentation, and its indirect influences on T cells, remains the only pathway under direct control by CIITA in vivo. They also imply that precisely regulated MHC-II expression is essential for maintaining a proper Th1-Th2 balance.

An optimized method for establishing high purity murine CD8+ T cell cultures.

Establishing CD8(+) T cell cultures has been empirical and the published methods have been largely individual laboratory based. In this study, we optimized culturing conditions and show that IL-2 concentration is the most critical factor for the success of establishing CD8(+) T cell cultures. High IL-2 concentration encouraged T cells to non-specifically proliferate, express a B cell marker, B220, and undergo apoptosis. These cells also lose typical irregular T cell morphology and are incapable of sustaining long-term cultures. Using tetramer and intracellular cytokine assessments, we further demonstrated that many antigen-specific T cells have been rendered nonfunctional when expanded under high IL-2 concentration. When IL-2 is used in the correct range, B220-mediated cell depletion greatly enhanced the success rate of such T cell cultures.

Altered ligands reveal limited plasticity in the T cell response to a pathogenic epitope.

Experimental leishmaniasis offers a well characterized model of T helper type 1 cell (Th1)-mediated control of infection by an intracellular organism. Susceptible BALB/c mice aberrantly develop Th2 cells in response to infection and are unable to control parasite dissemination. The early CD4(+) T cell response in these mice is oligoclonal and reflects the expansion of Vbeta4/ Valpha8-bearing T cells in response to a single epitope from the parasite Leishmania homologue of mammalian RACK1 (LACK) antigen. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) generated by these cells is believed to direct the subsequent Th2 response. We used T cells from T cell receptor-transgenic mice expressing such a Vbeta4/Valpha8 receptor to characterize altered peptide ligands with similar affinity for I-Ad. Such altered ligands failed to activate IL-4 production from transgenic LACK-specific T cells or following injection into BALB/c mice. Pretreatment of susceptible mice with altered peptide ligands substantially altered the course of subsequent infection. The ability to confer a healer phenotype on otherwise susceptible mice using altered peptides that differed by a single amino acid suggests limited diversity in the endogenous T cell repertoire recognizing this antigen.

Selective abrogation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression on extrahematopoietic cells in mice lacking promoter IV of the class II transactivator gene.

MHC class II (MHCII) molecules play a pivotal role in the induction and regulation of immune responses. The transcriptional coactivator class II transactivator (CIITA) controls MHCII expression. The CIITA gene is regulated by three independent promoters (pI, pIII, pIV). We have generated pIV knockout mice. These mice exhibit selective abrogation of interferon (IFN)-gamma-induced MHCII expression on a wide variety of non-bone marrow-derived cells, including endothelia, epithelia, astrocytes, and fibroblasts. Constitutive MHCII expression on cortical thymic epithelial cells, and thus positive selection of CD4(+) T cells, is also abolished. In contrast, constitutive and inducible MHCII expression is unaffected on professional antigen-presenting cells, including B cells, dendritic cells, and IFN-gamma-activated cells of the macrophage lineage. pIV(-/-) mice have thus allowed precise definition of CIITA pIV usage in vivo. Moreover, they represent a unique animal model for studying the significance and contribution of MHCII-mediated antigen presentation by nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells in health and disease.

Selective induction of NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity by activated NKT cells.

NK T cells produce cytokines when their semi-invariant TCR engages glycolipids associated with CD1d. The physiological consequences of NKT cell activation remain controversial, although they have been implicated in control of autoimmunity, parasites and tumors. We show here that specific activation of NKT cells in liver and spleen leads to a rapid induction of extensive NK cell proliferation and cytotoxicity. This NK cell activation is dependent, at least in part, on IFN-gamma production by NKT cells and IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells. Remarkably, activation of NK cells by NKT cells is highly selective, since bystander T and B lymphocytes show transient expression of activation markers but almost no proliferation. Collectively our data suggest that CD1d-dependent NKT cells regulate innate immunity by sampling blood-borne glycolipid antigens and rapidly activating NK cells.

Involvement of the RNA-binding protein ARE/poly(U)-binding factor 1 (AUF1) in the cytotoxic effects of proinflammatory cytokines on pancreatic beta cells.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Chronic exposure of pancreatic beta cells to proinflammatory cytokines leads to impaired insulin secretion and apoptosis. ARE/poly(U)-binding factor 1 (AUF1) belongs to a protein family that controls mRNA stability and translation by associating with adenosine- and uridine-rich regions of target messengers. We investigated the involvement of AUF1 in cytokine-induced beta cell dysfunction. METHODS: Production and subcellular distribution of AUF1 isoforms were analysed by western blotting. To test for their role in the control of beta cell functions, each isoform was overproduced individually in insulin-secreting cells. The contribution to cytokine-mediated beta cell dysfunction was evaluated by preventing the production of AUF1 isoforms by RNA interference. The effect of AUF1 on the production of potential targets was assessed by western blotting. RESULTS: MIN6 cells and human pancreatic islets were found to produce four AUF1 isoforms (p42>p45>p37>p40). AUF1 isoforms were mainly localised in the nucleus but were partially translocated to the cytoplasm upon exposure of beta cells to cytokines and activation of the ERK pathway. Overproduction of AUF1 did not affect glucose-induced insulin secretion but promoted apoptosis. This effect was associated with a decrease in the production of the anti-apoptotic proteins, B cell leukaemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and myeloid cell leukaemia sequence 1 (MCL1). Silencing of AUF1 isoforms restored the levels of the anti-apoptotic proteins, attenuated the activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) pathway, and protected the beta cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our findings point to a contribution of AUF1 to the deleterious effects of cytokines on beta cell functions and suggest a role for this RNA-binding protein in the early phases of type 1 diabetes.

CD8+ T-cell response to NY-ESO-1: relative antigenicity and in vitro immunogenicity of natural and analogue sequences.

We have shown previously that HLA-A*0201 melanoma patients can frequently develop a CTL response to the cancer testis antigen NY-ESO-1. In the present study, we have analyzed in detail the relative antigenicity and in vitro immunogenicity of natural and modified NY-ESO-1 peptide sequences. The results of this analysis revealed that, although suboptimal for binding to the HLA-A*0201 molecule, peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165 is, among natural sequences, very efficiently recognized by specific CTL clones derived from three melanoma patients. In contrast, peptides NY-ESO-1 157-167 and NY-ESO-1 155-163, which bind very strongly to HLA-A*0201, are recognized less efficiently. In agreement with previous data, substitution of peptide NY-ESO-1 157-165 COOH-terminal C with various other amino acids resulted in a significantly increased binding to HLA-A*0201 molecules as well as in an increased CTL recognition, although variable at the clonal level. Among natural peptides, NY-ESO-1 157-165 and NY-ESO-1 157-167 exhibited good in vitro immunogenicity, whereas peptide NY-ESO-1 155-163 was poorly immunogenic. The fine specificity of interaction between peptide NY-ESO-1 C165A, HLA-A*0201, and T-cell receptor was analyzed at the molecular level using a series of variant peptides containing single alanine substitutions. The findings reported here have significant implications for the formulation of NY-ESO-1-based vaccines as well as for the monitoring of either natural or vaccine-induced NY-ESO-1-specific CTL responses in cancer patients.