Análise teórica de caldeiras de incineração de resíduos sólidos municipais

The discussion about possibility of deployment of MSW incineration boilers to generate electricity in Brazil is the major topic of this paper. In this article are showed some advantages and disadvantages of this technology, as well as a methodology for the estimate of area for the main equipments of a steam generator for a boiler incineration

Análise do plano de radioproteção em radioterapia

Ionizing radiation is used nowadays in various sectors such as agriculture, industry and medicine. The main specialties of medicine which use radiation are the diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and radiotherapy. Radiotherapy is a therapeutic modality that is a well established feature for the treatment of malignant disease or not. However, the inadvertent use of ionizing radiation can produce deleterious effects that result in sequels that compromise the welfare of the people involved. The analysis of radiological protection emphasizes the importance of avoiding inappropriate exhibitions aimed at protecting the health of patients, the professionals involved and the general public. The basic principles of radioprotection are justification, optimization and restriction for individual dosage. The departments of radiotherapy are regulated in accordance with specific technical standards of the National Commission of Nuclear Energy (CNEN), which during the inspection for issue and renewal of the authorization of operation requires the submission of a radioprotection plan, this document that requires great demand of time, and has generated much debate among professionals in medical physics, given the difficulties encountered in their preparation. After examining the radioprotection plan of some radiotherapy services, as suggested in order to guide those responsible for drawing up these plans, especially beginners in the career of the physics of radiation, this paper presents a model plan that is in line radioprotection it requires the Technical Standards of CNEN and can easily be the reality of appropriate services

Estudo teórico da contribuição a dose de partículas secundárias geradas por prótons de energias entre 100-200 MeV num phantom de músculo estriado

In the treatment plans in conventional Proton therapy are considered only the elastic interactions of protons with electrons and/or nuclei, it means, mainly ionization and coulomb excitation processes. As the energy needed to reach the deep tumors should be of several hundred of MeVs, certainly the nuclear inelastic channels are open. Only some previous studies of the contribution of these processes in the full dose have been made towards targets composed of water. In this study will be presented the results of the simulation of the processes of interaction of beams of protons in the range of 100-200 MeV of energy with a cylindrical phantom composed by striated muscle (ICRU), emphasizing in the contribution to total dose due to the deposition of energy by secondary particles alpha (α), deuterium (2H), tritium (3H), neutron (n) and hélio3 (3He), originated by nuclear inelastic processes. The simulations were performed by using the method of Monte Carlo, via the computer code MCNPX v2.50 (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended). The results will be shown demonstrated through the graphics of the deposited dose with or without nuclear interaction, the percentual of dose deposited by secondary particles, the radial dispersion of neutrons, as well as the multiplicity of secondary particles

Estudo teórico da contribuição à dose de partículas secundárias geradas por Prótons de energias entre 100 e 200 MeV num Phantom de osso cortical

In proton therapy, the deposition of secondary particles energy originated by nuclear inelastic process (n, 2H, 3H, 3He and α) has a contribution in the total dose that deserves to be discussed. In calculations of plans implemented for routine treatment, the paid dose is calculated whereas the proton loses energy by ionization and or coulomb excitement. The contribution of inelastic processes associated with nuclear reactions is not considered. There are only estimates for pure materials or simple composition (water, for example), because of the difficulty of processing targets consisting of different materials. For this project, we use the Monte Carlo method employing the code MCNPX v2.50 (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended) to present results of the contribution to the total dose of secondary particles. In this work, it was implemented a cylindrical phantom composed by cortical bone, for proton beams between 100 and 200 MeV. With the results obtained, it was possible to generate graphics to analyze: the dose deposition relation with and without nuclear interaction, the multiplicity and percentage of deposited dose for each secondary particle and a radial dispersion of neutrons in the material

Bioengenharia no controle de processos erosivos de áreas de hidrelétricas – o caso da PCH Costa Rica (MS)

The crescent increasing demand of the electric power in Brazil has stimulated the implantation of Small Central Hydroelectric Power (SCHP) in several regions of the country. However, the silting up of the reservoirs is one of the main problems faced by hydroelectric power plants and SCHP. In this context, this research aimed evaluate the phenomenology and propose the enforcement of appropriate bioengineering techniques to control the intense erosive process of the hydrographical basin of the “Alto Rio Sucuriú,” that cause silting up of the reservoirs of the SCHP Costa Rica, located in the municipal district of Costa Rica (MS). In order to identify the phenomenology of the main falling in of this basin, a diagnosis of the conditions of the physical environment of the region (climate, geology, pedology, hydrology, and use of the ground) was realized. A surveying was also realized to specify the geometric feature of the falling in using the Total Station of the Ruide brand, series RTS 860R and the geodetic GPS of the Ashtech brand and the data obtained was used on the preparation of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the falling in. Based on this diagnosis an official register of the falling in was done with identification of the different types of present erosion. Due to the advanced erosive stage of the falling in researched, the use of bioengineering techniques could be the best solution considering that the traditional engineering techniques make use of heavy material like concrete, iron and large machines that besides causing higher impact to the natural and esthetic aspects of the environment also require a higher investment of capital. This research establish a great cooperation to the knowledge of the erosive process and of the rehabilitation of the degraded areas with application of bioengineering techniques not only hydrographical basin of “Alto Rio Sucuriú” but also to other basins that show similar situation

Monitoramento hidrossedimentlógico da bacia hidrográfica do alto rio Sucuriú (MS) contribuinte da PCH Costa Rica

The growing demand for electricity in Brazil has stimulated the implementation of Small Hydro Power (PCH) in various regions of the country. However, the silting of reservoirs is a major problem faced by power plants and power plants. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the data hydrosedimentological strategic points of the watershed of the Alto Rio Sucuriú (MS) to identify the possible causes siltation of the reservoir PCH Costa Rica and suggest mitigation measures. Hydrosedimentological surveys were conducted during the rainy season (February / March 2012) and drought (August 2012), and obtained data flow, discharge liquid, suspended solids and bottom and organic matter content. Based on these results it was determined that the points 2, 4, 7 and 9 are the largest contributors to sedimentation, and point 4 got most liquid discharge (38,20 m3s-1), point 7 largest discharge of solid suspension (906,3 mg L-1), points 2 and 4 major discharges solid totals (231,59 t dia-1 and 238,185 t dia-1 respectively) and point 9 higher organic matter content (22,18%) . Found greater fraction of fine sand and very fine suspended solids and solid medium sand in the background. As mitigation measures for the process of silting of the reservoir PCH Costa Rica (MS) highlights the orientation of landowners in adopting conservation measures and planting of leguminous species native to the region in symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria

Estudo teórico da contribuição a dose de partículas secundárias geradas por prótons de energias entre 100-200 MeV num phantom de osso compacto

The contribution of the total dose due to deposition of secondary energy particles caused by nuclear inelastic processes (n, 2H, 3H, 3He and  ) in proton therapy is an opened problem and in discussion. In the calculations of plans implemented for routine treatment, the paid dose is calculated whereas that the proton loses energy by ionization and or coulomb excitement. The contribution of inelastic processes associated with nuclear reactions is not considered, mainly due to the difficulty of processing targets consisting of various materials. In this sense, there are only estimates for pure materials or simple composition (water, for example).This work presents the results of simulations by the Monte Carlo method employing the code MCNPX v2.50 (Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended) of the contribution to the total dose of secondary particles. The study was implemented in a cylindrical phantom composed by compact bone, for monochromatic beams of protons between 100 and 200 MeV with pencil beam form

Bioenergia: desenvolvimento, pesquisa e inovação

Com 27 trabalhos produzidos por pesquisadores do Instituto de Pesquisa em Bioenergia (Bioen), da Unesp, este livro oferece uma ampla visão sobre as áreas que compõem o segmento. Seu principal objetivo é contribuir para melhorar a compreensão dos vários aspectos da bioenergia, em especial no Brasil, que figura entre os países com maior nível de desenvolvimento tecnológico no setor. Os artigos abordam uma série abrangente de questões relacionadas à bioenergia, como a construção genética das plantas de cana-de-açúcar visando ao aumento de produtividade, a disseminação de sementes para estimular a propagação de espécies com potencial energético, etapas de produção de bioenergia, usos do combustível e seus efeitos nos diversos tipos de motores. Agrupados por assunto, os textos estão distribuídos em cinco partes: Biomassa para bioenergia; Produção de biocombustíveis; Utilização de bioenergia; Biorrefinaria, alcoolquímica e oleoquímica e Sustentabilidade dos biocombustíveis.

Viabilidade da geração de eletricidade a partir de fonte eólica on-shore: dificuldades e vantagens de expansão na matriz elétrica brasileira

The renewable energy sources presents an important role on the world's current context, its growing is essentially connected to the environmental issues and the energetic security, guided by the search for alternatives of energy. Among the alternative energy sources, the wind energy shows great importance in the brazilian territory, it has a great potential still unexplored and constant growth in the national electric matrix. The specific factor of generation, the conjuncture and the incentive politics influence on the expansion of wind energy in Brazil. Thus, the brazilian wind sector shows features which can be evaluated enable its developing. Keeping that in mind, the present work aims identify which are the advantages and the difficulties for the expansion of this energy source in the brazilian electric matrix. For that, the work studies the different parameters: features of electric generation of the different energy sources, incentive politics, generation costs, CO2 emission, evolution of wind energy in Brazil, the brazilian wind potential, and the regime of complementarily hydro-wind

Análise estatística de parâmetros elétricos em usinas sucroalcoleiras do centro-oeste paulista

The industry of sugar cane has become an important contributor to the generation of electricity in Brazil. Currently there are 434 sugar and ethanol plants operating in the country, 23% of the total export electricity to the National Integrated System (SIN), the state of São Paulo has 182 plants and 30% of them export energy to the SIN. The objective of this study is to compare parameters of electrical efficiency in the sugar and alcohol industry. For the study, three plants localized in the midwest region of Sao Paulo state with great potential for production and exporting bioenergy were chosen. Five energy analyzers LANDYS + GYR SAGA were used for measure the electrical parameters. The variables studied were energy consumption (C) and power factor (PF). For the statistical analysis it was adopteda randomized block design in a factorial 3 5composed of three companies and five sectors of energy consumption,in which: reception(1), milling (2), boiler (3), supporting activities / juice treatment (4), and distillation (5), totaling 15 treatments. Each group comprised 192 repetitions (48 hours 4 measurements per hour). It was concluded that there is no interest for the plans to fix the FP and reach a value 0.92, which is considered the ideal power factor.This,because the plants generate their own energy and are not penalized. Regarding the energy consumed, all sectors had significant differences. When comparingsector to sector, the plant called USB showed no significant differences in sectors 1 and 3, and the plant USC, in sectors 1 and 4. Considering the production units of this sector and selling power this type of evaluation is essential to perform this analysis, since the analyzed sectors are most important in the production of sugar and ethanol, and analyze and monitor these parameters, use and consumption energy can provide a greater supply of energy to be commercialized.

Contribuição de práticas argumentativas para a democratização de debates científicos em aulas de Física

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Ciclo de cogeração a partir de resíduos de poda de árvores na cidade de Guaratinguetá

The current socio-economic situation has brought a need to look for alternative ways to get energy that allow reducing the high dependence on fossil fuel sources while deflect from the climate change arising from the result of the use of these energy resources. Renewable sources of energy, low and medium temperature appear as high potential of energy resources, which have a major influence on the way of life of the people to enable decentralized energy production. In Brazil, in particular, have also the need to decentralize the energy grid, currently focused on energy from water source. The current water crisis, exemplifies the urgency of betting on other energy sources, as a way to help in emergency situations such as the current one. Therefore, this study evaluates the possibility of using biomass as a heat source in a Rankine Cycle Organic where instead of water; it uses thermal fluid as working fluid, was compared the urban areas of the city of Guaratinguetá with the urban area of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Thus, it was established two scenarios, so it was possible to establish the cycle to be used

Ciclo de cogeração a partir de resíduos de poda de árvores na cidade de Guaratinguetá

The current socio-economic situation has brought a need to look for alternative ways to get energy that allow reducing the high dependence on fossil fuel sources while deflect from the climate change arising from the result of the use of these energy resources. Renewable sources of energy, low and medium temperature appear as high potential of energy resources, which have a major influence on the way of life of the people to enable decentralized energy production. In Brazil, in particular, have also the need to decentralize the energy grid, currently focused on energy from water source. The current water crisis, exemplifies the urgency of betting on other energy sources, as a way to help in emergency situations such as the current one. Therefore, this study evaluates the possibility of using biomass as a heat source in a Rankine Cycle Organic where instead of water; it uses thermal fluid as working fluid, was compared the urban areas of the city of Guaratinguetá with the urban area of the metropolitan region of São Paulo. Thus, it was established two scenarios, so it was possible to establish the cycle to be used

N-4-Phenyl-substituted 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazones: Cytotoxicity against human tumor cells, structure-activity relationship studies and investigation on the mechanism of action

N-4-Phenyl 2-acetylpyridine thiosemicarbazone (H2Ac4Ph; N-(phenyl)-2-(1-(pyridin-2-yl)ethylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide) and its N-4-ortho-, -meta- and -para-fluorophenyl (H2Ac4oFPh, H2Ac4mFPh, H2Ac4pFPh), N-4-ortho-, -meta- and -para-chlorophenyl (H2Ac4oClPh, H2Ac4mClPh, H2Ac4pClPh), N-4-ortho-, -meta- and -para-iodophenyl (H2Ac4oIPh, H2Ac4mIPh, H2Ac4pIPh) and N-4-ortho-, -meta- and -para-nitrophenyl (H2Ac4oNO(2)Ph, H2Ac4mNO(2)Ph, H2Ac4pNO(2)Ph) derivatives were assayed for their cytotoxicity against human malignant breast (MCF-7) and glioma (T98G and U87) cells. The compounds were highly cytotoxic against the three cell lineages (IC50: MCF-7, 52-0.16 nM; T98G, 140-1.0 nM; U87, 160-1.4 nM). All tested thiosemicarbazones were more cytotoxic than etoposide and did not present any haemolytic activity at up to 10(-5) M. The compounds were able to induce programmed cell death. H2Ac4pClPh partially inhibited tubulin assembly at high concentrations and induced cellular microtubule disorganization. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Determinação de elementos traços em diques mesozoicos da Serra do Mar por meio de ativação com nêutrons

A análise de elementos traço, tais como terras raras, TH, U, Ta, Hf, Ba, Rb e Ba, é uma ferramenta muito importante para estudos petrogenéticos. No intuito de estudar tais processos em diques do Enxame Serra do Mar (litoral de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro), pertencente à Provincia Magmática do Paraná (PMP), uma das províncias de basaltos continentais mais expressivas do mundo, foram realizadas análises por ativação com nêutrons nestes diques. A técnica, empregada no Centro de Reator de pesquisa do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, forneceu concentrações de elementos traço com os níveis de precisão de 10% e exatidão 9% os quais são adequadas para estudos petrogenéticos. Devido as baixas concentrações dos elementos analisados, a rotina experimental de preparação das amostras abrangeu processos bastantes cuidadosos para evitar contaminação. As amostras investigadas podem ser divididas em quatro grupos: rochas básicas (SiO2<55%) com Ti/Y<500; rochas intermediárias (55%63%). Diques de composição intermediária e ácida só ocorrem na Ilha de São Sebastião e na região costeira adjacente. As concentrações de elementos maiores e menores, bem como os padrões de abundância de terras raras e de outros elementos incompatíveis dessas rochas mais diferenciadas, apresentaram semelhanças significativas com os das vulcânicas Chapecó do tipo Ourinhos, sugerindo gênese similar, ou seja, incluindo também processos de contaminação crustal .