Factors Related to the Selection of Surgical Versus Percutaneous Revascularization in Diabetic Patients With Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease in the BARI 2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes) Trial

Objectives We evaluated demographic, clinical, and angiographic factors influencing the selection of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in diabetic patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) in the BARI 2D (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes) trial. Background Factors guiding selection of mode of revascularization for patients with diabetes mellitus and multivessel CAD are not clearly defined. Methods In the BARI 2D trial, the selected revascularization strategy, CABG or PCI, was based on physician discretion, declared independent of randomization to either immediate or deferred revascularization if clinically warranted. We analyzed factors favoring selection of CABG versus PCI in 1,593 diabetic patients with multivessel CAD enrolled between 2001 and 2005. Results Selection of CABG over PCI was declared in 44% of patients and was driven by angiographic factors including triple vessel disease (odds ratio [OR]: 4.43), left anterior descending stenosis >= 70% (OR: 2.86), proximal left anterior descending stenosis >= 50% (OR: 1.78), total occlusion (OR: 2.35), and multiple class C lesions (OR: 2.06) (all p < 0.005). Nonangiographic predictors of CABG included age >= 65 years (OR: 1.43, p = 0.011) and non-U.S. region (OR: 2.89, p = 0.017). Absence of prior PCI (OR: 0.45, p < 0.001) and the availability of drug-eluting stents conferred a lower probability of choosing CABG (OR: 0.60, p = 0.003). Conclusions The majority of diabetic patients with multivessel disease were selected for PCI rather than CABG. Preference for CABG over PCI was largely based on angiographic features related to the extent, location, and nature of CAD, as well as geographic, demographic, and clinical factors. (Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation in Type 2 Diabetes [BARI 2D]; NCT00006305) (J Am Coll Cardiol Intv 2009;2:384-92) (C) 2009 by the American College of Cardiology Foundation

Sociodemographic Correlates of Transitions from Alcohol Use to Disorders and Remission in the Sao Paulo Megacity Mental Health Survey, Brazil

Aims: To evaluate sociodemographic correlates associated with transitions from alcohol use to disorders and remission in a Brazilian population. Methods: Data are from a probabilistic, multi-stage clustered sample of adult household residents in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Area. Alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks/year), DSM-IV abuse and dependence and remission from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) were assessed with the World Mental Health version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Age of onset (AOO) distributions of the cumulative lifetime probability of each alcohol use stage were prepared with data obtained from 5037 subjects. Correlates of transitions were obtained from a subsample of 2942 respondents, whose time-dependent sociodemographic data were available. Results: Lifetime prevalences were 85.8% for alcohol use, 56.2% for regular use, 10.6% for abuse and 3.6% for dependence; 73.4 and 58.8% of respondents with lifetime abuse and dependence, respectively, had remitted. The number of sociodemographic correlates decreased from alcohol use to disorders. All transitions across alcohol use stages up to abuse were consistently associated with male gender, younger cohorts and lower education. Importantly, low education was a correlate for developing AUD and not remitting from dependence. Early AOO of first alcohol use was associated with the transition of regular use to abuse. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that specific correlates differently contribute throughout alcohol use trajectory in a Brazilian population. It also reinforces the need of preventive programs focused on early initiation of alcohol use and high-risk individuals, in order to minimize the progression to dependence and improve remission from AUD.

Bovine Peritoneum Protection Role on Intestinal Adhesions to a Vascular Graft: A Morphological Analysis

The present study aimed to experimentally evaluate the protection role of glycerin preserved bovine peritoneum (BP) against intestinal adhesions to a vascular graft. Experiments were performed on 24 adult rabbits, randomly dived into two groups. All animals were submitted to a vascular graft over the infra-renal aorta and vena cava. Group I (12 animals) was submitted to a BP patch on the retroperitoneal opening, between the vascular prosthetic graft and the intestinal loops. Group II (12 animals) had the retroperitoneal opening sutured. After 7, 14, 28 and 60 days, 3 animals of each group were randomly killed and the retro peritoneum, with or without the BP patch, was removed for histological analysis. The histological analysis showed that the BP stimulated a moderate to intense inflammatory reaction at the beginning of the experiments and on the 60-day evaluation, the inflammatory reaction was mild, limited to the BP border with its histological structure preserved. In conclusion, the BP is a safe and cheap interposition material to be used between vascular grafts and intestinal loops, presenting a protection role against adhesions between them.

Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase gamma Activity Contributes to Sepsis and Organ Damage by Altering Neutrophil Recruitment

Rationale Sepsis is a leading cause of death in the intensive care unit, characterized by a systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and bacterial infection, which can often induce multiorgan damage and failure. Leukocyte recruitment, required to limit bacterial spread, depends on phosphoinositide-3 kinase gamma (PI3K gamma) signaling in vitro; however, the role of this enzyme in polymicrobial sepsis has remained unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the specific role of the kinase activity of PI3K gamma in the pathogenesis of sepsis and multiorgan damage. Methods. PI3K gamma wild-type, knockout, and kinase-dead mice were exposed to cecal ligation and perforation induced sepsis and assessed for survival; pulmonary, hepatic, and cardiovascular damage; coagulation derangements; systemic inflammation; bacterial spread; and neutrophil recruitment. Additionally, wild-type mice were treated either before or after the onset of sepsis with a PI3K gamma inhibitor and assessed for survival, neutrophil recruitment, and bacterial spread. Measurements and Main Results: Both genetic and pharmaceutical PI3K gamma kinase inhibition significantly improved survival, reduced multiorgan damage, and limited bacterial decompartmentalization, while modestly affecting SIRS. Protection resulted from both neutrophil-independent mechanisms, involving improved cardiovascular function, and neutrophil-dependent mechanisms, through reduced susceptibility to neutrophil migration failure during severe sepsis by maintaining neutrophil surface expression of the chemokine receptor, CXCR2. Furthermore, PI3K gamma pharmacological inhibition significantly decreased mortality and improved neutrophil migration and bacterial control, even when administered during established septic shock. Conclusions: This study establishes PI3K gamma as a key molecule in the pathogenesis of septic infection and the transition from SIRS to organ damage and identifies it as a novel possible therapeutic target.

Cannabidiol Reduces the Anxiety Induced by Simulated Public Speaking in Treatment-Naive Social Phobia Patients

Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) is one of the most common anxiety conditions with impairment in social life. Cannabidiol (CBD), one major non-psychotomimetic compound of the cannabis sativa plant, has shown anxiolytic effects both in humans and in animals. This preliminary study aimed to compare the effects of a simulation public speaking test (SPST) on healthy control (HC) patients and treatment-naive SAD patients who received a single dose of CBD or placebo. A total of 24 never-treated patients with SAD were allocated to receive either CBD (600 mg; n = 12) or placebo (placebo; n = 12) in a double-blind randomized design 1 h and a half before the test. The same number of HC (n = 12) performed the SPST without receiving any medication. Each volunteer participated in only one experimental session in a double-blind procedure. Subjective ratings on the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) and Negative Self-Statement scale (SSPS-N) and physiological measures (blood pressure, heart rate, and skin conductance) were measured at six different time points during the SPST. The results were submitted to a repeated-measures analysis of variance. Pretreatment with CBD significantly reduced anxiety, cognitive impairment and discomfort in their speech performance, and significantly decreased alert in their anticipatory speech. The placebo group presented higher anxiety, cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alert levels when compared with the control group as assessed with the VAMS. The SSPS-N scores evidenced significant increases during the testing of placebo group that was almost abolished in the CBD group. No significant differences were observed between CBD and HC in SSPS-N scores or in the cognitive impairment, discomfort, and alert factors of VAMS. The increase in anxiety induced by the SPST on subjects with SAD was reduced with the use of CBD, resulting in a similar response as the HC. Neuropsychopharmacology (2011) 36, 1219-1226; doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.6; published online 9 February 2011

Anatomical description of arterial segments of the spleen of deer

The anatomosurgical segmentation of the arteries of the spleen was studied in 31 deer of the species Mazama gouazoubira and Blastocerus dichotomus by means of vascular injection with latex and vinyl acetate and radiographic examination. The arteria lienalis penetrated through the hilus lienis in 87% of the cases, whereas an extrahilar artery was present in the other cases. An extraparenchymal division of the lineal artery into two, three or four segmental arteries was observed in 74% of the cases. Anastomoses between intraparenchymal arterial branches were rare and of a reduced calibre.

Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytus Guerin (Diptera : Therevidae : Agapophytinae)

Morphologically diverse and species-rich, the endemic Australasian genus Agapophytus is revised. Eleven previously described species are redescribed and twenty-nine species are described for the first time: A. adonis, sp. nov., A. annamariae, sp. nov., A. antheliogynaion, sp. nov., A. asprolepidotos, sp. nov., A. atrilaticlavius, sp. nov., A. biluteus, sp. nov., A. borealis, sp. nov., A. caliginosus, sp. nov., A. cerrusus, sp. nov., A. chaetohypopion, sp. nov., A. chrysosisyrus, sp. nov., A. decorus, sp. nov., A. dieides, sp. nov., A. discolor, sp. nov., A. eli, sp. nov., A. fenestratum, sp. nov., A. galbicaudus, sp. nov., A. labifenestellus, sp. nov., A. laparoceles, sp. nov., A. lissohoplon, sp. nov., A. lyneborgi, sp. nov., A. notozophos, sp. nov., A. novaeguineae, sp. nov., A. pallidicrus, sp. nov., A. palmulus, sp. nov., A. paramonovi, sp. nov., A. septentrionalis, sp. nov., A. yeatesi, sp. nov. and A. zebra, sp. nov. All 40 species of Agapophytus were compared in a cladistic analysis with three species of Acupalpa Krober using 134 states across 58 adult morphological characters. The analysis resulted in 36 most parsimonious trees with a length of 240 steps. The phylogenetic relationships of the species of Agapophytus are discussed with three main clades recognised: A. dioctriaeformis clade, A. australasiae clade and A. queenslandi clade.

Prevalência da Síndrome de Frey após parotidectomia parcial

INTRODUÇÃO: síndrome de Frey é uma seqüela observada após parotidectomia com incidência que varia muito na literatura. O diagnóstico é avaliado pela presença da tríade clássica - sudorese, calor e hiperemia na face, durante a alimentação - e documentado pelo teste com amido e iodo de Minor. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a incidência desta síndrome nos pacientes submetidos à parotidectomia parcial, no Centro de Otorrinolaringologia de Limeira, no período de 1994-2004 e correlacioná-la com os achados clínicos e com a técnica cirúrgica utilizada. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Quatorze pacientes foram submetidos à parotidectomia parcial com rotação de retalho pediculado do músculo esternocleidomastóideo e responderam a questionário e a seguir foi realizado o teste do iodo, classificando-se os pacientes em positivos e negativos para o teste em um estudo clínico retrospectivo. RESULTADO: Nesta casuística, observamos que 21% dos pacientes após parotidectomia parcial apresentaram positividade para o teste, sendo os mesmos pacientes que apresentaram queixas clínicas ao responderem o questionário. CONCLUSÃO: Somente os pacientes que apresentaram sintomatologia clínica tiveram positividade no teste do iodo, e a técnica cirúrgica empregada foi eficiente no tratamento da patologia da glândula, pois apresentou baixa incidência de acordo com a literatura pesquisada.

Avaliação da antibioticoterapia na morbidade pós-adenotonsilectomia: estudo prospectivo randomizado

A tonsilectomia, associada ou não à adenoidectomia, continua a ser um dos procedimentos cirúrgicos mais realizados mundialmente, incidindo principalmente sobre a população pediátrica. OBJETIVO: Investigar o impacto do uso da amoxacilina por 7 dias na recuperação pós adenoamigdalectomia, comparando os resultados com um grupo controle. Tipo de Estudo: Estudo prospectivo randomizado controlado com 120 pacientes. PACIENTES E MÉTODO: Os pacientes foram randomizados ao tempo da cirurgia para receber um curso de 7 dias de amoxacilina associada a analgésicos ou apenas analgésicos. Durante a primeira semana de pós-operatório foram avaliados o grau de dor, aceitação da via oral, náuseas e vômitos, febre e retorno às atividades. RESULTADOS: Somente no 4º pós-operatório o grupo recebendo antibiótico teve uma diferença estatística significante no grau de dor. Não houve diferença entre os dois grupos para outros dados analisados. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando os resultados do nosso estudo e revisando a literatura sobre o uso de antibióticos, nós concordamos que não há nenhuma melhora na recuperação dos pacientes submetidos à adenoamigdalectomia após o uso de amoxicilina por 7 dias.

Pesquisa e produção científica em economia da saúde no Brasil

Este artigo elabora um diagnóstico sobre a área de economia da saúde (ES) no Brasil, a partir de inquérito enfocando os grupos de pesquisa em ES cadastrados no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) e de um levantamento da produção científica brasileira em ES, publicado entre janeiro de 1999 e junho de 2004 e disponibilizado na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde Bireme (Paho/WHO). Os dados foram descritos considerando regiões geográficas, tipos de instituições e áreas temáticas de pesquisa. Dos grupos de pesquisa com trabalhos relacionados às áreas temáticas em ES, 48 apresentam ampla diversidade de atuação e concentram-se na região Sudeste do país. Apenas 14% (376) das 2.617 publicações avaliadas se relacionam à ES. A maioria dos estudos foi publicada em 2002 e apresenta como principais temas: gestão, financiamento, eficiência alocativa e eqüidade na distribuição de recursos de saúde. A análise permite identificar aspectos importantes para compreender o desenvolvimento do campo da ES no Brasil, entre 1999 e 2004.

Tétano e vacinação antitetânica: estudo na população urbana de Londrian (PR), Brasil

Inquérito realizado em três grupos da população urbana de Londrina (PR), representados por 602 donas-de-casa, 464 colegiais e 778 universitários, com o objetivo de: determinar o número de vacinados contra o tétano; avaliar índices de conhecimento sobre o tétano, a vacina e o soro antitetânicos; correlacionar esses índices com algumas características de cada grupo da população estudada. Concluiu-se que conceitos incorretos e carência de informação quanto ao tétano e à vacina antitetânica prevalecem na população da zona urbana de Londrina (PR). Foi discutido o significado e a decorrência desses fatos afirmando-se que a morbidade do tétano, persistentemente elavada no Brasil, deve representar séria advertência para as autoridades de saúde pública em nosso país, com vista à reformulação dos programas de vacinação antitetânica e à revisão dos métodos de educação sanitária adotados na divulgação dessa doença e dos recursos científicos disponíveis para sua profilaxia.

A participação das crianças em Intervenção precoce: representações sociais das técnicas e das famílias

Dissertação apresentada à Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para a obtenção de grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação Especialização em Intervenção Precoce