900 resultados para Dispersão dos modos de polarização


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Ornithochorous fruits make up an important part of the diet of birds and many studies have related the different morphological types of fruits with the choice by birds. We analyzed the intrinsic characteristics of plants and how human impact can affect this choice. Through analyses of covariance we related the degree of human pressure in each study site (high or low) and the morphological characteristics of 57 ornithochorous species with visiting rates and consumption of fruits by birds. We did not find any intrinsic plant characteristic (life form, size and type of diaspore) that explains the rates of consumption and visit by birds. On the other hand, the degree of human impact affected directly the mutualism between plants and birds. Plant species located in areas that suffer high human pressure had number of visits and consumption rates 3,3 and 3,5 lower than plants located in pristine areas, respectively. The negative consequences of the reduction of consumption of fruits in areas with high human pressures may directly affects the interactions between birds and plants and the regeneration of the ornithochorous species.

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Resumen Este documento sintetiza las exposiciones presentadas en el Seminario 'Competencia y complementación de los modos carretero y ferroviario en el transporte de cargas', el cual fue celebrado en la sede de la CEPAL los días 6 y 7 de noviembre de 2001.  A través del desarrollo de este seminario, se intentó determinar el estado actual de los modos ferroviario y carretero en América Latina, con respecto a las condiciones de mercado que deben enfrentar y la conveniencia de optar por un modo u otro en el transporte de mercancías. Se abarcaron temas relacionados con el comercio internacional, del cual el transporte depende directamente, y el rol del Estado en la creación de condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo del transporte combinado y multimodal.  Otros materias presentes también en esta reunión fueron, el impacto ambiental del transporte, la regulación y reglamentación que lo afecta y las necesidades de infraestructura necesarias para propiciar el desarrollo de servicios de transporte eficientes y confiables. Como resultado de las exposiciones y debates generados, a partir de tres mesas redondas que fueron celebradas, se enunciaron conclusiones y recomendaciones a tener en cuenta en el futuro.  En este sentido se concluyó la imperiosa necesidad, de que los Gobiernos definan políticas claras para guiar y propiciar la complementación e integración de ambos modos de transporte, que redunden en beneficios tanto para las empresas, como para la comunidad en general.  Claramente cada modo de transporte presenta ventajas, según el tipo de cargas a ser transportadas. Por otra parte existen una serie de distorciones, que impiden aprovechar estas ventajas de manera armónica y racional, generando pérdidas para todos los agentes participantes de esta actividad económica, como así también a la sociedad en general. Por lo tanto, es fundamental el lograr la corrección de dichas distorciones y es en este punto que el Estado debe desempeñar un rol principal a través de la regulación y reglamentación del sector.  En esta reunión se presentaron las siguientes ponencias 'la optimización de la partición modal en la época del concesionamiento de las carreteras y de los ferrocarriles'; 'evolución de la competencia y complementación entre el transporte carretero ferroviario en Argentina'; 'el impacto ambiental del transporte carretero y ferroviario de cargas'; 'el transporte combinado ferroviario carretero en el Acuerdo de Libre Comercio de Norteamérica (NAFTA)'; 'necesidades de integración modal del transporte de cargas: el caso chileno'; 'la política brasileña referente a la integración modal en el transporte de cargas'; 'necesidades de integración modal del transporte de cargas: el caso de Centroamérica' y 'la demanda de transporte de las empresas multinacionales radicadas en América Latina: variables determinantes de la elección modal. El caso de la II Región - Chile'.

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Mineral research works are fundamentals for recognition and incorporation of new reserves. This paper present an integrated analysis of geologic and metallogenetics data, with results gotten from the application of the Induced Polarization geophysical method, in an copper ore occurrence, inserted in Camaquã sedimentary basin, situated in northeast of Caçapava do Sul city (RS). In area ocurr arkosean arenites average coarse, the intensely silicified and recrystallized, pertaining to Passo da Promessa Formation. The presence of azurita and malachite in breakings and high porosity zones of the host rock characterizes the mineral occurrence in surface, located in the crossing two fault families. The inversion models indicate the predominance of high chargeability in vulcanics tuff, rock of high porosity in relation to the andesites and metaconglomerates gifts in the area. The strong structural control of the mineral occurrence associated the high chargeability in volcanic tuff is indications of the hydrothermal fluid access by means of faults, until rocks with great porosity, where it occurred disseminations of copper sulfides in depth and carbonates in surface.

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Insecticide potential and efficaciousness of vegetal extracts concentrations from six botanic families in three different modes were analyzed on the nymphs of the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn. 1889) on a tomato plantation Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Nymph breeding was kept in cherry tomato shrubs. Test solutions were obtained from successive extractions with ethanol and evaporation in a rotary evaporator. Tests consisted of 10 solutions in four concentrations (500; 1,000; 1,500 and 3,000 μg/mL) and control treatment (distilled water + 1% DMSO) under three different modes of activity, namely, contact, translaminar and systemic. Experimental design was totally randomized with four repetitions and eleven treatments. Means were compared by Scott-Knott test at 5% probability and lethal concentrations (CL50) were calculated by POLO. In the case of contact activity mode, all extracts had efficiency above 50% with the highest concentration (3,000 μg/mL) in which the highest efficiency for all extracts tested was verified. There was a need for dose increase in translaminar activity mode for similar results, whereas in the case of systemic activity the best performance was obtained with extracts of Nerium oleander, Derris amazonica and Ipomoea carnea. Extracts of the last two caused a higher percentage when compared with that of other extracts in all activity modes lower than CL50.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Ciência do Solo) - FCAV