De esclavizados a comuneros en la cuenca aurífera del río Santiago - río Cayapas (Esmeraldas). Etnicidad negra en construcción en Ecuador Siglos XVIII-XIX

La presente investigación muestra el proceso de construcción de las sociedades negras de la cuenca del río Santiago, que se inicia con la llegada de esclavizados de las minas neogranadinas, en el siglo XVIII, con el fin de abrir una nueva frontera minera y prestar su contingente en los proyectos viales ideados por las autoridades para unir la Sierra con la Costa. El contexto peculiar de la región de Esmeraldas, de carácter marginal, caracterizado por la condición libre de la población negra, junto a un tipo de esclavitud particular en la que no predominaron las formas coercitivas, permitió a los esclavos, a partir de las cuadrillas, desplegar una serie de dispositivos efectivos y tomar posesión de las minas y sus espacios aledaños, dando lugar a la conformación de sociedades domésticas fortalecidas por lazos de parentesco y de solidaridad. Con la fase independentista, las sociedades esclavizadas del distrito minero van a participar a favor de la causa insurgente, motivados por el interés de continuar con su proyecto étnico de conformación social e identidades colectivas en medio de la libertad y legitimado por el nuevo Estado republicano. Con este interés se enrolaron como soldados de las fuerzas insurgentes, actuaron como chasquis y espías en los caminos, y generaron rumores entre la población, causando estragos a las fuerzas realistas. Esta dinámica de identidad y resistencia negra continuó en la república cuando las sociedades negras, en su lucha por el territorio, autonomía y libertad, frente a la intención del Estado nacional de integrar a los sectores excluidos mediante la ley de abolición de la esclavitud, se automanumitieron. Un acto de franco rechazo a una política de los sectores dominantes que, desde la Colonia, marcaron la presencia de fronteras sociales y culturales que los marginó y negó toda posibilidad de existencia digna. Para la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, frente a un nuevo escenario caracterizado por la presencia de empresas extranjeras, que iniciaron formas laborales represivas y usurpación de las tierras, la población liberta se conformó como comunidad del río Santiago y emprendió una nueva lucha, la compra del territorio, como una forma de legitimar sus sociedades. Más tarde y frente al permanente ambiente de agresión, debieron venderlas a los extranjeros, pero antes negociaron su vinculación laboral y su permanencia y de las futuras generaciones, un recurso que les permitió continuar ejerciendo su territorialidad y defendiendo su forma de vida en libertad.

Narraciones compartidas: imaginarios políticos entre Charcas y Buenos Aires. (De las reformas borbónicas al proceso juntista) [Estudios]

Este artículo expone los vínculos entre las élites charqueñas y rioplatenses desde mediados del siglo XVIII hasta inicios del siglo XIX, con una mirada que incorpora la relación territorial y el vínculo de las culturas políticas que se entretejen en la conformación de ambas élites. El trabajo da cuenta de los vínculos políticos entre el mundo charqueño y el rioplatense, asumiendo ambas realidades como vinculadas e interdependientes, y muestra que dicho vínculo estuvo configurado por narraciones y preocupaciones comunes, el impacto de la crisis imperial de 1808, la resonancia de la insurgencia indígena en los años previos (La Gran Regelión de los Andes y la Rebelión de Túpac Katari) y las experiencias autonomistas del mundo andino: La Plata (Chiquisaca) y La Paz. Se utilizan los aportes de la historia conceptual y la sociología política para analizar esos complejos mundos políticos y de conformación de élites.

Pasado y futuro en la construcción de una “historia de Brasil” en el siglo XVIII (Estudios)

A partir de la conjugación entre historia de la historiografía e historia de la colonización portuguesa en América, este artículo propone el uso de las categorías pasado y futuro desarrolladas por Reinhart Koselleck como herramientas para la comprensión de los significados de construcción de una Historia de Brasil en el siglo XVIII. En esta perspectiva, el trabajo recurre a los soportes formales de las narrativas sobre el pasado colonial portugués, de matriz setecentista y seiscentista, así como a otras fuentes relacionadas. En este sentido, el artículo reevalúa las formas narrativas que, en los años posteriores a la independencia brasileña, forjaron un relato histórico unificador del pasado nacional.

Conflictos en torno a la compra y venta de esclavos en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglo XVIII (Estudios)

El presente trabajo se centra en el análisis de los conflictos que giraron en torno a las operaciones de compra de esclavos en el nororiente neogranadino durante el siglo XVIII. Legalizaciones aplazadas, ventas desautorizadas, pagos pendientes, esclavos hipotecados y confusiones sobre el estado real del esclavo comercializado fueron situaciones que desataron enconadas disputas y pleitos judiciales que terminaron algunas veces con la declaratoria de redhibitoria, es decir, la anulación del contrato de venta y la devolución del esclavo. En vista de estos antecedentes, y con un ánimo preventivo, los negociantes se aseguraron de fijar en las escrituras de compraventa ciertas garantías o aclaraciones para no verse involucrados en tales litigios.

La expedición de límites de 1750 en la Guayana española: los logros de una tarea que nunca comenzó (Estudios)

This contribution addresses the implications of the boundary demarcation on basin of Orinoco and Amazon, during the second half of the 18th Century, beginning with the study of the expedition of the boundary between Spain and Portugal. This enterprise ended up in a surprise of games of omission, unfortunate and personal confrontations. The undesired task for the Spanish Guayana, however, marked a radically change in the geostrategic valuing and paved way to a latter colonial modernity thanks to the initiative of its commissioners. In this way, an important part of the territorial integrity was preserved against the geographical desires of lustanas and stopped the trafficking of indigenous salves towards the Amazon region.

Resistencia india, conciliación y estrategia militar en Quixos durante la primera mitad del siglo XVIII (Estudios)

During the 18th Century, the northeast of the Amazonian region, especially the jurisdiction of Quixos, was one of the most ignored regions of South America. Its dominions, dependents in part to the Real Audiencia of Quito, did not enjoy sufficient attention from the monarchial administration; therefore, the territorial domination and its natives did not take shape in absolute terms given the difficulties of indigenous resistance against strategies to slowly subordinate and eventually dismantle the Spanish politics of border territories.

Comercio, conflictos y alianzas en la frontera luso-española: Capitanía de Río Negro y provincia de Maynas, 1780-1820 (Estudios)

In the colonial period, the Spanish politics towards the American frontiers was oriented not only to recognition and military protection of the borders, but also to control trade in the regions. During the demarcation of the boundaries in the 18th Century, the smuggling in the borders degenerated in various conflicts between the Spanish and Portuguese authorities. However, illegal trade played an important role en la satisfaction of the provisions in the zone, making possible the establishment of local alliances. This article addresses these questions taking as object the study the border Luso-Spanish in the Amazon Valley, between captaincy of Negro River and the province of Maynas, 1780-1820.

Denial of change: the 'Military Revolution' as seen by contemporaries

Writers on military matters from the 14th century until the late 18th century either regretted the decadence of their times compared with Antiquity, or they saw no great change in military affairs since Antiquity. Few saw a revolutionary change ushered in by gunpowder, although this number increased since the great "querelle" about the Ancients and the Moderns under Louis XIV. In the early 19th century, the balance tipped, and few would have denied that technology had profoundly changed warfare. All this is a far cry, however, from any contemporary perception of a "Military Revolution" in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Pain, passion and faith : revisiting the place of Charles Wesley in early Methodism

Pain, Passion and Faith: Revisiting the Place of Charles Wesley in Early Methodism is a significant study of the 18th-century poet and preacher Charles Wesley. Wesley was an influential figure in 18th-century English culture and society; he was co-founder of the Methodist revival movement and one of the most prolific hymn-writers in the English language. His hymns depict the Christian life as characterized by a range of intense emotions, from ecstatic joy to profound suffering.

Australian women artists and domesticity in the twentieth century

The professionalism of women artists around the turn of the century coincided with the growing expectation that female members of the family should do the housework formerly done by domestic servants. The Women's Art Register was the research base for the compilation of a twentieth century history of Australian women artists and their attitude towards domesticity and housework. The authors work as located within this artistic tradition is also discussed.

The development of manufacturing in greater Geelong in the nineteenth century

Contrary to received opinion, Greater Geelong was among the most diversified manufacturing centres in Victoria, relative to Melbourne, Greater Ballarat and Greater Bendigo between 1854 to 1900. This was based on a manufacturing specialisation and export orientation established between 1841 and 1861.

Revolução capitalista e formação do estado-nação

The Capitalist Revolution was the period of the transition from the ancient societies to capitalism; it was a long transition that began in the north of Italy, in the 14th century, and for the first time got completed in England, in the second part of the 18th century, with the formation of the nation state and the Industrial Revolution; it is a major rupture, which divided the history of mankind between a period where empires or civilizations prospered and then fell into decadence and disappeared, and a period of ingrained economic development and long-term improvement of standards of living. Since then the different peoples are engaged in the social construction of their nations and their states; since then, they are experiencing economic development, because capitalism is essentially dynamic; since then they are struggling for the political objectives that they historically defined for themselves from that revolution: security, freedom, economic well-being, social justice, and protection of the environment.

Povoações, freguesias e vilas na Paraíba Colonial: Pombal e Sousa, 1697-1800

The towns presently named Pombal and Sousa, located in the hinterland of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, still keep vestiges of the colonization process they went through along the 18th and 19th centuries, when they both emerged as settlement nuclei in the extreme West of the then captaincy of Paraíba and attained the status of freguesia and vila in a later period. This research aims to comprehend the process of urban formation and development of the colonial urban nuclei of Pombal and Sousa as they became povoados (hamlets), freguesias (parishes) and vilas (small urban communities with a local government), according to territorial expansion policies implemented by the Portuguese government from 1697 to 1800. The choice of the two urban settlements for this survey lies in the fact that they were part of the great conquest and colonization program undertaken by the Portuguese Crown. Another aspect that was considered was the fact that those towns are the oldest urban nuclei of Paraíba s hinterland. They came into being as early as in the times of the colony, thus producing a favorable environment to the study of the changes that occurred in the captaincy s hinterland scenery resulting from the process of formation and development of the colonial urban space. Three fundamental categories of analysis were defined since they have a direct bearing upon the urban configuration of the two colonization nuclei: povoado, freguesia and vila. The three of them are related to civil and ecclesiastic jurisdictions. Field, documentation and bibliography surveys were undertaken in order to develop the study. They allowed for the finding of vestiges of the old, colonial urban structures and for the development of theoretical analysis based on present-day studies of issues relating to the colonial urban history. The study purposes were, therefore, to try to understand how the old urban nuclei of Pombal and Sousa fit in the territorial expansion policies undertaken by the Portuguese government; to relate the process of urban formation and development of such nuclei with the categories of analysis povoação-freguesia-vila by discussing the relations and influences they exert over one another and their territory, as well as to unveil, as much as possible, the configuration the urban spaces that were shaped along the 18th century

História da saúde mental infantil: a criança brasileira da Colônia à República Velha

Este texto descreve a trajetória da Saúde Mental e dos cuidados à infância no Brasil da Colônia à República Velha. No período colonial não havia cuidados especiais à criança. O que temos para compreender a criança colonial são relatos descritos em documentos, tratados e cartas da época, e em descrições de viajantes que aqui aportaram para conhecer o Novo Mundo. Depois do século XVIII a urbanização das cidades requer a intervenção médica nas questões de higiene e saúde, e gradativamente muda a concepção de criança, primeiro na Europa, depois no Brasil, chegando o século XIX com médicos preocupados com a questão da mortalidade infantil e com os cuidados que se deveria ter com a criança, negligenciada até então. É no século XIX que se inicia a institucionalização dos saberes médicos e psicológicos aplicados à infância e é quando podemos obter mais registros sobre que cuidados eram reservados à criança.