Hepatic concentration of heat shock protein 70 kD (Hsp70) in broilers subjected to different thermal treatments

1. The relationship between repeated thermal treatments and hepatic synthesis of Hsp 70 was studied in broiler chickens.2. Sixty broilers were submitted to 5 different treatments (12 birds each) from day 1 to day 42. Four groups were kept in a thermoneutral environment and subjected to 0, 1, 2 and 3 heat stress episodes at 35 degrees C for 4 h per week (TN-0, TN-1, TN-2 and TN-3, respectively). The last group (HT-35) was reared at a room temperature of 35 degrees C.3. From 39 to 42 old, the birds experienced acute heat stress at 41 degrees C. Resistance to heat stress was evaluated by the time taken for rectal temperature to increase by 3 degrees C above the pre-treatment value. Livers were collected (before and after heat stress) and Hsp70 was determined using Western Blot analysis with monoclonal anti-Hsp70 antibody.4. Resistance to heat stress and concentration of Hsp70 were higher in those birds subjected to more heat stress episodes during the experimental period (TN-3) and HT-35. A positive correlation was observed between Hsp70 concentration and the time taken for a 3 degrees C increase in rectal temperature (r=0.42; P<0.01).5. Exposing birds to episodes of heat stress (35 degrees C) during rearing may improve their resistance to acute heat stress, but the previous thermal history did not seem to influence the hepatocyte Hsp70 content after exposure to more severe heat stress (41 degrees C).

Microscopical analysis of Candida albicans biofilms on heat-polymerised acrylic resin after chlorhexidine gluconate and sodium hypochlorite treatments

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Mejora del valor proteico para rumiantes de la harina de girasol mediante tratamientos combinados con ácidos (málico y fosfórico) y calor = Improvement of the protein value for ruminants of sunflower meal by combined treatments with acids (malic and orthophosphoric) and heat

El objetivo principal de esta tesis fue incrementar el valor proteico para rumiantes de la harina de girasol mediante tratamientos combinados con ácidos y calor para proteger sus proteínas frente a la degradación ruminal. Estos estudios comprenden dos experimentos realizados sobre ovinos mediante tecnologías in vitro (experimento 1) o in situ e in vivo (experimento 2), empleando siempre dos ácidos: málico u ortofosfórico. Aprovechando este último experimento, también se consideraron otros objetivos de carácter metodológico con el fin de mejorar la precisión de las estimas de i) la degradabilidad ruminal y la digestibilidad intestinal de la proteína y los aminoácidos (AAs) de los alimentos y ii) la síntesis microbiana ruminal y su contribución al flujo post-ruminal de nutrientes al animal. En el experimento 1 (capítulo 2) se efectuaron cuatro ensayos in vitro para estudiar la influencia de distintos factores que puedan afectar la eficacia de estos tratamientos. En cada ensayo se utilizó una réplica por tratamiento (dos para el tratamiento control) y dos bolsas vacías (empleadas para corregir la contaminación microbiana) en cada una de las cuatro botellas del incubador (ANKOM Daisy II). Cada botella contenía 2 l de medio de incubación, saturado con CO2 para asegurar la anaerobiosis. Este medio consistió en una mezcla de solución McDougall y liquido ruminal filtrado en relación 4:1. El liquido ruminal fue obtenido de 2 corderos canulados en rumen, utilizándose bien solo o mezclado con el del otro cordero en una relación 3:1. Así, cada botella de incubación contenía un inoculo ruminal diferente. Las incubaciones se realizaron a 39 ºC durante 20 h, siendo las bolsas lavadas con agua corriente y almacenadas a -20 ºC. Tras ser descongeladas, se lavaron 3 veces durante 5 min en una mini-lavadora de turbina, se desecaron a 80 ºC durante 48 h y se destinaron íntegras al análisis de N-Kjeldahl. En el ensayo 1 se estudió el efecto del volumen de disolución de dos dosis de ácido ortofosfórico (0,4 y 1,2 equivalentes gramo (eq)/kg de harina de girasol), testando cinco volúmenes de disolución (80, 160, 240, 320 and 400 ml/kg de harina) para cada dosis, desecándose las harinas a 60 ºC hasta sequedad al tacto. La proteína bruta (PB) indegradada se incremento con la dosis de ácido empleada y también (como tendencia, P < 0,1) con el volumen de dilución. En base a ello en los siguientes ensayos se utilizo el volumen de dilución mayor (400 ml/kg). En el ensayo 2 se estudió el efecto de la dosis y del tipo de ácido a cuatro dosis (1,2; 2,4; 3,6 y 4,8 eq/kg), secándose igualmente las muestras tratadas a 60 ºC. La PB indegradada aumentó con la dosis de ácido, siendo también mayor para el ácido málico, tanto en este ensayo como en los posteriores. En el ensayo 3 se estudiaron los efectos de los dos ácidos, cuatro concentraciones (0,6; 1,2; 1,8 y 2,4 eq/kg) y tres tratamientos térmicos para el secado de las muestras (100, 150 and 200 ºC durante 60, 30 y 20 minutos, respectivamente). Con los tratamientos térmicos a 100 y 150 ºC no hubo un incremento de protección para concentraciones superiores a 0,8 eq/kg para ambos ácidos. Para incrementar la protección fue necesario aumentar la temperatura a 200 ºC y la dosis a 1,2 eq/kg, no observándose un aumento de protección a dosis mayores. En el ensayo 4 se estudiaron los efectos sobre la lisina disponible, la solubilidad de la PB en saliva artificial de McDougall y la PB indegradada in vitro de tratar la harina solo con agua o con disoluciones de ambos ácidos a dosis de 0,8 eq/kg y temperaturas de secado de 100 ó 150 ºC en las mismas condiciones que en el ensayo 3. No se apreciaron efectos sobre la lisina disponible para ninguno de los tratamientos. El efecto específico de los ácidos quedo demostrado tanto por la fuerte reducción de la solubilidad de la PB como por el aumento de la PB indegradada frente al tratamiento con agua. En conjunto, los resultados de este experimento mostraron que la eficacia de estos tratamientos depende del tipo y dosis de ácido y de su dilución, así como de las condiciones de secado. Como tratamiento de mayor interés a aplicar posteriormente en el experimento 2 se consideró una dosis de 0,8 eq/kg de harina, aplicada en un volumen de 400 ml/kg (correspondiente a soluciones 1 M y 0,67 M para los ácidos málico y ortofosfórico, respectivamente) y desecación a 150 ºC. El experimento 2 (capítulos 3 a 7) se realizó con un diseño en cuadrado latino 3x3, empleando tres corderos canulados en rumen y duodeno y tres dietas isoproteicas: U, M y P, que incluían harinas de girasol sin tratar (control) y tratadas con acido málico u ortofosfórico, respectivamente. La harina de girasol se trató en las condiciones ya indicadas siendo necesarias 6 horas para su secado en estufa. Las dietas incluían 40% de heno de raigrás italiano y 60% de concentrado a base de harina de girasol (tratada y/o sin tratar), trigo y corrector vitamínico-mineral, siendo suministradas a 75 g/kg P0.75 (equivalente a 2,3 × mantenimiento). La relación harina de girasol sin tratar y tratada fue de 100:0 en la dieta U y entorno a 40:60 en las dietas M y P. Tras 10 días de adaptación a la dieta, se estudiaron sucesivamente: i) el tránsito hasta el duodeno de las partículas del heno (solo en la dieta control) y de la harina de girasol marcadas previamente con europio e iterbio, respectivamente; ii) la fermentación ruminal durante el periodo postprandial, iii) la degradación ruminal in situ de la harina de girasol específica de cada dieta (y del trigo y el heno en la dieta control) y iv) la magnitud y composición del contenido ruminal mediante el vaciado manual del rumen-retículo. Durante todo el periodo experimental se infundio de forma continua una solución de sulfato amónico enriquecido en 15N (98 átomos %) para corregir la contaminación microbiana ruminal en los estudios in situ y para establecer las diferencias de composición química entre las bacterias libres (BAL) y adherentes (BAS) del rumen. Esta solución incluyó en los dos últimos días Li-Cr- EDTA para determinar la tasa de dilución ruminal. Posteriormente, y tras un periodo de al menos 10 días para eliminar el enriquecimiento en 15N de la digesta, se estudió la digestibilidad intestinal de los distintos alimentos mediante la técnica de bolsas móviles. La determinación del bypass (BP) o de la degradabilidad efectiva (DE) de la materia seca (MS) y de la PB se realizó por el método tradicional de integración matemática; estos valores se obtuvieron también para la PB y los AAs generando una muestra representativa del flujo post-ruminal del alimento en estudio en cada animal. Ello se realizó mediante la mezcla de los distintos residuos de incubación en base a la función que describe el flujo de alimento indegradado que abandona el rumen. Todos estos trabajos se realizaron considerando la tasa de salida de partículas del rumen (kp) y, según casos, considerando también la tasa de conminución y mezcla de las partículas en este compartimento (kc). Para este último caso se ha desarrollado también el modelo matemático que describe este flujo y permite este cálculo. Los valores no corregidos por la contaminación microbiana del BP (o de DE) de la PB resultantes de ambos métodos se han comparado tanto en las harinas de girasol como en los restantes alimentos de la dieta, obteniéndose valores similares, sin apreciarse desviaciones sistemáticas. Sobre las muestras compuestas representativas de la composición química del BP se determino la digestibilidad intestinal efectiva (DIE) de la MS, PB y AAs. Todos los valores resultantes de esta técnica fueron corregidos para la contaminación microbiana de las partículas que tiene lugar en el rumen. Los estudios de transito digestivo se realizaron tras suministrar en el comedero a los corderos una dosis simple de los alimentos marcados, seguida de la toma de muestras de la digesta duodenal durante 82 h. En la dieta testigo se suministraron simultáneamente el heno de raigrás y la harina de girasol, mientras que en las otras dietas solo se suministró esta última. La harina de girasol mostro un mayor valor para kc frente al heno (0,5766 v. 0,0892, /h), mientras que no hubo diferencias entre los dos alimentos para kp (0,0623 v. 0,0609, /h). Para la harina de girasol no se apreciaron diferencias entre dietas para kc, pero si se redujo de manera moderada la tasa kp con los tratamientos, siendo ésta también menor al utilizar ácido ortofosfórico frente al uso de ácido malico (0,0577 v. 0,0600, /h). El empleo de las harinas tratadas no modifico los parámetros de fermentación ruminal, la composición de los contenidos ruminales o la tasa de dilución del rumen. Los valores efectivos del BP y de DIE de la MS, PB y AAs de las harinas de girasol se obtuvieron considerando kc y kp, conjuntamente. Los tratamientos de protección incrementaron el BP de MS y PB en 48,5 y 268% de media, respectivamente. Estos incrementos se debieron principalmente al descenso de la fracción soluble y de la velocidad de degradación, pero también al aumento de la fracción indegradable, especialmente usando ácido ortofosfórico. Con los tratamientos se incrementó también la DIE de la MS (108% de media) y de la PB con gran diferencia entre los ácidos málico y ortofosfórico (20,7 v. 11,8%). Como consecuencia de estos cambios la protección aumentó la fracción realmente digerida en el intestino en 211% (MS) y 325% (PB), sin efectos entre ambos ácidos. Considerando la reducción del suministro de energía fermentable para los microorganismos ruminales asociada a la protección y los parámetros indicados por el sistema PDI francés para la síntesis de proteína microbiana digestible, la eficacia de conversión de PB en proteína metabolizable aumentó de 0,244 a 0,559 y 0,515 con el tratamiento con acido málico y ortofosfórico, respectivamente. El contenido en aminoácidos (AAs) fue similar en todas las harinas salvo por una disminución de lisina en las harinas tratadas. De forma análoga a la PB, los tratamientos de protección incrementaron el BP y la DIE de la mayoría de AAs. El aporte de AAs metabolizabes de la harina se multiplico en 3,87 para los AAs azufrados y en menor medida (2,5 veces) para la lisina, como consecuencia de las pérdidas sufridas a consecuencia del tratamiento térmico. Estos tratamientos se muestran, por tanto, útiles para incrementar el valor proteico de la harina de girasol, si bien su empleo junto con concentrados proteicos ricos en lisina bypass digestible mejoraría el perfil de la proteína metabolizable. La corrección de la contaminación microbiana de las partículas que tiene lugar en el rumen se asoció en todos los alimentos testados y, de forma general, con reducciones del BP y de su DIE en todas las fracciones estudiadas. Estas reducciones fueron pequeñas en todos los concentrados, de forma acorde con los muy pequeños niveles de contaminación registrados tanto en las harinas de girasol como en el grano de trigo. Por el contrario, esta contaminación, al igual que los efectos de su corrección, fueron muy importantes en el heno de raigrás. Esta contaminación aumentó al tener en cuenta kc. Así, para la proporción de PB de origen microbiano existente en las muestras compuestas representativas del BP, este aumento fue significativo para el heno de raigrás (0,463 v. 0,706) y solo numérico para la harina de girasol (0,0170 v. 0,0208). La reducción de las estimas de DIE al corregir esta contaminación fue consecuencia de la eliminación de forma casi completa de los microorganismos adherentes en todos los residuos testados. Así, esta biomasa se redujo en 96,1% como media de 7x3 observaciones. Como resultado de las diferencias acumulativas a nivel del rumen e intestino, la no corrección de la contaminación microbiana junto con la no consideración de kc condujo a fuertes sobrestimaciones de la PB digerida en el intestino. Ésta fue de 39% en la harina de girasol (0,146 v. 0,105) y de 761% en el heno de raigrás (0,373 v. 0,0433). Estos resultados muestran que es necesario considerar tanto kc como corregir la contaminación microbiana para obtener estimas in situ precisas en forrajes, mientras que en concentrados, siempre que la contaminación microbiana sea pequeña, es más importante considerar kc. La elevada contaminación microbiana observada en el heno de raigrás se asoció también con importantes errores a nivel del N asociado a la fibra neutro (FND) y ácido (FAD) detergente (NDIN y ADIN, respectivamente) e incluso de estas fracciones de fibra, evidenciándose que estos métodos no eliminan completamente la contaminación microbiana que sufren los alimentos en su paso por el retículorumen. Así, en la muestra compuesta representativa de la composición química del flujo postruminal antes descrita, la sobrevaloración por no corregir la contaminación microbiana fue de 99,8; 24,2; 3,34 y 0,48% para NDIN, ADIN, FND y FAD, respectivamente. Las subvaloraciones asociadas para su DE fueron 34,1; 8,79; 4,41 y 0,51%, respectivamente. La DE corregida del NDIN y ADIN (0,743 y 0,728, respectivamente) mostró un aprovechamiento ruminal elevado de estos compuestos, si bien menor al de la PB total (0,85). El estudio de este aprovechamiento sobre los residuos de incubación ruminal a 6 y 72 h demostró, además, una más rápida degradación del ADIN frente al NDIN, así como un mayor potencial de degradación de este último en este alimento. Para comprobar si la digestión en el abomaso eliminaba la contaminación microbiana en la FND y FAD se estudio esta contaminación y sus posibles errores en muestras liofilizadas de contenidos ruminales y duodenales correspondientes a una dieta mixta de similar composición a la utilizada en el experimento 2, comparándose, además, las diferencias entre la extracción secuencial o directa de la FAD. Utilizando como referencia las BAS se apreciaron elevadas contaminaciones en la FND y FAD y su N asociado tanto en las muestras ruminales como en las duodenales. Sin embargo, los resultados de enriquecimiento en 15N de las partículas fueron intermedios entre los correspondientes a BAS y BAL lo que evidencia una elevada contaminación con BAL en estas muestras probablemente durante el proceso de liofilización. Ello conlleva una sobrevaloración de esta estimación. El método de extracción directa de FAD se mostró, por otra parte, marcadamente menos eficaz en la eliminación de la contaminación microbiana. Los resultados muestran la necesidad de corregir la contaminación microbiana para obtener estimaciones precisas de la degradabilidad de las proteínas de las paredes celulares vegetales. Estos errores deberían ser también considerados para FND y FAD en estudios in situ e in vivo. La elevada tasa fraccional de degradación del grano de trigo (60,9 y 42,0%/h para MS y PB, respectivamente) implico que su flujo de material indegradado (calculado solo en base a la kp obtenida para la harina de girasol) se redujera muy rápidamente, de forma que es casi nulo a 8 h tras la ingestión. Los valores corregidos de PB digerida en el intestino (0,15) representan solo el 18,7% de la proteína metabolizable, lo que muestra que el valor proteico del grano de trigo está estrechamente ligado a la síntesis de proteína microbiana derivada de su fermentación. En el experimento 2 se observaron menores concentraciones para materia orgánica, lípidos y PB, así como en la proporción N-AAs/N total en BAL que en BAS, siendo, por el contrario, mayor su enriquecimiento en 15N. Estos últimos resultados se utilizaron (junto con los de otros trabajos previos de este equipo) para validar una predicción preexistente del enriquecimiento en 15N de las BAS a partir de este valor en las BAL. Esta ecuación, de muy alta precisión (R2 = 0.995), permite calcular la subvaloración que se comete en los aportes de nutrientes correspondientes a las BAS al usar las BAL como muestra de referencia. Esta subvaloración representa aproximadamente 21, 32,5 y 60% para PB, proteína verdadera y lípidos.

Heat treatment of a direct composite resin: influence on flexural strength

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flexural strength of a direct composite, for indirect application, that received heat treatment, with or without investment. One indirect composite was used for comparison. For determination of the heat treatment temperature, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were performed, considering the initial weight loss temperature and glass transition temperature (Tg). Then, after photoactivation (600 mW/cm² - 40 s), the specimens (10 x 2 x 2 mm) were heat-treated following these conditions: 170ºC for 5, 10 or 15 min, embedded or not embedded in investment. Flexural strength was assessed as a means to evaluate the influence of different heat treatment periods and investment embedding on mechanical properties. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). TGA showed an initial weight loss temperature of 180ºC and DSC showed a Tg value of 157°C. Heat treatment was conducted in an oven (Flli Manfredi, Italy), after 37°C storage for 48 h. Flexural strength was evaluated after 120 h at 37°C storage. The results showed that different periods and investment embedding presented similar statistical values. Nevertheless, the direct composite resin with treatments presented higher values (178.7 MPa) compared to the indirect composite resin (146.0 MPa) and the same direct composite submitted to photoactivation only (151.7 MPa). Within the limitations of this study, it could be concluded that the heat treatment increased the flexural strength of the direct composite studied, leading to higher mechanical strength compared to the indirect composite.

Effect of fruit maturity on the response of 'Kensington' mango fruit to heat treatment

The effects of conditioning and hot water treatments on immature and mature 'Kensington' mangoes were examined. A hot water treatment of 47 degreesC fruit core temperature held for 15 min increased weight loss (50%), fruit softness (15%), disrupted starch hydrolysis and interacted with maturity to reduce the skin yellowness (40-51%) of early harvested fruit. Immature fruit were more susceptible to hot water treatment-induced skin scalding, starch layer and starch spot injuries and disease. Conditioning fruit at 40 degreesC for up to 16 h before hot water treatment accelerated fruit ripening, as reflected in higher total soluble solids and lower titratable acidity levels. As fruit maturity increased, the tolerance to hot water treatment-induced skin scalding and the retention of starch layers and starch spots increased and susceptibility to lenticel spotting decreased. A conditioning treatment of either 22 degrees or 40 degreesC before hot water treatment could prevent the appearance of cavities at all maturity levels. The 40 degreesC conditioning temperature was found to be more effective in increasing fruit heat tolerance than the 22 degreesC treatment; the longer the time of conditioning at 40 degreesC, the more effective the treatment (16 v. 4 h). For maximum fruit quality, particularly for export markets, it is recommended that mature fruit are selected and conditioned before hot water treatment to reduce the risk of heat damage.

The effect of heat transfer mode on heart rate responses and hysteresis during heating and cooling in the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus

The effect of heating and cooling on heart rate in the estuarine crocodile Crocodylus porosus was studied in response to different heat transfer mechanisms and heat loads. Three heating treatments were investigated. C. porosus were: (1) exposed to a radiant heat source under dry conditions; (2) heated via radiant energy while half-submerged in flowing water at 23degreesC and (3) heated via convective transfer by increasing water temperature from 23degreesC to 35degreesC. Cooling was achieved in all treatments by removing the heat source and with C. porosus half-submerged in flowing water at 23degreesC. In all treatments, the heart rate of C. porosus increased markedly in response to heating and decreased rapidly with the removal of the heat source. Heart rate during heating was significantly faster than during cooling at any given body temperature, i.e. there was a significant heart rate hysteresis. There were two identifiable responses to heating and cooling. During the initial stages of applying or removing the heat source, there was a dramatic increase or decrease in heart rate ('rapid response'), respectively, indicating a possible cardiac reflex. This rapid change in heart rate with only a small change or no change in body temperature (

Heat-induced changes in UHT milks - Part 1

Raw milk was stored for 0, 2 and 4 days and processed in a UHT pilot plant by either direct or indirect heating. The unstored raw milk was also pasteurised. The thermally induced changes resulting from these treatments were investigated by examining a number of indices of heat damage. Lactulose, furosine, total and free hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and acid-soluble beta-lactoglobulin were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) while soluble tryptophan was examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The directly heated UHT milk showed less heat damage than the indirectly heated milk, while the pasteurised milk displayed the least heat damage. During storage of the UHT milk for 12 weeks at similar to20degreesC, the levels of lactulose remained constant, while the furosine concentration increased. Both the total HMF and undenatured beta-lactoglobulin contents showed a general decrease during storage; however free HMF values initially rose but then decreased after four weeks' storage. As the age of the milk at the time of UHT processing increased, the levels of some of the indicators decreased. It is concluded that lactulose is the most reliable index of heat treatment, as it is virtually unaffected by refrigerated storage of the milk before or ambient storage after UHT processing. Reliance on other indicators may give misleading information on the heat load that UHT milk has received during processing.

Effects of heat treatment on the nutritional value of raw soybean selected for low trypsin inhibitor activity

1. Two broiler experiments and a layer experiments were conducted on Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (Kti) soybeans (SB) of low trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity to determine their nutritive value when included as mash in least-cost poultry diets. 2. Experiment 1 compared chick performance on the Kti or raw SB using a commercial full-fat SB meal (FFSBM) and a solvent extracted SB meal (SBM) as controls during a 20 d experimental period. Broiler experiment 2 compared Kti and raw SB, non-steamed, or steam-pelleted with and without DL-methionine supplementation added to every treatment containing 170 g SB/kg. For each broiler experiment the levels of each SB were 70, 120 and 170 g/kg with the control birds fed only 170 g SB/kg. 3. The layer experiment, compared steam-pelleted Kti and raw SB against a non-steamed Kti and raw SB each fed at two levels (70 and 110 g/kg) x 30 replicates from 29 weeks of age for 19 weeks in a completely randomised design. Production parameters were measured when diets were formulated to contain minimum required specifications and calculated apparent metabolisable energy (AME). At the completion of each trial, 2 broiler birds from each cage and 5 layer birds per treatment were killed, weighed, and their liver and pancreas weighed. 4. Both broiler experiments indicated that production parameters on the Kti SB treatments were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than on the two commercial control SB treatments. However, the Kti treatments were superior to the raw SB treatments. 5. Pancreas weight increased with increasing inclusion of both raw and Kti SB, suggesting that a TI was causing the depression in performance. The AME of the Kti SB was similar to that of commercial FFSB meal. After steam conditioning, the raw SB meal AME value of 9.5 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) was improved to 14.1 MJ/kg DM by reduced TI activity, but this AME improvement with TI activity reduction, plus the supplementation with DL-methionine on birds fed the raw SB had no effect (P > 0.05) on any parameter evaluated in experiment 2. 6. The layer experiment showed that hens on the Kti SB treatments had significantly greater live weight gain (LWG), egg weight and daily egg mass than birds given raw SB. A reduced food intake (FI) was observed in the Kti treatments but egg mass was generally similar to that on the FFSB control diet, indicating that Kti SB supported excellent egg production at an inclusion of 110 g/kg. The depressed performance observed for broiler chicks suggest that younger birds are more susceptible to the effects of SB TI.

Heat shock and salicylic acid on postharvest preservation of organic strawberries

Heat shock and salicylic acid have been studied on shelf-life extension of fruits. The benefits of these techniques have been related to their effect on inducing physiological defense responses against the oxidative stress and pathogen development. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat shock and salicylic acid on the postharvest preservation and contents of total phenolics, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, fresh weight loss and microbiological quality of organic strawberries cv. Dover. Strawberries produced organically and stored at 5 ºC were subjected to heat shock (45 ºC ± 3 ºC for 3 h), application of salicylic acid (soaking in 2.0 mmol L-1 solution), heat shock in combination with salicylic acid and control. After treatment, the fruits were packed and stored in a climatic chamber at 5 ºC ± 2 ºC. At 1, 7 and 14 days, the experimental units were removed from refrigeration and kept at room temperature of approximately 20 ºC for two days. There was no effect of treatments on fresh weight loss, incidence of pathogens or chemical variations in strawberry fruits during the storage period. In natural conditions, organically grown strawberries remained in good condition for sale up to seven days of storage in all treatments.

The heat shock response in moss plants is regulated by specific calcium-permeable channels in the plasma membrane.

Land plants are prone to strong thermal variations and must therefore sense early moderate temperature increments to induce appropriate cellular defenses, such as molecular chaperones, in anticipation of upcoming noxious temperatures. To investigate how plants perceive mild changes in ambient temperature, we monitored in recombinant lines of the moss Physcomitrella patens the activation of a heat-inducible promoter, the integrity of a thermolabile enzyme, and the fluctuations of cytoplasmic calcium. Mild temperature increments, or isothermal treatments with membrane fluidizers or Hsp90 inhibitors, induced a heat shock response (HSR) that critically depended on a preceding Ca(2+) transient through the plasma membrane. Electrophysiological experiments revealed the presence of a Ca(2+)-permeable channel in the plasma membrane that is transiently activated by mild temperature increments or chemical perturbations of membrane fluidity. The amplitude of the Ca(2+) influx during the first minutes of a temperature stress modulated the intensity of the HSR, and Ca(2+) channel blockers prevented HSR and the onset of thermotolerance. Our data suggest that early sensing of mild temperature increments occurs at the plasma membrane of plant cells independently from cytosolic protein unfolding. The heat signal is translated into an effective HSR by way of a specific membrane-regulated Ca(2+) influx, leading to thermotolerance.

Meta-analysis of heat- and chemically upregulated chaperone genes in plant and human cells.

Molecular chaperones are central to cellular protein homeostasis. In mammals, protein misfolding diseases and aging cause inflammation and progressive tissue loss, in correlation with the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates and the defective expression of chaperone genes. Bacteria and non-diseased, non-aged eukaryotic cells effectively respond to heat shock by inducing the accumulation of heat-shock proteins (HSPs), many of which molecular chaperones involved in protein homeostasis, in reducing stress damages and promoting cellular recovery and thermotolerance. We performed a meta-analysis of published microarray data and compared expression profiles of HSP genes from mammalian and plant cells in response to heat or isothermal treatments with drugs. The differences and overlaps between HSP and chaperone genes were analyzed, and expression patterns were clustered and organized in a network. HSPs and chaperones only partly overlapped. Heat-shock induced a subset of chaperones primarily targeted to the cytoplasm and organelles but not to the endoplasmic reticulum, which organized into a network with a central core of Hsp90s, Hsp70s, and sHSPs. Heat was best mimicked by isothermal treatments with Hsp90 inhibitors, whereas less toxic drugs, some of which non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, weakly expressed different subsets of Hsp chaperones. This type of analysis may uncover new HSP-inducing drugs to improve protein homeostasis in misfolding and aging diseases.

Dewaterability of sewage sludge by ultrasonic, thermal and chemical treatments

Sludges resulting from wastewater treatment processes have a characteristically high water content, which complicates handling operations such as pumping, transport and disposal. To enhance the dewatering of secondary sludge, the effect of ultrasound waves, thermal treatment and chemical conditioning with NaOH have been studied. Two features of treated sludges were examined: their rheological behavior and their dewaterability. The rheological tests consisted of recording shear stress when the shear rate increases and decreases continuously and linearly with time, and when it increases and decreases in steps. Steady-state viscosity and thixotropy were obtained from the rheological tests, and both decreased significantly in all cases with increased treatment intensity. Centrifugation of ultrasonicated and thermally treated sludges allowed the total solid content to be increased by approximately 16.2% and 17.6%, respectively. These dewatered sludges had a lower viscosity and thixotropy than the untreated sludge. In contrast, alkali conditioning barely allowed the sludge to be dewatered by centrifugation, despite decreasing its viscosity and thixotropy.

Quantitative proteomics of heat-treated human cells show an across-the-board mild depletion of housekeeping proteins to massively accumulate few HSPs.

Classic semiquantitative proteomic methods have shown that all organisms respond to a mild heat shock by an apparent massive accumulation of a small set of proteins, named heat-shock proteins (HSPs) and a concomitant slowing down in the synthesis of the other proteins. Yet unexplained, the increased levels of HSP messenger RNAs (mRNAs) may exceed 100 times the ensuing relative levels of HSP proteins. We used here high-throughput quantitative proteomics and targeted mRNA quantification to estimate in human cell cultures the mass and copy numbers of the most abundant proteins that become significantly accumulated, depleted, or unchanged during and following 4 h at 41 °C, which we define as mild heat shock. This treatment caused a minor across-the-board mass loss in many housekeeping proteins, which was matched by a mass gain in a few HSPs, predominantly cytosolic HSPCs (HSP90s) and HSPA8 (HSC70). As the mRNAs of the heat-depleted proteins were not significantly degraded and less ribosomes were recruited by excess new HSP mRNAs, the mild depletion of the many housekeeping proteins during heat shock was attributed to their slower replenishment. This differential protein expression pattern was reproduced by isothermal treatments with Hsp90 inhibitors. Unexpectedly, heat-treated cells accumulated 55 times more new molecules of HSPA8 (HSC70) than of the acknowledged heat-inducible isoform HSPA1A (HSP70), implying that when expressed as net copy number differences, rather than as mere "fold change" ratios, new biologically relevant information can be extracted from quantitative proteomic data. Raw data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001666.

PREVENTION OF CHILLING INJURY IN 'TOMMY ATKINS' MANGOES PREVIOUSLY STORED AT 5 ºC, USING HEAT TREATMENT AND RADIATION UV (UV-C)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) in the prevention of chilling injury in mangoes cv. Tommy Atkins previously stored or not under injury condition after their transference to ambient condition. Fruits were divided into groups: two were hydrothermally treated (46.1 ºC/90 min; 55 ºC/5 min) and two were exposed to UV-C radiation (1.14 kJ m-2; 2.28 kJ m-2). These groups were stored under chilling injury conditions (5 ºC for 14 days), as established in preliminary tests. Other untreated groups were stored at 12 ºC or 5 ºC. After the storage period, they were transferred to ambient conditions (21.9 ºC; 55% RH) and the quality was evaluated. All the data were submitted to multivariate analysis as the tool to verify the simultaneous effect of the treatments under the quality parameters. The multivariate analysis indicated that the hydrothermal treatments at 46.1 °C/90 min and 55 °C/5 min and the UV-C radiation at doses of 1.14 kJ m-2 and 2.28 kJ m-2 were effective in minimized the symptoms of chilling injury in mangoes ‘Tommy Atkins’ stored at 5 °C for 14 days. However, after their transference to environmental condition at 21.9 °C, only the UV-C kept this control, especially at a dose of 2.28 kJ m-2. This treatment did not prevent the development of the characteristic color or affected the normal ripening and allowed the conservation of fruit for a period of 14 days at 5 °C, plus seven days of storage at environmental condition, which corresponds to the shipping transportation plus the time for sale.

Influence of Heat Treatment on Strength Properties of Finger-jointed Components

The purpose for the thesis was to study the thermo treatment of finger-jointed wood. The thesis concentrated on examining the tensile and bending strength of finger-jointed and thermo treated wood. The aim was to find out how different treatment temperature levels and adhesives influence the strength of wood that has been finger-jointed before heat treatment. Secondary objectives were to examine the influence of the treatment time at one temperature, determine differences in the strength between the joints in heartwood and sapwood, examine the visual appearance of the finger joints after the treatment and establish possibilities to reach a characteristic strength level corresponding to C14. Only minor differences in strength properties were measured between the finger-jointed wood treatments II and III. A greater difference was shown between these two treatment temperatures I, which lead to reduced strength. The average strength of joints glued with adhesive 2 was higher after treatments II and III compared to those glued with the adhesive 1. At the treatment temperature I, the adhesive 1 strength properties were at the same level compared to the adhesive 2 or better. There were not any significant differences.