Water relations, growth and gas exchange in Acacia auriculiformis under experimental and natural conditions

Investigations on the water relations and gas exchange of/tcacia aun'culiji_2rmis were carried out in natural and controlled environments. The experiments were performed in both seedlings and five year old trees. Different sets of experiments were conducted in Acacia plantations, at Kothachira, Palakkad District and in .seedlings, at KFRI campus nursery mainly during the summer months. Investigations were also extended to seedlings of A.mangium, Aaulacocarpa and /Lholocericea, which are also phyllodinous species with the intention of comparing their physiology with Acacia auriculifomus. Potted seedlings of four species of Acacia viz., A. auriculi/E)/7r:i.r, /I. aulacocarpa, A. holocericea and A. mangium were used for the study. Measurements of relative water content (RWC), water potential, photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency etc. of phyllodes were measured diumally in plants subjected to three stress conditions namely, drought, salinity and flooding

Natural resources, redistribution and Human capital formation

How do resource booms affect human capital accumulation? We exploit time and spatial variation generated by the commodity boom across local governments in Peru to measure the effect of natural resources on human capital formation. We explore the effect of both mining production and tax revenues on test scores, finding a substantial and statistically significant effect for the latter. Transfers to local governments from mining tax revenues are linked to an increase in math test scores of around 0.23 standard deviations. We find that the hiring of permanent teachers as well as the increases in parental employment and improvements in health outcomes of adults and children are plausible mechanisms for such large effect on learning. These findings suggest that redistributive policies could facilitate the accumulation of human capital in resource abundant developing countries as a way to avoid the natural resources curse.

Colloidal gas aphrons based separation process for the purification and fractionation of natural phenolic extracts

Following previous studies, the aim of this work is to further investigate the application of colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) to the recovery of polyphenols from a grape marc ethanolic extract with particular focus on exploring the use of a non-ionic food grade surfactant (Tween 20) as an alternative to the more toxic cationic surfactant CTAB. Different batch separation trials in a flotation column were carried out to evaluate the influence of surfactant type and concentration and processing parameters (such as pH, drainage time, CGA/extract volumetric and molar ratio) on the recovery of total and specific phenolic compounds. The possibility of achieving selective separation and concentration of different classes of phenolic compounds and non-phenolic compounds was also assessed, together with the influence of the process on the antioxidant capacity of the recovered compounds. The process led to good recovery, limited loss of antioxidant capacity, but low selectivity under the tested conditions. Results showed the possibility of using Tween 20 with a separation mechanism mainly driven by hydrophobic interactions. Volumetric ratio rather than the molar ratio was the key operating parameter in the recovery of polyphenols by CGA.

Separation of natural colorants from the fermented broth of filamentous fungi using colloidal gas aphrons

There is a worldwide interest in the development of processes for producing colorants from natural sources. Microorganisms provide an alternative source of natural colorants produced by cultivation technology and extracted from the fermented broth. The aim of the present work was to study the recovery of red colorants from the fermented broth of Talaromyces amestolkiae using the technique of colloidal gas aphrons (CGA) comprising surfactant-stabilized microbubbles. Preliminary experiments were performed to evaluate the red colorants’ solubility in different organic solvents, octanol/water partitioning, and their stability in surfactant solutions, namely hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and polyoxyethylenesorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), which are cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants, respectively. The first recovery experiments were carried out using CGA generated by these surfactants at different volumetric ratios (VR, 3–18). Subsequently, two different approaches to generate CGA were investigated at VR values of 6 and 12: the first involved the use of CTAB at pH 6.9–10.0, and the second involved the use of Tween 20 using red colorants partially dissolved in ethanol and Tween 20. The characterization results showed that red colorants have a hydrophilic nature. The highest recoveries were obtained with Tween 20 (78%) and CTAB (70%). These results demonstrated that the recovery of the colorants was driven by both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The VR was found to be an important operating parameter and at VR 12 with CTAB (at pH 9) maximum recovery, partitioning coefficient (K = 5.39) and selectivity in relation to protein and sugar (SP = 3.75 and SS = 7.20 respectively) were achieved. Furthermore, with Tween 20, the separation was driven mainly by hydrophobic interactions. Overall CGA show promise for the recovery of red colorants from a fermented broth. Although better results were obtained with CTAB than with Tween 20 the latter may be more suitable for some application due to its lower toxicity.

Modeling and forecasting long-term natural gas (NG) consumption in Iran, using particle swarm optimization (PSO)

The gradual changes in the world development have brought energy issues back into high profile. An ongoing challenge for countries around the world is to balance the development gains against its effects on the environment. The energy management is the key factor of any sustainable development program. All the aspects of development in agriculture, power generation, social welfare and industry in Iran are crucially related to the energy and its revenue. Forecasting end-use natural gas consumption is an important Factor for efficient system operation and a basis for planning decisions. In this thesis, particle swarm optimization (PSO) used to forecast long run natural gas consumption in Iran. Gas consumption data in Iran for the previous 34 years is used to predict the consumption for the coming years. Four linear and nonlinear models proposed and six factors such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Population, National Income (NI), Temperature, Consumer Price Index (CPI) and yearly Natural Gas (NG) demand investigated.

Aspectos do comportamento reprodutivo na monta natural de eqüinos da raça crioula.

O presente experimento objetivou verificar o comportamento sexual de três garanhões da raça Crioula, a campo, com idades de 4, 8 e 18 anos frente a uma população de éguas em cio com diferentes idades e status reprodutivo e identificar o papel da fêmea em relação às interações pré-copulatórias. Para tanto foram utilizados três garanhões e 60 éguas, da Raça Crioula, 20 para cada garanhão, com idades variando entre três e 17 anos. As observações foram realizadas durante a estação de monta, tendo início em quatro de novembro de 2003 e término em 13 de janeiro de 2004. Cada manada foi observada de cada vez, acompanhada, diariamente por um observador. Em primeiro lugar foi observado o garanhão G8 e sua manada, por nove dias, seguido pelo G18 observado por oito dias, e G4 observado por 8,5 dias. Considerando-se os três reprodutores, o número total de horas de observação foi de 256,5 horas, divididas em dois turnos, manhã e tarde, com uma média de 5,4 horas de observação no turno da manhã e 4,64 horas no turno da tarde, Foram observadas e registradas, através de anotações e fotografias, todas as atitudes do garanhão, relacionadas com o seu comportamento sexual perante as éguas, assim como as atitudes das mesmas perante os reprodutores. O acompanhamento dos animais pelo observador era feito a pé, com a maior descrição para não interferir no comportamento e na disposição da manada e quando necessário, era utilizado um binóculo. Houve o cuidado de não permitir a presença de outros eqüinos nos piquetes vizinhos aos que as manadas observadas permaneciam, para que não houvesse nenhum tipo de interferência no comportamento dos animais. Os garanhões permaneceram com as éguas por todo o tempo do experimento, inclusive no período da noite. Concluiu-se que A atividade sexual diminui com o aumento da idade do garanhão. As éguas falhadas em cio formam o grupo sexualmente ativo, permanecendo mais próximas ao garanhão do que éguas em cio com cria. A rufiação e o momento da cobertura são determinados pelo garanhão. O número de coberturas diminuiu com o passar dos dias, havendo regulação por parte do garanhão, mesmo com um elevado número de éguas em cio por dia. Houve um elevado índice de prenhez em relação às coberturas realizadas no cio observado.