Océanie / A. H. Dufour

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:17 770 000]

Carte de l'Océanie / par Herisson ; revue et corrigée par A.H. Dufour

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:34 000 000]

Algérie : dédiée au roi / par A. H. Dufour, géographe ; le trait par Malo et la topographie par Dyonnet ; la lettre par Ch. Simon

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:1 588 000], échelle 10 myriamètres [= 10,3 cm]

Carte de la régence d'Alger et d'une partie du bassin de la Méditerranée : donnant le rapport qui existe entre la France et les États barbaresques (N[ouv]elle édition, revue et augmentée) / par A.H. Dufour ; La topographie gravée par Flahaut

Échelle(s) : [ca 1:3 235 000], 40 lieues communes de France de 25 au degré [= 5,5 cm]

Erosão em entressulcos sob caatinga e culturas agrícolas

Dentre as formas de erosão hídrica do solo, a erosão em entressulcos é uma das que causam maiores danos no processo produtivo dos solos utilizados na agricultura, por provocar perdas de solo, água e nutrientes. Frente a isso, o presente trabalho visou avaliar a proteção ambiental promovida pela cobertura vegetal da caatinga, do feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan) e da batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas Lam) em relação ao solo descoberto, bem como o efeito das práticas de cultivos dessas culturas, por meio das taxas da erosão em entressulcos e das características hidráulicas do escoamento superficial vinculado à erosão em entressulcos, em um Luvissolo. Para isso, foi implementada uma série de 20 chuvas simuladas em Serra Talhada, município do semi-árido do Estado de Pernambuco, sob os seguintes tratamentos: (1) solo descoberto; (2) solo coberto pela cultura do feijão-guandu (Cajanus cajan); (3) solo coberto pela cultura da batata-doce (Ipomoea batatas Lam.); (4) solo coberto por Caatinga semi-arbustiva. Todos os regimes de escoamento superficial obtidos foram laminar lento. As coberturas vegetais proporcionadas pela Caatinga e pelo guandu, que deram origem aos maiores valores de cobertura do solo, responderam pelas menores taxas de concentração de sedimentos e desagregação do solo na erosão em entressulcos, em decorrência da maior rugosidade hidráulica da superfície do solo promovida por essas vegetações. As taxas de concentração de sedimentos no cultivo da batata-doce foram iguais às do solo descoberto, por conta do revolvimento do solo na preparação das leiras de plantio, e determinou as maiores taxas de desagregação do solo entre as coberturas vegetais; em contrapartida, as leiras permitiram retenção do escoamento superficial. As coberturas vegetais Caatinga, guandu e batata-doce e as respectivas rugosidades hidráulicas impostas ao escoamento superficial determinaram reduções exponenciais das perdas de solo. A cobertura vegetal da Caatinga semi-arbustiva proporcionou o menor coeficiente de escoamento superficial (C = 0,32), em decorrência de sua maior cobertura do solo, da maior resistência hidráulica e do não-revolvimento do solo.

Finite-size scaling analysis of the avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics

A numerical study is presented of the third-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model at T=0 driven by an external field. Standard synchronous relaxation dynamics is employed to obtain the magnetization versus field hysteresis loops. The focus is on the analysis of the number and size distribution of the magnetization avalanches. They are classified as being nonspanning, one-dimensional-spanning, two-dimensional-spanning, or three-dimensional-spanning depending on whether or not they span the whole lattice in different space directions. Moreover, finite-size scaling analysis enables identification of two different types of nonspanning avalanches (critical and noncritical) and two different types of three-dimensional-spanning avalanches (critical and subcritical), whose numbers increase with L as a power law with different exponents. We conclude by giving a scenario for avalanche behavior in the thermodynamic limit.

Kinetics of martensitic transitions in Cu-Al-Mn under thermal cycling: Analysis at multiple length scales

In this paper we study the evolution of the kinetic features of the martensitic transition in a Cu-Al-Mn single crystal under thermal cycling. The use of several experimental techniques including optical microscopy, calorimetry, and acoustic emission, has enabled us to perform an analysis at multiple scales. In particular, we have focused on the analysis of avalanche events (associated with the nucleation and growth of martensitic domains), which occur during the transition. There are significant differences between the kinetics at large and small length scales. On the one hand, at small length scales, small avalanche events tend to sum to give new larger events in subsequent loops. On the other hand, at large length scales the large domains tend to split into smaller ones on thermal cycling. We suggest that such different behavior is the necessary ingredient that leads the system to the final critical state corresponding to a power-law distribution of avalanches.

Spanning avalanches in the three-dimensional Gaussian random-field Ising model with metastable dynamics: Field dependence and geometrical properties

Spanning avalanches in the 3D Gaussian Random Field Ising Model (3D-GRFIM) with metastable dynamics at T=0 have been studied. Statistical analysis of the field values for which avalanches occur has enabled a Finite-Size Scaling (FSS) study of the avalanche density to be performed. Furthermore, a direct measurement of the geometrical properties of the avalanches has confirmed an earlier hypothesis that several types of spanning avalanches with two different fractal dimensions coexist at the critical point. We finally compare the phase diagram of the 3D-GRFIM with metastable dynamics with the same model in equilibrium at T=0.

Athermal character of structural phase transitions

The significance of thermal fluctuations in nucleation in structural first-order phase transitions has been examined. The prototypical case of martensitic transitions has been experimentally investigated by means of acoustic emission techniques. We propose a model based on the mean first-passage time to account for the experimental observations. Our study provides a unified framework to establish the conditions for isothermal and athermal transitions to be observed.

Driving rate effects in avalanche-mediated first-order phase transitions

We study the driving-rate and temperature dependence of the power-law exponents that characterize the avalanche distribution in first-order phase transitions. Measurements of acoustic emission in structural transitions in Cu-Zn-Al and Cu-Al-Ni are presented. We show how the observed behavior emerges within a general framework of competing time scales of avalanche relaxation, driving rate, and thermal fluctuations. We confirm our findings by numerical simulations of a prototype model.