Physical oceanography measurements at the Håkon Mosby mud volcano (LOOME)

The deployment of LOOME was performed by lowering the LOOME frame by winch, followed by positioning of the surface sensors across the most active site by ROV. The frame was placed on an inactive slab of hydrates, eastwards and adjacent to the hot spot. As part of the LOOME-frame Sun & Sea multi parameter probe CTD 60M was deployed approximately 3 m above the seafloor. The device was rated to 2000 m water depth. As energy supply a DeepSea Power & Light SeaBattery (12V) was used, which allows a run time of the CTD 60M of more than a year. The memory capacity of the probe is sufficient to allow data storage for more than a year as well, applying a time resolution of better than one measurement per minute. The probe was configured to start running when the energy supply is connected and a magnetic switch is closed. An LED on top of CTD is indicating the current state of the probe. The major aim was to record the temperature and pressure regime in the bottom water at the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano.

湾岸およびインド洋地域の安全保障と日本

In this paper, first we look back at the activities of the JMSDF in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf for the past 10-20 years from the view-point of contributions to security in the regions, and Japan's defence and diplomatic policies. In addition we would like to consider the situation that Japan has currently been placed in, or the primary factors of the change of power balance caused by China's foreign expansion and US gradual troop reductions, and economic conditions and energy supply problems after the earthquake disaster, as well as the returning of the LDP Administration. Each of these affects Japan's defence and diplomatic policies, and Japanese approach to Gulf countries is to be precisely understood in this context. For Japan, the importance of relationships with Gulf countries will surely increase in the foreseeable future. However the immediate addition of the JMSDF's force in the Indian Ocean and the Gulf Region is difficult. So Japan's role in regional security will probably be depending on the licensing of technology to India and Gulf countries, plus the construction of collaborative systems devoted to the training and support of highly proficient personnel. China will have a competitive relationship with Japan over access to the energy supply sources and the markets in Gulf countries, and it will be necessary to employ such systems for the purpose of international trust building and preventing of any free-ride.

Field analysis of solar PV-based collective systems for rural electrification.

This article analyses the long-term performance of collective off-grid photovoltaic (PV) systems in rural areas. The use of collective PV systems for the electrification of small medium-size villages in developing countries has increased in the recent years. They are basically set up as stand-alone installations (diesel hybrid or pure PV) with no connection with other electrical grids. Their particular conditions (isolated) and usual installation places (far from commercial/industrial centers) require an autonomous and reliable technology. Different but related factors affect their performance and the energy supply; some of them are strictly technical but others depend on external issues like the solar energy resource and users’ energy and power consumption. The work presented is based on field operation of twelve collective PV installations supplying the electricity to off-grid villages located in the province of Jujuy, Argentina. Five of them have PV generators as unique power source while other seven include the support of diesel groups. Load demand evolution, energy productivity and fuel consumption are analyzed. Besides, energy generation strategies (PV/diesel) are also discussed.

Simulation model for the study of overhead rail current collector systems dynamics, focused on the design of a new conductor rail

Overhead rigid conductor arrangements for current collection for railway traction have some advantages compared to other, more conventional, energy supply systems. They are simple, robust and easily maintained, not to mention their flexibility as to the required height for installation, which makes them particularly suitable for use in subway infrastructures. Nevertheless, due to the increasing speeds of new vehicles running on modern subway lines, a more efficient design is required for this kind of system. In this paper, the authors present a dynamic analysis of overhead conductor rail systems focused on the design of a new conductor profile with a dynamic behaviour superior to that of the system currently in use. This means that either an increase in running speed can be attained, which at present does not exceed 110 km/h, or an increase in the distance between the rigid catenary supports with the ensuing saving in installation costs. This study has been carried out using simulation techniques. The ANSYS programme has been used for the finite element modelling and the SIMPACK programme for the elastic multibody systems analysis.

Experimental analysis of direct thermal methane cracking

The analysis of the viability of Hydrogen production without CO2 emissions is one of the most challenging activities that have been initiated for a sustainable energy supply. As one of the tracks to fulfil such objective, direct methane cracking has been analysed experimentally to assess the scientific viability and reaction characterization in a broad temperature range, from 875 to 1700 ?C. The effect of temperature, sweeping/carrier gas fraction proposed in some concepts, methane flow rate, residence time, and tube material and porosity has been analysed. The aggregation of carbon black particles to the reaction tube is the main technological show-stopper that has been identified.

Estudio del abastecimiento energético para un barrio modelo utilizando cogeneración con pila de combustible

El alcance del proyecto es describir las directrices técnicas, la definición de criterios, y la estrategia de suministro de energía (Electricidad. Calefacción y Agua Caliente Sanitaria (ACS)) a un barrio modelo situado en un entorno urbano. De inicio se estudia los diversos modelos energéticos atendiendo a la normativa y tecnología, que se pueden aplicar en un conjunto residencial, dando como resultado el modelo propuesto de abastecimiento energético, mediante calefacción de distrito, que incorporara el diseño de una planta de producción de energía termo-eléctrica o Central de Energías basada en la tecnología de condensación de baja temperatura para calefacción y A.C.S. incluyendo una cogeneración con pila de combustible. Al mismo tiempo se han calculado y diseñado una serie de chimeneas externas para dar cumplida necesidad técnica y legal al proyecto. Estos estudios nos sirven de punto de partida para analizar la amortización de la inversión y por tanto la rentabilidad y viabilidad del proyecto, comparándose con los costes económicos derivados de la generación por sistemas convencionales. Para finalizar se hace mención a las ventajas medioambientales y a los grados de seguridad en la planta de producción ABSTRACT The scope of this work is the description of an energy supply project ( Electricity, heat and hot water ) to a housing development in a urban neibourhood , including technical criteria in their different options. Initially, several solutions are studied based on available technologies and legal restrictions. The final proposal is based on the district hearing model including electricity production in cogeneration via fuel cell technology as well as heating and hot water produced by low temperature condensation boilers It includes calculations and design criteria of the exhaust gases system and chimeneys in compliance with legal requirement in urban areas. This work also includes an economical model including payback, IRR and VAN analysis and an economical comparaison with the standard solutions. Finally, environmental advantages of the preferred solution over other standards as well as safety issues are also presented.

Evaluación ambiental de las tecnologías de recuperación de gas en formaciones no convencionales

Este proyecto pretende ofrecer una visión general de una de las tecnologías más actuales de recuperación de gas en formaciones no convencionales: fracturación hidráulica o “fracking”. El proyecto está motivado por la necesidad de responder a diferentes cuestiones sobre los efectos ambientales, sociales y en la salud humana derivados de la utilización de esa tecnología. Ofrece, además, una descripción del proceso y utilización de la tecnología haciendo especial mención de los riesgos inherentes de su uso, aunque también se intenta establecer una vía de aceptación para su desarrollo cuyo fin último, a parte de los beneficios económicos de quienes la usan, es el de posibilitar la transición hacia el uso de unos recursos (energías fósiles de extracción no convencional) que requieren de dichas técnicas para mantener, a lo largo del tiempo, el suministro de una energía que se supone más respetuosa con el medio ambiente: el gas natural. En primer lugar se expone, a modo introductorio, la necesidad de utilización de nuevas técnicas de estimulación de pozos y su utilización para satisfacer las necesidades energéticas mundiales en los próximos años. A continuación se hace una revisión del marco regulatorio aplicable al gas no convencional. Seguidamente, se hace una descripción de los recursos y fuentes no convencionales de gas y la descripción del proceso de fracturación hidráulica. Se analizan los incidentes relacionados con su desarrollo y las posibilidades y mecanismos que pueden adoptarse para reducirlos. Finalmente, se proponen vías alternativas basadas en las mejores técnicas aplicables al uso de la tecnología, cuya finalidad sea la mayor consideración ambiental posible y el menor riesgo posible en la salud de las personas. ABSTRACT This project aims to provide an overview of the latest technologies in gas recovery unconventional formations: hydraulic fracturing or "fracking". The project is motivated by the need to respond to various questions on the environmental, social and human health arising from the use of this technology. It also offers a description of the process and use of technology with special mention of the inherent risks of their use, but also tries to establish a path of acceptance for development whose ultimate goal, apart from the economic benefits of those who use is of enabling the transition to the use of certain resources (fossil energy extraction unconventional) which require such techniques to maintain, over time, of an energy supply which is more environmentally friendly: natural gas. First discussed the need to use new well stimulation techniques and their use to meet the world's energy needs in the coming years. Below is a review of the regulatory framework applicable to unconventional gas. Next, there is a description of resources and unconventional sources of gas, and the description of the process of hydraulic fracturing. We analyze the incidents related to its development and the possibilities and mechanisms that can be taken to reduce them. Finally, we suggest alternative routes based on the best techniques applicable to the use of technology, aiming at the highest possible environmental consideration and the least possible risk to the health of people.

Facing the climate change challenges in the mining and mineral industry as providers of a sustainable manufacturing process

A sustainable manufacturing process must rely on an also sustainable raw materials and energy supply. This paper is intended to show the results of the studies developed on sustainable business models for the minerals industry as a fundamental previous part of a sustainable manufacturing process. As it has happened in other economic activities, the mining and minerals industry has come under tremendous pressure to improve its social, developmental, and environmental performance. Mining, refining, and the use and disposal of minerals have in some instances led to significant local environmental and social damage. Nowadays, like in other parts of the corporate world, companies are more routinely expected to perform to ever higher standards of behavior, going well beyond achieving the best rate of return for shareholders. They are also increasingly being asked to be more transparent and subject to third-party audit or review, especially in environmental aspects. In terms of environment, there are three inter-related areas where innovation and new business models can make the biggest difference: carbon, water and biodiversity. The focus in these three areas is for two reasons. First, the industrial and energetic minerals industry has significant footprints in each of these areas. Second, these three areas are where the potential environmental impacts go beyond local stakeholders and communities, and can even have global impacts, like in the case of carbon. So prioritizing efforts in these areas will ultimately be a strategic differentiator as the industry businesses continues to grow. Over the next forty years, world?s population is predicted to rise from 6.300 million to 9.500 million people. This will mean a huge demand of natural resources. Indeed, consumption rates are such that current demand for raw materials will probably soon exceed the planet?s capacity. As awareness of the actual situation grows, the public is demanding goods and services that are even more environmentally sustainable. This means that massive efforts are required to reduce the amount of materials we use, including freshwater, minerals and oil, biodiversity, and marine resources. It?s clear that business as usual is no longer possible. Today, companies face not only the economic fallout of the financial crisis; they face the substantial challenge of transitioning to a low-carbon economy that is constrained by dwindling natural resources easily accessible. Innovative business models offer pioneering companies an early start toward the future. They can signal to consumers how to make sustainable choices and provide reward for both the consumer and the shareholder. Climate change and carbon remain major risk discontinuities that we need to better understand and deal with. In the absence of a global carbon solution, the principal objective of any individual country should be to reduce its global carbon emissions by encouraging conservation. The mineral industry internal response is to continue to focus on reducing the energy intensity of our existing operations through energy efficiency and the progressive introduction of new technology. Planning of the new projects must ensure that their energy footprint is minimal from the start. These actions will increase the long term resilience of the business to uncertain energy and carbon markets. This focus, combined with a strong demand for skills in this strategic area for the future requires an appropriate change in initial and continuing training of engineers and technicians and their awareness of the issue of eco-design. It will also need the development of measurement tools for consistent comparisons between companies and the assessments integration of the carbon footprint of mining equipments and services in a comprehensive impact study on the sustainable development of the Economy.