Ukrainan turvallisuusorientaatio idän ja lännen välissä

Ukrainan on itsenäistymisestään vuodesta 1991 lähtien ollut vaikea rakentaa pitkäjänteistä ulkopolitiikkaa. Maan ulko- ja turvallisuuspolitiikka on suuntautunut voimakkaammin milloin itään milloin länteen. Presidentti Janukovytšin aikana vuodesta 2010 lähtien Ukraina on menettänyt otettaan demokratiasta kohti autoritarismia. Janukovytš on keskittynyt lisäämään presidenttikautenaan omaa valtaansa Ukrainassa. Ulkopolitiikka Venäjää sekä Euroopan unionia kohtaan on ollut lähinnä ristiriitaista. Tavoitteena on ollut hyötyä molemmista osapuolista niin, ettei oma valta-asema kotimaassa kärsisi. Euroopan unioni on yrittänyt naapuruuspolitiikallaan levittää Ukrainaan oikeusvaltion periaatetta ja demokratiaa tavoitteena vakauden, turvallisuuden ja hyvinvoinnin edistäminen. EU:n vaikutusvalta ei ole ollut riittävä Ukrainan integroimiseen ja se on epäonnistunut tavoitteissaan. Venäjän ulko-, turvallisuus- ja puolustuspolitiikan periaatteet osana maan suurvaltasuvereniteetin puolustamista ohjaavat Venäjän toimintaa Ukrainaa kohtaan. Venäjän näkemys sille etuoikeutetuista intressipiireistä, omien kansalaisten suojelemisesta myös maan rajojen ulkopuolella sekä moninapaisen maailmanjärjestyksen luomisesta ovat periaatteet, jotka Venäjän mukaan oikeuttavat sen vaikuttamaan myös Ukrainan sisäisiin asioihin. Ukraina on kuitenkin pyrkinyt saavuttamaan vapauden ulkopoliittisissa valinnoissaan ja kyennyt käyttämään itsemääräämisoikeuttaan omien etujensa ajamiseen, mitä Venäjän on ollut vaikea hyväksyä. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Ukrainan voimavaroja, Ukrainan ulko- ja turvallisuuspoliittisia dokumentteja ja toiminnan painotuksia sekä Ukrainan ulkopolitiikkaan vaikuttavien keskeisimpien tekijöiden eli EU:n, Venäjän ja Yhdysvaltojen tavoitteita Ukrainaa kohtaan. Tutkimuksessa huomioidaan myös Naton vaikutus. Tutkimuksessa aineistoa tarkastellaan poliittisen realismin ja osittain klassisen geopolitiikan kansainvälisten suhteiden teorian näkökulmasta. Tutkimus on tyypiltään kvalitatiivinen eli laadullinen tutkimus. Aineistona käytetään Ukrainan turvallisuuspoliittisia virallisdokumentteja, valtionjohdon puheita, Ukrainaa koskettavaa tutkimuskirjallisuutta ja lehdistöä. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on selvittää Ukrainan turvallisuusorientaation tulevaisuutta. Ukrainan turvallisuusorientaatiossa korostuu Ukrainan pyrkimys olla itsenäinen, muista riippumaton valtio ja oman turvallisuuden takaaja. Valtionjohdon sisäpolitiikan intressit painottuvat Ukrainan ulkopolitiikassa. Yhteistyön syventäminen EU:n ja yhteistyö Venäjän kanssa ovat tärkeitä, kunhan se ei ole eliitin etujen vastaista.

Integraatiopolitiikalla halvennettu työ : lähetetyt työntekijät EU:n "vapaiden" työmarkkinoiden armoilla

Erikoisnumero: Työn glokalisaatio.

Opportunities, constraints and constrained opportunities – A study on mothers’ working time patterns in 22 European countries

The aim of this study was to analyse mothers’ working time patterns across 22 European countries. The focus was on three questions: how much mothers prefer to work, how much they actually work, and to what degree their preferred and actual working times are (in)consistent with each other. The focus was on cross-national differences in mothers’ working time patterns, comparison of mothers’ working times to that of childless women and fathers, as well as on individual- and country-level factors that explain the variation between them. In the theoretical background, the departure point was an integrative theoretical approach where the assumption is that there are various kinds of explanations for the differences in mothers’ working time patterns – namely structural, cultural and institutional – , and that these factors are laid in two levels: individual- and country-levels. Data were extracted from the European Social Survey (ESS) 2010 / 2011. The results showed that mothers’ working time patterns, both preferred and actual working times, varied across European countries. Four clusters were formed to illustrate the differences. In the full-time pattern, full-time work was the most important form of work, leaving all other working time forms marginal. The full-time pattern was perceived in terms of preferred working times in Bulgaria and Portugal. In polarised pattern countries, fulltime work was also important, but it was accompanied by a large share of mothers not working at all. In the case of preferred working times, many Eastern and Southern European countries followed it whereas in terms of actual working times it included all Eastern and Southern European countries as well as Finland. The combination pattern was characterised by the importance of long part-time hours and full-time work. It was the preferred working time pattern in the Nordic countries, France, Slovenia, and Spain, but Belgium, Denmark, France, Norway, and Sweden followed it in terms of actual working times. The fourth cluster that described mothers’ working times was called the part-time pattern, and it was illustrated by the prevalence of short and long part-time work. In the case of preferred working times, it was followed in Belgium, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands and Switzerland. Besides Belgium, the part-time pattern was followed in the same countries in terms of actual working times. The consistency between preferred and actual working times was rather strong in a majority of countries. However, six countries fell under different working time patterns when preferred and actual working times were compared. Comparison of working mothers’, childless women’s, and fathers’ working times showed that differences between these groups were surprisingly small. It was only in part-time pattern countries that working mothers worked significantly shorter hours than working childless women and fathers. Results therefore revealed that when mothers’ working times are under study, an important question regarding the population examined is whether it consists of all mothers or only working mothers. Results moreover supported the use of the integrative theoretical approach when studying mothers’ working time patterns. Results indicate that mothers’ working time patterns in all countries are shaped by various opportunities and constraints, which are comprised of structural, cultural, institutional, and individual-level factors.

Container logistic innovations in forest-energy sector: Markets, future service concepts and technical improvements

The report presents the results of the commercialization project called the Container logistic services for forest bioenergy. The project promotes new business that is emerging around overall container logistic services in the bioenergy sector. The results assess the European markets of the container logistics for biomass, enablers for new business creation and required service bundles for the concept. We also demonstrate the customer value of the container logistic services for different market segments. The concept analysis is based on concept mapping, quality function deployment process (QFD) and business network analysis. The business network analysis assesses key shareholders and their mutual connections. The performance of the roadside chipping chain is analysed by the logistic cost simulation, RFID system demonstration and freezing tests. The EU has set the renewable energy target to 20 % in 2020 of which Biomass could account for two-thirds. In the Europe, the production of wood fuels was 132.9 million solid-m3 in 2012 and production of wood chips and particles was 69.0 million solidm3. The wood-based chips and particle flows are suitable for container transportation providing market of 180.6 million loose- m3 which mean 4.5 million container loads per year. The intermodal logistics of trucks and trains are promising for the composite containers because the biomass does not freeze onto the inner surfaces in the unloading situations. The overall service concept includes several packages: container rental, container maintenance, terminal services, RFID-tracking service, and simulation and ERP-integration service. The container rental and maintenance would provide transportation entrepreneurs a way to increase the capacity without high investment costs. The RFID-concept would lead to better work planning improving profitability throughout the logistic chain and simulation supports fuel supply optimization.

Olli Rehn ja talouskuripolitiikan pitkä linja

1/2014 on lehden EU-erikoisnumero.

Ihana, vaikea demokratia : EU:n demokratiavaje neljä vuotta Lissabonin sopimuksen jälkeen

1/2014 on lehden EU-erikoisnumero.

Ympäristöjärjestöjen juridis-poliittinen EU-aktiivisuus Vuosaaren satamakiistassa

1/2014 on lehden EU-erikoisnumero.

The role of nuclear power in the future energy system

Currently widely accepted consensus is that greenhouse gas emissions produced by the mankind have to be reduced in order to avoid further global warming. The European Union has set a variety of CO2 reduction and renewable generation targets for its member states. The current energy system in the Nordic countries is one of the most carbon free in the world, but the aim is to achieve a fully carbon neutral energy system. The objective of this thesis is to consider the role of nuclear power in the future energy system. Nuclear power is a low carbon energy technology because it produces virtually no air pollutants during operation. In this respect, nuclear power is suitable for a carbon free energy system. In this master's thesis, the basic characteristics of nuclear power are presented and compared to fossil fuelled and renewable generation. Nordic energy systems and different scenarios in 2050 are modelled. Using models and information about the basic characteristics of nuclear power, an opinion is formed about its role in the future energy system in Nordic countries. The model shows that it is possible to form a carbon free Nordic energy system. Nordic countries benefit from large hydropower capacity which helps to offset fluctuating nature of wind power. Biomass fuelled generation and nuclear power provide stable and predictable electricity throughout the year. Nuclear power offers better energy security and security of supply than fossil fuelled generation and it is competitive with other low carbon technologies.