Iterated local search

Iterated Local Search has many of the desirable features of a metaheuristic: it is simple, easy to implement, robust, and highly effective. The essential idea of Iterated Local Search lies in focusing the search not on the full space of solutions but on a smaller subspace defined by the solutions that are locally optimal for a given optimization engine. The success of Iterated Local Search lies in the biased sampling of this set of local optima. How effective this approach turns out to be depends mainly on the choice of the local search, the perturbations, and the acceptance criterion. So far, in spite of its conceptual simplicity, it has lead to a number of state-of-the-art results without the use of too much problem-specific knowledge. But with further work so that the different modules are well adapted to the problem at hand, Iterated Local Search can often become a competitive or even state of the artalgorithm. The purpose of this review is both to give a detailed description of this metaheuristic and to show where it stands in terms of performance.

The Tea4-PP1 landmark promotes local growth by dual Cdc42 GEF recruitment and GAP exclusion.

Cell polarization relies on small GTPases, such as Cdc42, which can break symmetry through self-organizing principles, and landmarks that define the axis of polarity. In fission yeast, microtubules deliver the Tea1-Tea4 complex to mark cell poles for growth, but how this complex activates Cdc42 is unknown. Here, we show that ectopic targeting of Tea4 to cell sides promotes the local activation of Cdc42 and cell growth. This activity requires that Tea4 binds the type I phosphatase (PP1) catalytic subunit Dis2 or Sds21, and ectopic targeting of either catalytic subunit is similarly instructive for growth. The Cdc42 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor Gef1 and the GTPase-activating protein Rga4 are required for Tea4-PP1-dependent ectopic growth. Gef1 is recruited to ectopic Tea4 and Dis2 locations to promote Cdc42 activation. By contrast, Rga4 is locally excluded by Tea4, and its forced colocalization with Tea4 blocks ectopic growth, indicating that Rga4 must be present, but at sites distinct from Tea4. Thus, a Tea4-PP1 landmark promotes local Cdc42 activation and growth both through Cdc42 GEF recruitment and by creating a local trough in a Cdc42 GAP.

O processo de implementação da auditoria interna numa autarquia local

O contexto atual que premeia o mundo das organizações exige muitas mudanças nos processos administrativos, principalmente, ao planeamento e controlo das operações económico-financeiras, de modo que os padrões de eficiência e eficácia garantem a sobrevivência organizacional. A auditoria interna tem-se demonstrado a sua real importância, destacando-se como uma eficiente ferramenta de apoio à administração, para verificação da eficiência e eficácia das atividades e a identificação de todos os procedimentos internos e das políticas definidas pela organização. No domínio das organizações públicas, particularmente as Autarquias Locais, as entidades reconhecem a importante necessidade de implementar uma Auditoria Interna que permitem que estas atuam de forma eficiente e eficaz. É neste contexto, que o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral demonstrar em termos teóricos e práticos a importância da implementação da Auditoria Interna num Município e a sua contribuição para a melhoria da eficiência na gestão do município em estudo, assim como os objetivos específicos. A fundamentação teórica assenta-se na luz das contribuições teóricas de uma análise exploratória dos documentos, revisão bibliográfica, artigos, diretivas e monografias, bem como análise de recursos da internet, pesquisas de diferentes sites relacionados com o tema, visando a aquisição de um bom nível de conhecimento. O estudo de caso foi realizado na Câmara Municipal do Porto Novo, onde foi-me concedido um estágio profissional que permitiu uma melhor interação com o objeto de estudo por forma a apresentar uma melhor proposta. The current context that rewards the world organizations requires many changes in administrative procedures, especially the planning and control of economic-financial operations, so that the standards of efficiency and effectiveness to ensure organizational survival. Internal audit has demonstrated its real importance, especially as an effective tool to support the management, to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of activities and identification of all internal procedures and policies defined by the organization. In the field of public organizations, particularly the Local Government, companies recognize the necessity of implementing a Municipal Internal Auditing, so that they could operate efficiently and effectively. In this context, the present work aims to demonstrate in general, in theoretical and practical terms the importance of the implementation of Internal Audit in a municipality and its contribution in the improvement of efficiency in the management of the municipality under study, as well as the specific objectives. The theoretical support is based on the light of the theoretical contributions of an exploratory analysis of documents, literature review, articles, monographs and policies, as well as analysis of Internet resources, research different sites related to the subject, aimed of acquiring a good level of knowledge. The case study was conducted in the Municipality of Porto Novo, where I was awarded an internship that allowed me to have much interaction with the organization so I could present better suggestions.

O poder local em Timor em contexto multicultural

O trabalho que agora se apresenta é fruto, antes de mais, de uma relação especial com Timor. Não necessariamente pela dimensão histórica das várias presenças naquele território mas, e acima de tudo, pela relação pessoal e afectiva com alguns dos responsáveis políticos e religiosos daquele jovem país. Um convite, formulado em 2007 por Xanana Gusmão, levou-nos a calcorrear todo o território num curto espaço de três semanas, corria o Verão de 2008. O objectivo era a análise, no terreno, da viabilidade da instalação de um poder local num país recentemente tornado independente. Timor, fruto da sua história e, muito em especial, das características antropológicas do seu povo, é uma nação assumidamente multicultural. Das origens ancestrais das suas comunidades, dos reinos dispersos que pulverizam o pequeno território, das suas lideranças e dos vários dilectos, associados à longa e marcante presença portuguesa, bem como outras ocupações de países estrangeiros, com destaque para a Indonésia, resulta um caldo cultural, a todos os níveis peculiar. Aqui e acolá ouvimos o povo, entrevistámos e reunimos com os 432 chefes de suco existentes no país, entrevistámos chefes de aldeia e anciãos, reunimos com políticos, sacerdotes, professores e jornalistas. Interpretámos, ou tentámos interpretar, as condicionantes e os cuidados que se devem observar na preparação do quadro jurídico para reger a municipalidade em Timor: as suas vertentes electivas, funcionais, financeiras e fiscalizadoras. Revistámos a História de Timor e passámos por Cabo Verde, país de referência internacional ao nível da sua gestão pública, muito em especial a autárquica. Fizemos, também, óbvia referência à história do poder local em Portugal. Das consultas, do muito que observámos e estudámos, resulta um desinteressado contributo para a implementação do poder local em Timor, com as conclusões que incorporam alertas e sugestões.

O poder local em Timor em contexto multicultural

This study, now on presentation, comes as a result of a special relationship established with East Timor. Not necessarily through the several historical presences in that territory but, above all, through the emotional and personal relationships with some of the political and religious leaders of this young country. An invitation, made in 2007 by Xanana Gusmão, led us throughout the whole territory in a short time of three weeks, running the summer of 2008. Its purpose was the analysis, on the ground, of the possibility of installing local administration in a country which had recently became independent. Timor, as a result of its history, but mostly of the anthropological characteristics of its people, is an openly multicultural nation. The ancestral origins of their communities, its scattered kingdoms that spray along such a small territory, its leaders and many dialects, associated with the long portuguese presence, as well as other occupations made by foreign countries, especially Indonesia, became a cultural melting pot truly unique. Here and there we heard the people and interviewed and met the 432 local elected leaders of the country. We interviewed village elders and meet with politicians, priests, teachers and journalists. We have interpreted, or tried to, the actual conditions and cautions that must be observed in preparing the legal framework to govern the municipality in East Timor: its elective, functional, financial and oversight aspects. We have reviewed Timor’s history and took Cape Verde’s example as an international reference on its public administration, mostly its local authorities. We made also the obvious reference to the portuguese local government’s history. From search, and much of the observed and studied, remains a selfless contribution to the implementation of local government in East Timor, with alerts that incorporate conclusions and suggestions.

Local selection rules that can determine specific pathways of DNA unknotting by type II DNA topoisomerases.

We performed numerical simulations of DNA chains to understand how local geometry of juxtaposed segments in knotted DNA molecules can guide type II DNA topoisomerases to perform very efficient relaxation of DNA knots. We investigated how the various parameters defining the geometry of inter-segmental juxtapositions at sites of inter-segmental passage reactions mediated by type II DNA topoisomerases can affect the topological consequences of these reactions. We confirmed the hypothesis that by recognizing specific geometry of juxtaposed DNA segments in knotted DNA molecules, type II DNA topoisomerases can maintain the steady-state knotting level below the topological equilibrium. In addition, we revealed that a preference for a particular geometry of juxtaposed segments as sites of strand-passage reaction enables type II DNA topoisomerases to select the most efficient pathway of relaxation of complex DNA knots. The analysis of the best selection criteria for efficient relaxation of complex knots revealed that local structures in random configurations of a given knot type statistically behave as analogous local structures in ideal geometric configurations of the corresponding knot type.

Placement of Students Ages 3-21 with Disabilities Under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): A Policy Discussion, May 2010

The provision of free appropriate public education (FAPE), an Individualized Education Program (IEP), and the least restrictive environment (LRE) have been important cornerstones of educating students with disabilities since the enactment of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA), Public Law 94-142, in 1975, and its subsequent reauthorizations, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1990, 1997, and 2004. It is impossible to consider any one of these cornerstones without the others, when determining an appropriate educational placement for a student with a disability. The Iowa Department of Education has identified several practice issues regarding the interplay between FAPE, LRE, and the IEP in placement decisions for students with disabilities. To that end, this document will provide guidance for administrators of local education agencies (LEAs) and area education agencies (AEAs), as well as IEP teams (or other placement teams) within Iowa LEAs and AEAs when making placement decisions for eligible children with disabilities. This guidance will specifically discuss ten LRE and FAPE placement/program policy questions that have been identified by the Iowa Department of Education as needing attention. The policy discussions are consistent with the legal provisions of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA (IDEA 2004) and its 2006 final federal implementing regulations issued by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP). This document is also consistent with the Iowa Administrative Rules of Special Education (2007) [hereinafter “Iowa Rules”]. In addition, the term local education agency (LEA) is used interchangeably for school district throughout this document. Prior to the discussion of specific policy questions, a federal and state legal framework for providing FAPE for students with disabilities within the LRE is briefly outlined. Pertinent FAPE and LRE court decisions that impact Iowa LEAs and AEAs are also included within Section II.

Report on the Local Public Health Services Grant administered by the Bureau of Local Public Health Services, a division of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention of the Iowa Department of Public Health for the period July 1, 2006 through June 30, 2008

Report on the Local Public Health Services Grant administered by the Bureau of Local Public Health Services, a division of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention of the Iowa Department of Public Health for the period July 1, 2006 through June 30, 2008

Quantification of the local heartwall motion by magnetic resonance myocardial tagging.

Sophisticated magnetic resonance tagging techniques provide powerful tools for the non-invasive assessment of the local heartwall motion towards a deeper fundamental understanding of local heart function. For the extraction of motion data from the time series of magnetic resonance tagged images and for the visualization of the local heartwall motion a new image analysis procedure has been developed. New parameters have been derived which allows quantification of the motion patterns and are highly sensitive to any changes in these patterns. The new procedure has been applied for heart motion analysis in healthy volunteers and in patient collectives with different heart diseases. The achieved results are summarized and discussed.

Induction of tolerogenic lung CD4+ T cells by local treatment with a pSTAT-3 and pSTAT-5 inhibitor ameliorated experimental allergic asthma.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-3 inhibitors play an important role in regulating immune responses. Galiellalactone (GL) is a fungal secondary metabolite known to interfere with the binding of phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT)-3 as well of pSTAT-6 dimers to their target DNA in vitro. Intra nasal delivery of 50 μg GL into the lung of naive Balb/c mice induced FoxP3 expression locally and IL-10 production and IL-12p40 in RNA expression in the airways in vivo. In a murine model of allergic asthma, GL significantly suppressed the cardinal features of asthma, such as airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia and mucus production, after sensitization and subsequent challenge with ovalbumin (OVA). These changes resulted in induction of IL-12p70 and IL-10 production by lung CD11c(+) dendritic cells (DCs) accompanied by an increase of IL-3 receptor α chain and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase expression in these cells. Furthermore, GL inhibited IL-4 production in T-bet-deficient CD4(+) T cells and down-regulated the suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS-3), also in the absence of STAT-3 in T cells, in the lung in a murine model of asthma. In addition, we found reduced amounts of pSTAT-5 in the lung of GL-treated mice that correlated with decreased release of IL-2 by lung OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells after treatment with GL in vitro also in the absence of T-bet. Thus, GL treatment in vivo and in vitro emerges as a novel therapeutic approach for allergic asthma by modulating lung DC phenotype and function resulting in a protective response via CD4(+)FoxP3(+) regulatory T cells locally.

Water tanks as ecosystems. Local ecosystemic perception for integral management of water tanks in Tamil Nadu, South India

Water tanks offer from many centuries ago solutions in South India for several problems related with water scarcity. They are a traditional water harvesting system wide spread in this territory, allowing a potential decentralized and participatory management of the local population on their own resources. Although water tanks¿ main function is irrigation, they have many other uses, functions and natural resources associated, involving stakeholders in the villages apart from those farmers making use of the irrigation. Water tanks provide a variety of landscapes and biodiversity that creates a valuable heterogeneous territory. The complexity of such an ecosystem should be managed with an integral perspective, considering all the elements involved and their relations, and understanding that water tanks are not just water deposits. This multidisciplinary study tries to demonstrate the idea of water tanks as ecosystems, describing and analyzing deeply and in an unprecedentedly way the functions, uses, natural resources and stakeholders. The research also focuses in the assessment of the ecosystemic perception of the local population of some villages in Tamil Nadu, employing diverse anthropological methodology.

Local Ca(2+) detection and modulation of synaptic release by astrocytes.

Astrocytes communicate with synapses by means of intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) elevations, but local calcium dynamics in astrocytic processes have never been thoroughly investigated. By taking advantage of high-resolution two-photon microscopy, we identify the characteristics of local astrocyte calcium activity in the adult mouse hippocampus. Astrocytic processes showed intense activity, triggered by physiological transmission at neighboring synapses. They encoded synchronous synaptic events generated by sparse action potentials into robust regional (∼12 μm) [Ca(2+)](i) elevations. Unexpectedly, they also sensed spontaneous synaptic events, producing highly confined (∼4 μm), fast (millisecond-scale) miniature Ca(2+) responses. This Ca(2+) activity in astrocytic processes is generated through GTP- and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent signaling and is relevant for basal synaptic function. Thus, buffering astrocyte [Ca(2+)](i) or blocking a receptor mediating local astrocyte Ca(2+) signals decreased synaptic transmission reliability in minimal stimulation experiments. These data provide direct evidence that astrocytes are integrated in local synaptic functioning in adult brain.

Estudi de la viabilitat econòmica de la implantació d'una planta de piròlisi per a la producció de biochar en un context local i comarcal

En aquest document es pretén estudiar de la viabilitat econòmica de la implantació d’una planta de piròlisi per a la producció de biochar o char en un context local i comarcal. La biomassa és una font d’energia que genera uns rendiments energètics prou interesants i d’una manera respectuosa amb el medi ambient. Així doncs, la teòrica planta utilitzarà biomassa que, a traves del tractament termoquímic de la piròlisi, ens generarà uns productes que són d’utilitat per l’obtenció d’energia d’una manera respectuosa amb el medi ambient. Abans de fer l’anàlisi econòmic, hi ha una explicació extensa dels processos termoquímics, com són la piròlisi, la gasificació i la torrefacció. Posteriorment, es du a terme una revisió de l’estat actual de les tecnologies de conversió de biomassa a Catalunya i finalment es realitza un inventari i anàlisi dels usos de la biomassa a Catalunya, en el qual es parla principalment de l’estella el pèl·let, així com també de la seva producció, consum i exportació. El nostre anàlisi econòmic de la planta de processament de biomassa es durà a terme a nivell local, és a dir en un municipi, i també a nivell comarcal a Catalunya. A partir del processament de biomassa per mitja de la piròlisi, obtindrem uns productes, entre els quals el biochar, que serà un dels productes finals per poder vendre. L’altre producte serà el pèl·let de biochar, que l’obtindrem a través del procés de pel·letització. Aquest procés ens permetrà densificar el mateix biochar i obtenir-ne pèl·lets amb un poder calorífic superior, com també el seu possible preu de venda final. En aquest anàlisi econòmic plantejarem diferents escenaris tant a nivell local com comarcal, és a dir, farem variar diferents paràmetres de la planta, com poden ser els dies, les hores de treball, el sou dels treballadors, l’existència de procés de pel·letització...per veure la viabilitat del nostre projecte. Aquesta viabilitat la mesurarem amb diferents Índexs, entre els quals hi ha l’Índex de Rendibilitat, que ens determinarà si el projecte és possible si el seu valor és més gran a 1.

Analysis of sensitivity with respect to a compositional parameter : A comment on 'Local sensitivity analysis for compositional data with application to soil texture in hydrologic modelling' by L. Loosvelt and co-authors

A comment about the article “Local sensitivity analysis for compositional data with application to soil texture in hydrologic modelling” writen by L. Loosvelt and co-authors. The present comment is centered in three specific points. The first one is related to the fact that the authors avoid the use of ilr-coordinates. The second one refers to some generalization of sensitivity analysis when input parameters are compositional. The third tries to show that the role of the Dirichlet distribution in the sensitivity analysis is irrelevant