La inmigración como problema: un análisis de las prácticas discursivas de la población autóctona

Las prácticas discursivas son la base de las construcciones simbólicas de los individuos, y mediante su análisis podemos acceder a la comprensión que ellos tienen de la realidad. O, dicho en otras palabras, el estudio de las estructuras ideológicas configuradoras de los discursos del racismo son accesibles a través de un análisis sociológico del lenguaje. Proponemos, por tanto, un análisis que se ocupe de las configuraciones discursivas dominantes en la representación social de los inmigrantes, con el fin de detectar los ejes estructuradores de las actitudes de aceptación o rechazo que su presencia genera en la población autóctona, con el fin de lograr una mejor comprensión de la génesis de los discursos que sustentan la visión de «la inmigración como problema».

Mercado de trabajo y estrategias de valorización

La tesis que se mantiene en este artículo es que un elemento para el análisis sociológico del mercado de trabajo es la subjetividad de los agentes de las relaciones laborales, tanto de los agentes de control —empresariado— como de los agentes controlados —asalariados—. Comprender la construcción social de los agentes de las prácticas es un requisito imprescindible para analizar las estrategias de los agentes de las relaciones laborales. Se trata de evidenciar que las nuevas configuraciones del mundo de la empresa y del trabajo no están dadas, sino que dependen de la interacción de los agentes en un campo estratégico.

La pesca en la España del siglo XVIII. Una aproximacion cuantitativa (1758–1765)

La pesca es, sin duda, un sector olvidado por las investigaciones sobre la historia económica de la España moderna. Sin embargo, su importancia era relevante tanto desde el punto de vista de la movilización de capitales (barcos y equipos) como en los aspectos de ocupación de la población activa (con porcentajes nada desdeñables en la periferia peninsular), de vertebración de las economías del litoral español o de producción de alimentos imprescindibles para el consumo del conjunto de la población de un país católico. En el siglo XVIII, la incapacidad para una comercialización adecuada de los excedentes locales implicaba una dependencia para el abastecimiento de buena parte del país respecto de los mercantes extranjeros del Atlántico (singularmente de los barcos ingleses); situación que se quebraría en parte gracias a un proceso de reconversión del sector, mediante la introducción de la pesca de arrastre en gran escala, la inyección de capitales para la construcción de barcos y de otras instalaciones, así como para el establecimiento de ambiciosas compañías lejos de los puertos de atraque, la organización de redes de distribución de las capturas por todo el litoral y la implantación de una industria salazonera que permitía la conservación de la pesca.

Personality and job stress: a comparison of direct effects on parenting

The impact of personality and job characteristics on parental rearing styles was compared in 353 employees. Hypotheses concerning the relationships between personality and job variables were formulated in accordance with findings in past research and the Belsky’s model (1984). Structural equation nested models showed that Aggression-hostility, Sociability and job Demand were predictive of Rejection and Emotional Warmth parenting styles, providing support for some of the hypothesized relationships. The findings suggest a well-balanced association of personality variables with both parenting styles: Aggression-Hostility was positively related to Rejection and negatively to Emotional Warmth, whereas Sociability was positively related to Emotional Warmth and negatively related to Rejection. Personality dimensions explained a higher amount of variance in observed parenting styles. However, a model that considered both, personality and job dimensions as antecedent variables of parenting was the best representation of observed data, as both systems play a role in the prediction of parenting behavior.

Análisis de los resultados de la política de precios iniciada a finales de la década de 1960, sobre la superficie y producción del sector triguero

El artículo analiza la influencia de la política de precios sobre la superficie y producción triguera desde finales de la década de 1960 hasta el momento de la liberalización de mercado de aquel cereal. Se evalúa la efectividad de la política de precios frente al objetivo, fijado por los organismos oficiales, de modificar el uso de la tierra desde el trigo hacia su principal sustituto, la cebada. El método de trabajo utilizado es la estimación del modelo de regresión en el que la variable dependiente es la relación entre superficies trigo/cebada en el período (t + 1) y la variable independiente los precios relativos de ambos cereales en el período (t). La conclusión a la que se llega es que se logró la sustitución de cultivos pero no por la influencia directa de los precios relativos sobre las decisiones de cultivo de los productores, sino por la confluencia de otras circunstancias contemporáneas que modificaron las expectativas de futuro de éstos.

The economic relevance of climate variables in agriculture: the case of Spain

We estimate how climate variables affect price and acreage of productive farmland using the Ricardian approach. Furthermore, we use our estimations to evaluate the joint effects of possible cli- mate changes within the time horizon of 2010 and 2050. Our results show that the price of rainfed land in Spain tends to increase but rainfed acreage decreases. On the other hand, the effect on irrigated farmland price and acreage presents some mixed results, however, in the long run the dominant pattern is clearly increasing for both prices and acreage.

Protective effects of social networks on disability among older adults in Spain

The loss of autonomy at advanced ages is not only associated with ageing, but also with the characteristics of the physical and social environment. Recent investigations have shown that social networks, social engagement and participation act like predictors of disability among the elderly. The aim of this study is to determine whether social networks are related to the development and progression of disability in the early years of old age. The source of data is the first wave of the survey "Processes of Vulnerability among Spanish Elderly", carried out in 2005 to a sample of 1 244 individuals. The population object of study is the cohort aged 70 to 74 years in metropolitan areas (Madrid and Barcelona) and not institutionalized. Disability is measured by the development of basic activities of daily life (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily life (IADL). The structural aspects of the social relationships are measured through the diversity of social networks and participation. We used the social network index (SNI). For each point over the SNI, the risk of developing any type of disability decreased by 49% (HR = 0.51, 95%CI = 0.31-0.82). The SNI was a decisive factor in all forecasting models constructed with some hazard ratios (HR) that ranged from 0.29 (95%CI = 0.14-0.59) in the first model to 0.43 (95%CI 0.20-0.90) in the full model. The results of the present study showed a strong association between an active social life, emotional support provided by friends and confidents and disability. These findings suggest a protective effect of social networks on disability. Also, these results indicate that some family and emotional ties have a significant effect on both the prevalence and the incidence of disability.

Invisible Environments: Old Age and its spaces

Despite the progressive ageing of a worldwide population, negative attitudes towards old age have proliferated thanks to cultural constructs and myths that, for decades, have presented old age as a synonym of decay, deterioration and loss. Moreover, even though every human being knows he/she will age and that ageing is a process that cannot be stopped, it always seems distant, far off in the future and, therefore, remains invisible. In this paper, I aim to analyse the invisibility of old age and its spaces through two contemporary novels and their ageing females protagonists –Maudie Fowler in Doris Lessing ’s The Diary of a Good Neighbour and Erica March in Rose Tremain ’s The Cupboard. Although invisible to the rest of society, these elderly characters succeed in becoming significant in the lives of younger protagonists who, immersed in their active lives, become aware of the need to enlarge our vision of old age.

The Significance of Business Exit for Future Entrepreneurial Activity

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of business exits on future dimensions of entrepreneurial activity at the macroeconomic level. Design/methodology/approach: This research uses the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) data for 41 countries and the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) to carry out the analysis. The paper differentiates the effect of the two components of total entrepreneurial activity, and the two motivations for it – opportunity and necessity entrepreneurship. Findings: The results presented here show a positive and significant effect of the coefficient associated with exits in all models. This means that the levels of entrepreneurial activity exceed business exits. The robustness of the models are tested, including other variables such as the fear of failure, the Gross Domestic Product, role models, entrepreneurial skills and the unemployment variables. The main hypothesis which stated that at national level business exits imply greater rates of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship is corroborated. Originality/value: One would expect that unemployment rates would imply higher levels of necessity entrepreneurship. However, results show that unemployment rates do in fact favour opportunity entrepreneurship levels. This could be due to those government policies that are aimed at promoting entrepreneurship through the capitalization of unemployment to be totally invested in a new start-up. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first panel data study to link previous exit rates to future dimensions of entrepreneurial activity. Keywords: Entrepreneurship, business exits, social values, industrial organization Paper type: Research paper

Personality traits and psychopathology predict burnout symptoms after two years in a sample of Catalan police officers

The operational aspects of psychological assessment are well documented (e.g. Murphy and Davidshofer, 1994). Essentially, the process involves the administration of one or more valid psychological tests in order to assess a person’s suitability to a task or situation. The resulting data and report are then used by police psychologists to assist in determining the suitability of the applicant for police duties. In Catalunya, this task is carried out during basic training for police career agent in the evaluation of psychological conditions for the use of the weapon. Police work can be one of the most stressful jobs, and it frequently leads to the development of burnout syndrome. In their day-to-day tasks, police officers are constantly subjected to various stressors (de la Fuente, Aguayo, Vargas and Cañadas, 2013). The most widely accepted definition of the burnout syndrome is one that describes it as a response to chronic work stress made up of three components: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment (Maslach & Jackson, 1981). Some studies showed that personality characteristics, and positive and negative affectivity explained significant variance in each of the burnout dimensions (Alarcon, Eschleman and Bowling, 2009).

Comunicación, identidad y fútbol: la relación entre el Barça y la sociedad barcelonesa

Análisis de la importancia del Barça como una institución nacionalista. Por su identidad especial que lo ha convertido en un símbolo importante dentro de Cataluña, como un puente entre deporte y sociedad, deporte y política.