Inform??tica en la escuela

Contiene: la larga andadura para aplicar la tecnolog??a a la educaci??n; hay que desmitificar el papel del ordenador en la ense??anza; hay que definir las posibilidades de la inform??tica educativa; estrategias inform??ticas; Galileo, Ptolomeo y Kepler a trav??s del ordenador

Para aprender y enseñar Astronomía : recursos para la enseñanza de la Astronomía.

Se describen algunos recursos y materiales para la enseñanza de la Astronomía, incidiendo en la necesidad de fomentar el conocimiento científico basado en lo cotidiano, en la deducción e indagación, la búsqueda de información, el debate, la crítica y la exposición. Se mencionan algunos programas astronómicos como el Programa Galileo para profesores y otros programas de la ApEA (Asociación para la Enseñanza de la Astronomía). Por último, se recomiendan algunas revistas especializadas y se mencionan algunos recursos online.

Algunas reflexiones sobre la influencia de la clase social y el género en el rechazo a la escuela : análisis etnográfico del colectivo anti-escuela en el primer curso de Formación Profesional.

Resaltar la ineficacia del aspecto compensatorio de las políticas educativas de carácter comprensivo, basándose en el alto porcentaje de fracaso escolar del alumnado que proviene de clases sociales más desfavorecidas; analizar las actitudes hacia el sistema educativo de un grupo de alumnos/as de primero de Formación Profesional que se autoexcluyen y fracasan en la escuela, así como de un grupo que se enfrenta a la experimentación del nuevo sistema educativo, con características opuestas al anterior en cuanto a actitudes hacia la escuela y distribución por sexos, pero de procedencia sociocultural muy similar; plantear alternativas para su integración. Dos grupos de alumnos de primero de Formación Profesional de los institutos IFP Galileo y IFP Ramón y Cajal, de Valladolid. Se llevó a cabo un estudio de casos de carácter etnográfico. Se destaca el fuerte rechazo hacia la institución escolar del alumnado que pertenece a familias obreras que viven en un barrio periférico de Madrid, y el hecho de que las chicas obtienen mejores resultados escolares y una mayor disposición hacia el estudio que los chicos. Se propone como alternativa la necesidad de otorgar a la Formación Profesional un carácter más práctico que incluya en su currículum una parte de trabajo productivo.

Orientación escolar, personal y profesional.

Poner en marcha el Departamento de Orientación, en el Centro de Formación Profesional Galileo (Pajarillos altos) de Valladolid, en sus tres vertientes: escolar, personal y profesional. Buscar métodos y procesos adecuados que ayuden al estudiante para que sea capaz: de resolver todos aquellos problemas que la actividad académica le plantee, de llegar a un conocimiento personal de sí mismo y del medio que le rodea y de elegir la especialidad más apropiada para él. Alumnos de primer y segundo curso de primer grado y del segundo y tercer curso de segundo grado del Instituto de Formación Profesional número uno Galileo de Valladolid. El presente trabajo se divide en seis partes diferenciadas: I. Marco teórico del Departamento de Orientación, en el cual se plantean los objetivos, recursos humanos, materiales e instituciones, actividades y metodología que se llevarán a cabo. II. Condicionantes generales en el proceso educativo, donde se analiza la realidad concreta del barrio, centro, funcionamiento y organización administrativa de éste, los adolescentes y su actividad académica. III. Conocimiento global del alumno, que se obtiene de dos maneras; colectiva e individualmente. IV. Actividades orientadoras, se realizan a través de la acción tutorial y abarcan tres campos: la orientación escolar, personal y profesional. En cada uno de ellos se desarrollan unos objetivos determinados. La orientación escolar trata de hallar las causas que provocan el fracaso de cada alumno e intenta subsanarlo. La orientación personal trata de conseguir considerables grados de integración en los alumnos y en el centro y la orientación profesional pretende ayudar a los alumnos a elegir mejor su especialidad y salida laboral. V. Recursos utilizados o a utilizar (material, asesoramiento, bibliografía). VI. Apéndices. Cuestionario general, pruebas de maduración intelectual, entrevistas, análisis de las calificaciones, opiniones de los profesores, técnicas de trabajo intelectual. Coeficientes de variación y tantos por ciento. Se pone en marcha el Departamento de Orientación en el Instituto, habiendo observado que dicho Departamento se contempla de forma vaga y ambigua en los estudios de Formación Profesional. Los planteamientos de la Ley General de Educación de 1970 se han cumplido en dichos centros solamente en parte. En muchos casos estos departamentos se han reducido a contactos con empresas, visitas técnicas, a buscar posibilidades de empleo etc. El profesor encargado cumple solamente funciones docentes y carece de preparación espefícica para desempeñar la actividad orientadora. Las características del alumnado que llega a Formación Profesional. Hacen especialmente aconsejables unos servicios de orientación empleados a fondo. A falta de estos servicios, este centro comenzó una labor que suple en pequeñas parcelas y acciones estas carencias. Para ello se estudian las características concretas del centro y del alumnado (ubicación del barrio, los índices de fracaso, las características familiares) que obligan a poner en práctica estrategias concretas de acción. Se espera que este planteamiento alejado del tradicional sirva como punto de referencia para nuevas experiencias de este tipo.

Física y filosofía : un enfoque interdisciplinar de los contenidos de la Filosofía de COU relativos a la Filosofía de la naturaleza y los antecedentes históricos de la Física newtoniana.

Creyendo necesaria la formación del pensamiento crítico ante la Ciencia para una mejor asimilación de los programas de Física y Filosofía de COU y proponiendo lograrla por la superación de la dicotomía Ciencias-Letras y el estudio de la Historia de la Ciencia, los objetivos son los siguientes. Desarrollar un programa interdisciplinar y activo sobre antecedentes, y sus condicionantes histórico epistemológicos, de la Física newtoniana, que busque obtener del alumno una visión objetiva del saber científico, razonamiento crítico, conciencia de la historicidad de la ciencia y sus condicionantes sociales y nociones sobre su historia (Física) y la aportación filosófica. Evaluar experimentalmente la consecución de los objetivos cognoscitivos y actitudinales y su viabilidad. Está formada por 35 alumnos de COU del I. B. Francisco Giner de los Rios, de Segovia. No es representativa. Desarrollo del programa: asignación, para las dos asignaturas, de horarios, en función de que las clases se destinen a exposiciones teóricas o a actividades; selección, secuenciación y programación de unidades temáticas generales (desde los presocráticos a Newton) en las que se determinan objetivos cognoscitivos, contenidos a abordar, actividades y ejercicios para el alumno y desarrollo metodológico (explicaciones teóricas; confección de léxicos, comentarios y resultes individuales; comentarios en grupo de textos predeterminados; puesta en común de ese trabajo y elaboración de un 'result' de la unidad). Para evaluar la consecución de los objetivos cognoscitivos se evalúa la adquisición de conocimientos básicos de cada unidad; para hacerlo respecto a los actitudinales, se evalúa en función de la aceptación de la programación por parte del alumnado. El programa consta de 6 unidades: A) El pensamiento presocrático: movimiento y cambio; B) La reformulacion aristotélica del problema de los Physilogos; C) La concepción cristiana del mundo, el triunfo medieval del aristotelismo, inicios de la concepción moderna de la ciencia; D) La revolución copérnicana; E) Galileo; F) De Descartes a Newton. Las calificaciones obtenidas son: sobresalientes 3, notables 23, bien 17, suficiente 17, insuficientes 40. A la vista de ellas, y dado que los aprobados igualan o superan a los de otras asignaturas, se creen cumplidos los objetivos cognoscitivos. Tambien los actitudinales se creen cumplidos: el alumnado piensa haber cambiado su actitud ante la ciencia y cree adecuado el enfoque empleado.. Se considera necesario y viable incluir la historia de la Física al inicio de su temario oficial y su desarrollo en apenas un mes del curso. Los contenidos diseñados parecen suficientes y adecuados, si bien podrían ampliarse hasta la actualidad. Se constata la necesidad de desarrollos interdisciplinares entre áreas si se quiere formar la capacidad crítica del alumno.

Global navigation satellite systems e a gestão do espaço aéreo

- Introdução - Sistemas actuais - Galileo - Comparação - Aplicabilidade - Futuro - Referências

Cloud-radar observations of insects in the UK convective boundary layer

Radar has been applied to the study of insect migration for almost 40 years, but most entomological radars operate at X-band (9.4 GHz, 3.2 cm wavelength), and can only detect individuals of relatively large species, such as migratory grasshoppers and noctuid moths, over all of their flight altitudes. Many insects (including economically important species) are much smaller than this, but development of the requisite higher power and/or higher frequency radar systems to detect these species is often prohibitively expensive. In this paper, attention is focussed upon the uses of some recently-deployed meteorological sensing devices to investigate insect migratory flight behaviour, and especially its interactions with boundary layer processes. Records were examined from the vertically-pointing 35 GHz ‘Copernicus’ and 94 GHz ‘Galileo’ cloud radars at Chilbolton (Hampshire, England) for 12 cloudless and convective occasions in summer 2003, and one of these occasions (13 July) is presented in detail. Insects were frequently found at heights above aerosol particles, which represent passive tracers, indicating active insect movement. It was found that insect flight above the convective boundary layer occurs most often during the morning. The maximum radar reflectivity (an indicator of aerial insect biomass) was found to be positively correlated with maximum screen temperature.

A multipoint study of a substorm occurring on 7 December, 1992, and its theoretical implications

On 7 December 1992, a moderate substorm was observed by a variety of satellites and ground-based instruments. Ionospheric flows were monitored near dusk by the Goose Bay HF radar and near midnight by the EISCAT radar. The observed flows are compared here with magnetometer observations by the IMAGE array in Scandinavia and the two Greenland chains, the auroral distribution observed by Freja and the substorm cycle observations by the SABRE radar, the SAMNET magnetometer array and LANL geosynchronous satellites. Data from Galileo Earth-encounter II are used to estimate the IMF B-z component. The data presented show that the substorm onset electrojet at midnight was confined to closed field lines equatorward of the preexisting convection reversal boundaries observed in the dusk and midnight regions. No evidence of substantial closure of open flux was detected following this substorm onset. Indeed the convection reversal boundary on the duskside continued to expand equatorward after onset due to the continued presence of strong southward IMF, such that growth and expansion phase features were simultaneously present. Clear indications of closure of open flux were not observed until a subsequent substorm intensification 25 min after the initial onset. After this time, the substorm auroral bulge in the nightside hours propagated well poleward of the pre-existing convection reversal boundary, and strong flow perturbations were observed by the Goose Bay radar, indicative of flows driven by reconnection in the tail.

Open cluster survival within the solar circle: Teutsch 145 and Teutsch 146 star

Teutsch 145 and Teutsch 146 are shown to be open clusters (OCs) orbiting well inside the solar circle, a region where several dynamical processes combine to disrupt most OCs on a time-scale of a few 108 yr. BVI photometry from the GALILEO telescope is used to investigate the nature and derive the fundamental and structural parameters of the optically faint and poorly known OCs Teutsch 145 and 146. These parameters are computed by means of field-star-decontaminated colour-magnitude diagrams and stellar radial density profiles (RDPs). Cluster mass estimates are made based on the intrinsic mass functions (MFs). We derive the ages 200+100(-50) and 400 +/- 100 Myr, and the distances from the Sun d(circle dot) = 2.7 +/- 0.3 and 3.8 +/- 0.2 kpc, respectively, for Teutsch 145 and 146. Their integrated apparent and absolute magnitudes are m(V) approximate to 12.4 and 13.3 and M(V) approximate to -5.6 and -5.3. The MFs (detected for stars with m greater than or similar to 1 M(circle dot)) have slopes similar to Salpeter`s initial mass function. Extrapolated to the H-burning limit, the MFs would produce total stellar masses of similar to 1400 M(circle dot), typical of relatively massive OCs. Both OCs are located deep into the inner Galaxy and close to the Crux-Scutum arm. Since cluster-disruption processes are important, their primordial masses must have been higher than the present-day values. The conspicuous stellar density excess observed in the innermost bin of both RDPs might reflect the dynamical effects induced by a few 108 yr of external tidal stress.

Uma abordagem histórica para o ensino do princípio da inércia

Placed in the field of Didactic of Science, this paper proposes an approach to the introduction of the History of Science in science education, at high school level. It was designed and implemented a series of activities regarding the history of the Principle of Inertia. The aim of this approach was to give more meaning to scientific education, while opening new avenues for a better understanding of the processes of construction of scientific knowledge. The preparation of the activities involved a study of the historical development of the concept of motion, from the Aristotelian physics through physical movement concepts at medieval period, from Galileo, Gassendi, Descartes, until the first law of Newton. The strategy of teaching was applied to three classes of high school (night period) of a state public school at the city of Natal (RN). The results indicated the difficulty of overcoming alternative conceptions about movement by students. Nevertheless, we consider that the implementation of this strategy of teaching both represented gains for the learning of students, and contributed to the resizing of pedagogical practices of the teacher-researcher

Quantum mechanics versus equivalence principle

We consider the scattering of a photon by a weak gravitational field, treated as an external field, up to second order of the perturbation expansion. The resulting cross section is energy dependent which indicates a violation of Galileo's equivalence principle (universality of free fall) and, consequently, of the classical equivalence principle. The deflection angle theta for a photon passing by the sun is evaluated afterward and the likelihood of detecting Delta theta/theta(E) theta-theta(E)/theta(E) (where theta(E) is the value predicted by Einstein's geometrical theory for the light bending) in the foreseeable future, is discussed.

Um esboço da história do conceito de trabalho virtual e suas aplicações

Neste trabalho abordamos a questão concernente à origem do princípio de trabalho virtual e sua consolidação como um dos conceitos fundamentais no estudo da mecânica analítica e, em particular, dos sistemas em equilíbrio estático. Ênfase foi dada às contribuições seminais de Stevin, Galileu e, sobretudo, as de d'Alembert e Lagrange, no tocante ao conceito de trabalho virtual. Além disso, faz-se um comentário geral sobre vínculos holônomos e deslocamento virtual. Alguns exemplos de emprego da equação de d'Alembert-Lagrange são apresentados, para mostrar como o princípio de trabalho virtual pode ser adequadamente aplicado.

Towards forecasting and mitigating ionospheric scintillation effects on GNSS

The effect of the ionosphere on the signals of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the Global Positionig System (GPS) and the proposed European Galileo, is dependent on the ionospheric electron density, given by its Total Electron Content (TEC). Ionospheric time-varying density irregularities may cause scintillations, which are fluctuations in phase and amplitude of the signals. Scintillations occur more often at equatorial and high latitudes. They can degrade navigation and positioning accuracy and may cause loss of signal tracking, disrupting safety-critical applications, such as marine navigation and civil aviation. This paper addresses the results of initial research carried out on two fronts that are relevant to GNSS users if they are to counter ionospheric scintillations, i.e. forecasting and mitigating their effects. On the forecasting front, the dynamics of scintillation occurrence were analysed during the severe ionospheric storm that took place on the evening of 30 October 2003, using data from a network of GPS Ionospheric Scintillation and TEC Monitor (GISTM) receivers set up in Northern Europe. Previous results [1] indicated that GPS scintillations in that region can originate from ionospheric plasma structures from the American sector. In this paper we describe experiments that enabled confirmation of those findings. On the mitigation front we used the variance of the output error of the GPS receiver DLL (Delay Locked Loop) to modify the least squares stochastic model applied by an ordinary receiver to compute position. This error was modelled according to [2], as a function of the S4 amplitude scintillation index measured by the GISTM receivers. An improvement of up to 21% in relative positioning accuracy was achieved with this technnique.

Conflict between the classical equivalence principle and quantum mechanics

As far as external gravitational fields described by Newton's theory are concerned, theory shows that there is an unavoidable conflict between the universality of free fall (Galileo's equivalence principle) and quantum mechanics - a result confirmed by experiment. Is this conflict due perhaps to the use of Newton's gravity, instead of general relativity, in the analysis of the external gravitational field? The response is negative. To show this we compute the low corrections to the cross-section for the scattering of different quantum particles by an external gravitational field, treated as an external field, in the framework of Einstein's linearized gravity. To first order the cross-sections are spin-dependent; if the calculations are pushed to the next order they become dependent upon energy as well. Therefore, the Galileo's equivalence and, consequently, the classical equivalence principle, is violated in both cases. We address these issues here.

Influência da combinação de dados GPS e GLONASS no georreferenciamento de imóveis rurais

The land question has been a widely discussed topic in Brazil, regarding land tenure. Law No. 10.267/01 was a major breakthrough for the agrarian issue. Since then on all rural properties must be georeferenced to the Brazilian Geodetic System (BGS). Therefore, satellite positioning and conventional methods are extensively used. Changes have been occurring in satellite positioning systems due to the addition of new signals in GPS (Global System Positioning), restructuring of GLONASS (Global Orbiting Navigation Satellite System), and the new systems like Galileo and Compass as well. To evaluate the effects of combining GPS and GLONASS data, several batches of processings were performed on different configurations. The data processing was performed to determine the coordinates of points of basic support and those materializing the neighborhood of the rural properties. As a result, it was found that the use of accurate ephemeris in transporting coordinates to support points has no significant influence, since transportation with broadcast ephemeris also meets the accuracy requirements for the Standard Technique for Georreferencing Rural Properties. On the other hand, when GPS and GLONASS data were used, such combination provides the best results. In the case of neighboring points, the use of GPS and GLONASS data is also recommended because such data meet the precision requirement and showed better results than those from where data were processed separately.