Evaluation of memory B cells among perinatally HIV infected children from Houston Texas

Background: HIV associated B cell exhaustion is a notable characteristic of HIV viremic adults. However, it is not known if such alterations are present in perinatal HIV infected children, whose viral dynamics differs from those seen in adults. In the present study we perform an analysis of B cells subsets and measure antigen-specific memory B cells (MBC) in a pediatric HIV infected cohort. ^ Methods: Peripheral mononuclear cells (PBMC) of perinatal HIV infected individuals are characterized into naïve (CD21hi/CD27−), classic (CD27+), tissue like (CD21lo/CD27 −) and activated MBC (CD27+CD21− ) by FACS. A memory ELISPOT assay is used to detect antibody secreting cells. We measure total IgG and antibodies specific for influenza, HBV, mumps, measles, rubella and VZV. Memory was expressed as spot forming cells (SPC) /million of PBMC. Wilcoxon rank-sum was used to compare unpaired groups and linear regression analysis was used to determine predictors of B cell dysfunction ^ Results: 41 HIV perinatal infected children are included (51.2% females and 65.9% Black). Age at study is median (range) 8.78 years (4.39-11.57). At the time of testing they have a CD4% of 30.9 (23.2-39.4), a viral load (VL) of 1.95 log10 copies/ml (1.68-3.29) and a cumulative VL of 3.4 log10 copy × days (2.7-4.0). Ninety two percent of the children are on cARV for > 6 months. Overall, HIV+ children compared with controls have a significant lower number of IgG and antigen specific SFC. In addition, they have a lower proportion of classical MBC 12.9 (8.09-19.85) vs 29.4 (18.7-39.05); 0.01, but a significant higher proportion of tissue like memory MBC 6.01 (2.79-12.7) vs 0.99 (0.87-1.38); 0.003, compared with controls. Patients are parsed on VL (<400 and ≥ 400 copies/ml) with the objective to evaluate the effect of VL on B cell status. Patients with a VL ≥ 400 copies/ml have a significantly lower IgG, HBV, measles, rubella and VZV SPC compared with those with a VL < 400 copies/ml. There are no significant differences in B cell subpopulations between the groups. A moderate negative correlation was observed between the time of cARV initiation and the frequency of IgG memory B cells, suggesting that early initiation of cARV appears to lead to a better functionality of the IgG memory B cells (P=0.05). A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the total number of IgG memory cells and the number of antigen-specific memory B cells/SPCs. Suggesting that the progressive recovery of the IgG memory B cell pull goes along with a progressive increase in the number of antigen-specific SPCs. ^ Conclusion: A pediatric cohort in overall good status with respect to HIV infection and on ART has defects in B cell function and numbers (reduced total and antigen specific MBC and increased tissue like and reduced classical MBC).^

El perito médico en los delitos sexuales, 1880-1890

En la Argentina se institucionalizó la figura del perito médico con la creación del Cuerpo Médico de Policía por decreto del Gobernador de la Provincia de Buenos Aires Gral. Martín Rodríguez en 1822, apareciendo en los expedientes judiciales con la designación de "Médico de Policía" o "Médico de Tribunales". Sin embargo la primera definición de este auxiliar de la justicia como "experto en arte o cosa" es más antigua, apareciendo en la legislación base de nuestro sistema penal: las Leyes de Partidas (especialmente la 3a y la 7a). En este capítulo analizaremos la actuación de este agente en los casos de violencia sexual, mostrando la importancia vital de su función para la determinación misma de su existencia como delito punible por la ley, veremos como se mezclan a un tiempo las consideraciones científicas, sociales e incluso personales en sus informes pretendida y idealmente neutrales. Además buscaremos resaltar cuando sea posible el nivel de imbricación de los saberes médicos y legales en los abogados y médicos de esta época caracterizada por la profesionalización de ambas ramas.

Los tratados y el jardín renacentista en Italia. Principios, metodologías y técnicas

La tesis destaca la influencia que ejerció la teoría, las técnicas y la metodología de proyecto de los principales tratados de la época renacentista en la concepción, diseño y realización de algunos de los más importantes jardines de la época. Los tratados de Vitruvio, Alberti, Filarete, Di Giorgio, Serlio, Palladio, Colonna y Del Riccio establecen una nueva estética y una nueva visión del mundo, basadas en la geometría elemental y en los números simples. En la Grecia antigua, Platón y Pitágoras intuyeron la necesidad existencial del hombre de apoyarse en unas leyes seguras de orden superior. Sus teorías sobre las leyes del Universo son retomadas y aplicadas en el arte y en el jardín por Vitruvio y por los tratadistas del Renacimiento. Según los tratadistas, la estética es el núcleo generador del que se activan la información y las leyes hacia todos los campos del conocimiento y de la vida social y, por lo tanto, la finalidad de los tratados es buscar, a través de un procedimiento científico y racional, las reglas de la belleza. Las leyes estéticas formuladas por los tratadistas examinados se aplican con el mismo rigor y respeto ya sea al paisaje que al jardín, exaltando el elemento natural al igual que el construido (la ciudad y la arquitectura). De los tratados renacentistas se han extraídos términos y conceptos que ayudan a revalorizar, reinterpretar e integrar en el debate los temas del paisaje y del jardín. La tesis sostiene que: 1) una idea moderna de jardín se tiene que fundar en la historia; 2) que la historia es indispensable incluso para enfrentar el problema del mantenimiento y de la restauración de los jardines históricos; 3) que la teoría y las ideas que tienen valor, así como nos enseña Alberti, producen obras que también tienen valor; 4) la influencia de la estética de los tratadistas se encuentra incluso en algunos importantes jardines de época moderna y contemporánea. El capítulo 1 contiene la definición de tratado y la concepción estética del Renacimiento, analizada por medio de: a) la idea de ciencia y b) a través de las pinturas. Los capítulos 2 y 3 contienen respectivamente los principios teóricos de los tratados y el diseño, la metodología, las técnicas constructivas y los métodos de representación del proyecto según los tratadistas. Estos capítulos resultan propedéuticos de los capítulos siguientes por proporcionar el instrumento de lectura e interpretación de los jardines renacentistas y modernos. El capítulo 4 destaca la gran influencia de los tratados sobre las villas y jardines renacentistas y describe sus elementos. El último capítulo, el quinto, contiene un análisis de algunos jardines modernos. Entre ellos: Chiswick, la Villa “I Tatti”, Sutton Place, y la Villa “Il Roseto” que renuevan y prosiguen, en nuestra opinión, la lección de los tratadistas. El primer anexo contiene la propuesta de líneas de investigación que surgen a la luz de la tesis, y el segundo anexo contiene las noticias biográficas de los tratadistas examinados. ABSTRACT The thesis investigates the influence exercised by the theory, techniques and project methodology contained in the most relevant essays on art and architecture of the Renaissance on the concept, design and making of some of the most important gardens of that time. The essays of Vitruvius, Alberti, Filarete, Di Giorgio, Serlio, Palladio, Colonna y Del Riccio established a new concept of aesthetics and a vision of the world based on basic geometry and simple numbers. In ancient Greece, Plato and Pythagoras understood that humans needed “superior laws” to anchor their existences. Their theories on laws of the Universe were adopted and applied in art and gardening by Vitruvius and Renaissance essays authors. According to the authors of these essays, aesthetics represents the core generating information and laws that branch out toward all the fields of knowledge and social life. Therefore, the purpose of art and architecture essays consists in exploring, through a scientific and rational process, the rules of beauty. The laws of aesthetics proposed by the authors apply to landscaping and gardening with the same rigor and exalt the natural component as much as the artificial one (city and architecture). Several terms and concepts are also extracted that, despite their age, still help us to understand and enrich the contemporary debate revolving around landscaping and gardening. The thesis argues that: 1) the modern idea of gardening must be based on history; 2) history is fundamental even to address the topics of maintenance and restoration of historical gardens; 3) like Leon Battista Alberti maintains, valid theory and ideas produce valuable works; 4) the influence played by aesthetics on authors can be found in many important modern and contemporary gardens. Chapter 1 contains the definition of essay and of the Renaissance concept of aesthetics, analyzed by: a) the idea of science and 2) the analysis of some paintings of the period. Chapters 2 and 3 discuss respectively the theoretical principles of the essays and the design, methodology, construction techniques and the methods of representation of the project according to the authors. These chapters are preparatory toward the following chapters and provide us with the keys necessary to read and interpret Renaissance and modern gardens. Chapter 4 highlights the great influence exercised by those authors on the planning of important villas and gardens from the Renaissance while describing their elements. The 5th and final chapter analyzes some modern gardens among which Chiswick, Villa “I Tatti”, Sutton Place, Villa “Il Roseto”. These villas renew and in our opinion carry on the lesson of the essays written in the Renaissance. The first addendum suggests future lines of research derived from the thesis, while the second addendum contains biographical information regarding the authors examined.

EVOCAÇÃO POÉTICA : O velar e o desvelar da obra pictórica Menino morto de Cândido Portinari à luz das concepções de Paul Tillich e de Martin Heidegger sobre as artes

A arte sempre esteve presente entre os humanos como um grande mistério. Sua característica polissêmica nos desafia a pensá-la como algo sempre aberto. Isto é, livre para que os indivíduos a experimentem de formas diversas. Nossa intenção, ao escolher a tela Menino morto do pintor Cândido Portinari, é mostrar que o encontro com uma obra de arte é forçosamente atual, vivo, surpreendente, extraordinário... Não apenas como um mero objeto de prazer, mas, sobretudo, como possibilidades de desvelar experiências originárias, abrindo gamas de sentidos que ajudam os seres humanos a significar a própria existência. Para seguir na investigação, privilegiam-se, nesta dissertação, os estudos sobre as artes do teólogo Paul Tillich e do filósofo Martin Heidegger. Para Tillich, numa obra de arte deve-se buscar o que se esconde no inaparente, pois é aí que reside a sua substância. Assim, na arte, como em qualquer manifestação cultural, por mais secular que aparente ser, se expressa sempre uma preocupação última. Para Heidegger, a arte é fonte de revelação da verdade. Todavia, essa revelação traz em si o ocultamento da mesma verdade, posto que a verdade e a não-verdade acontecem simultaneamente na obra de arte. Portanto, à luz dos estudos feitos por esses dois autores, tentamos captar o desnudar de Menino morto .(AU)

EVOCAÇÃO POÉTICA : O velar e o desvelar da obra pictórica Menino morto de Cândido Portinari à luz das concepções de Paul Tillich e de Martin Heidegger sobre as artes

A arte sempre esteve presente entre os humanos como um grande mistério. Sua característica polissêmica nos desafia a pensá-la como algo sempre aberto. Isto é, livre para que os indivíduos a experimentem de formas diversas. Nossa intenção, ao escolher a tela Menino morto do pintor Cândido Portinari, é mostrar que o encontro com uma obra de arte é forçosamente atual, vivo, surpreendente, extraordinário... Não apenas como um mero objeto de prazer, mas, sobretudo, como possibilidades de desvelar experiências originárias, abrindo gamas de sentidos que ajudam os seres humanos a significar a própria existência. Para seguir na investigação, privilegiam-se, nesta dissertação, os estudos sobre as artes do teólogo Paul Tillich e do filósofo Martin Heidegger. Para Tillich, numa obra de arte deve-se buscar o que se esconde no inaparente, pois é aí que reside a sua substância. Assim, na arte, como em qualquer manifestação cultural, por mais secular que aparente ser, se expressa sempre uma preocupação última. Para Heidegger, a arte é fonte de revelação da verdade. Todavia, essa revelação traz em si o ocultamento da mesma verdade, posto que a verdade e a não-verdade acontecem simultaneamente na obra de arte. Portanto, à luz dos estudos feitos por esses dois autores, tentamos captar o desnudar de Menino morto .(AU)

Estudo do comportamento eletroquímico da liga UNS N07090 em diferentes concentrações de ácido sulfúrico.

Ligas de níquel têm atualmente uma vasta gama de aplicações, sendo a agressividade do meio e as elevadas temperaturas que estas ligas suportam, um diferencial excepcional. A liga UNS N07090, objeto deste trabalho, encontra aplicações muito diversas, entre elas turbocompressores, sistemas de exaustão e de pós-tratamento de motores a diesel. Nestas aplicações a liga está exposta a gases, que ao condensarem formam ácido sulfúrico (H2SO4). Torna-se, assim, importante, o conhecimento da resistência à corrosão da liga nesse meio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo caracterizar o comportamento eletroquímico da liga através de curvas de polarização potenciodinâmica em diferentes concentrações de ácido sulfúrico. Observou-se que quanto maior a concentração de ácido, maior é a corrosão da liga. Este fato pode ser discutido pela adsorção do íon sulfato (SO42-), que prejudica tanto a formação quanto a cinética de crescimento da película passiva do níquel. Em contrapartida, a presença de Cr na liga UNS N07090 apresentou um benefício sobre a resistência à corrosão desta muito acima do esperado, influenciando de forma direta as curvas de polarização da liga e mantendo-a em condição de elevada resistência à corrosão em detrimento do pior desempenho observado em outros elementos pertecentes à liga, como Co, Al e Ti. Tempos de imersão de 24h em ácido sulfúrico elevam discretamente os parâmetros de corrosão da liga, mantendo-os, no entanto em patamares bastante baixos, permitindo finalmente concluir que a liga UNS N07090, quando exposta a concentrações que variam de 1M a 4M H2SO4, a 25°C, apresenta boa resistência à corrosão e que esta não se altera com o tempo de exposição. A análise dos resultados mostrou que o processo corrosivo é controlado por reações catódicas de sulfato e hidrogênio, as quais podem ter diferentes contribuições dependendo da concentração do ácido e do tempo de imersão da liga UNS N07090 no meio corrosivo.

Closer to life : the work of sari dienes

Like many of her female contemporaries, artist Sari Dienes’s contributions to the art historical dialogue have been largely overlooked in favor of her male counterparts. Often seen as a mentor and mother figure to neo-Dada artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, Dienes was an active member of the New York avant-garde circle surrounding composer/choreographer duo John Cage and Merce Cunningham in the 1950s and 1960s. These social relationships are central to the existing discourse on Sari Dienes, while her work remains little discussed. The fact that her dynamic, ever-changing style lacked aesthetic consistency was commonly lamented by notable figures such as Betty Parsons, however, I argue that Dienes’s diverse oeuvre is unified by her philosophies on art and life. The unification of art and life, denoted clearly by Dienes’s use of the found object, experimentation and chance happenings, and sensory experience, marks her as an innovator and catalyst in the neo-Dada movement as well as in other experimental art endeavors that took place in the aftermath of Abstract Expressionism.

Synthesis of Robust Hierarchical Silica Monoliths by Surface-Mediated Solution/Precipitation Reactions over Different Scales: Designing Capillary Microreactors for Environmental Applications

A synthetic procedure to prepare novel materials (surface-mediated fillings) based on robust hierarchical monoliths is reported. The methodology includes the deposition of a (micro- or mesoporous) silica thin film on the support followed by growth of a porous monolithic SiO2 structure. It has been demonstrated that this synthesis is viable for supports of different chemical nature with different inner diameters without shrinkage of the silica filling. The formation mechanism of the surface-mediated fillings is based on a solution/precipitation process and the anchoring of the silica filling to the deposited thin film. The interaction between the two SiO2 structures (monolith and thin film) depends on the porosity of the thin film and yields composite materials with different mechanical stability. By this procedure, capillary microreactors have been prepared and have been proved to be highly active and selective in the total and preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide (TOxCO and PrOxCO).

Functionalization of carbon nanotubes using aminobenzene acids and electrochemical methods. Electroactivity for the oxygen reduction reaction

Functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) using three aminobenzene acids with different functional groups (carboxylic, sulphonic, phosphonic) in para position have been synthesized through potentiodynamic treatment in acid media under oxidative conditions. A noticeable increase in the capacitance for the functionalized carbon nanotubes mainly due to redox processes points out the formation of an electroactive polymer thin film on the CNTs surface along with covalently bonded functionalities. The CNTs functionalized using aminobenzoic acid rendered the highest capacitance values and surface nitrogen content, while the presence of sulfur and/or phosphorus groups in the aminobenzene structure yielded a lower functionalization degree. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of the functionalized samples was similar to that of the parent CNTs, independently of the functional group present in the aminobenzene acid. Interestingly, a heat treatment in N2 atmosphere with a very low O2 concentration (3125 ppm) at 800 °C of the CNTs functionalized with aminobenzoic acid produced a material with high amounts of surface oxygen and nitrogen groups (12 and 4% at., respectively), that seem to modulate the electron-donor properties of the resulting material. The onset potential and limiting current for ORR was enhanced for this material. These are promising results that validates the use of electrochemistry for the synthesis of novel N-doped electrocatalysts for ORR in combination with adequate heat treatments.

The Case Law of the ECJ concerning the Free Provision of Services : 2000 - 2005. Research Papers in Law, 2/2006

Introduction. The present overview covers the period starting from 2000 until the end of 2005.1 This is the follow-up to our overview covering the 1995-1999 period.2 The first striking feature of the present contribution is that it has to deal with almost 3,5 times as many cases as the previous one. Hence, the ECJ has gone from deciding 40 cases in the five year period between 1995- 1999 to deciding over 140 cases based on Art 49 between 2000-2005. This confirms, beyond any doubt, the tendency already observed in our previous overview, that a “third generation” case law on services is being developed at a very rapid pace by the ECJ. This third generation case law is based on the idea that Article 49 EC is not limited to striking down discriminatory measures but extends to the elimination of all hindrances to the free provision of services. This idea was first expressed in the Tourist Guide cases, the Greek and Dutch TV cases and most importantly in the Säger case.3 It has been confirmed ever since. As was to be expected, this broad brush approach of the Court’s has led to an ever-increasing amount of litigation reaching Luxemburg. It is clear that, if indicators were used to weight the importance of the Court’s case law during the relevant period, services would score much higher than goods, both from a quantitative and from a qualitative perspective.4 Hence, contrary to the previous overview, this one cannot deal in detail with any of the judgments delivered during the reference period. The aim of the present contribution is restricted to presenting the basic trends of the Court’s case law in the field of services Therefore, the analysis follows a fundamentally horizontal approach, fleetingly considering the facts of individual cases, with a view to identifying the conceptual premises of the Court’s approach to the free movement of services. Nonetheless, the substantial solutions adopted by the Court in some key topics, such as concession contracts, healthcare services, posted workers and gambling, are also presented as case studies. In this regard, the analysis is organized in four sections. First we explore the (ever expanding) scope of the freedom to provide services (Section 2), then we go on to identify the nature of the violations and of justifications thereto (Section 3), before carrying out some case studies to concretely illustrate the above (Section 4). Then, for the sake of completeness, we try to deduce the general principles running through the totality of the relevant case law (Section 5). Inevitably, some concluding remarks follow (Section 6).5

Ein Vermächtniss /

Autobiography and notes on art and miscellaneous subjects, published posthumously.

Arrows of the chace; being a collection of scattered letters published chiefly in the daily newspapers.--1840-1880.

A. D. O. Wedderburn, editor.

The collected works of William Morris; with introductions by his daughter May Morris ...

One of one thousand and fifty numbered copies.

Designing dress accessories as an occupation.

"Art schools and trade schools which include courses for designing and construction of one or more dress accessories": p. 25-26; "Colleges and universities offering instruction in designing of accessories": p. 27-29.

Johann Georg Nesstfell. Ein beitrag zur geschichte des kunsthandwerkes und der physikalischen technik des xviii. jahrhunderts in den ehemaligen hochstiftern Würzburg und Bamberg.

"Literaturbehelfe": p. [xi]-xvi.