Genetic Diversity and Adaptation of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.)

Acquiring sufficient information on the genetic variation, genetic differentiation, and the ecological and genetic relationships among individuals and populations are essential for establishing guidelines on conservation and utilization of the genetic resources of a species, and more particularly when biotic and abiotic stresses are considered. The aim of this study was to assess the extent and pattern of genetic variation in date palm (Phoenix dacttylifera L) cultivars; the genetic diversity and structure in its populations occurring over geographical ranges; the variation in economically and botanically important traits of it and the variation in its drought adaptive traits, in conservation and utilization context. In this study, the genetic diversity and relationships among selected cultivars from Sudan and Morocco were assessed using microsatellite markers. Microsatellite markers were also used to investigate the genetic diversity within and among populations collected from different geographic locations in Sudan. In a separate investigation, fruits of cultivars selected from Sudan, involved morphological and chemical characterization, and morphological and DNA polymorphism of the mother trees were also investigated. Morphological and photosynthetic adjustments to water stress were studied in the five most important date palm cultivars in Sudan, namely, Gondaila, Barakawi, Bitamoda, Khateeb and Laggai; and the mechanism enhancing photosynthetic gas exchange in date palm under water stress was also investigated. Results showed a significant (p < 0.001, t-test) differentiation between Sudan and Morocco groups of cultivars. However, the major feature of all tested cultivars was the complete lack of clustering and the absence of cultivars representing specific clones. The results indicated high genetic as well as compositional and morphological diversity among cultivars; while, compositional and morphological traits were found to be characteristic features that strongly differentiate cultivars as well as phenotypes. High genetic diversity was observed also in different populations. Slight but significant (p < 0.01, AMOVA) divergence was observed for soft and dry types; however, the genetic divergence among populations was relatively weak. The results showed a complex genetic relationships between some of the tested populations especially when isolation by distance was considered. The results of the study also revealed that date palm cultivars and phenotypes possess specific direct or interaction effects due to water availability on a range of morphological and physiological traits. Soft and dry phenotypes responded differently to different levels of water stress, while the dry phenotype was more sensitive and conservative. The results indicated that date palm has high fixation capacity to photosynthetic CO2 supply with interaction effect to water availability, which can be considered as advantageous when coping with stresses that may arise with climate change. In conclusion, although a large amount of diversity exists among date palm germplasm, the findings in this study show that the role of biological nature of the tree, isolation by distance and environmental effects on structuring date palm genome was highly influenced by human impacts. Identity of date palm cultivars as developed and manipulated by date palm growers, in the absence of scientific breeding programmes, may continue to mainly depend on tree morphology and fruit characters. The pattern of genetic differentiation may cover specific morphological and physiological traits that contribute to adaptive mechanisms in each phenotype. These traits can be considered for further studies related to drought adaptation in date palm.

Interacting effects of vegetation, soils and management on the sensitivity of Australian savanna rangelands to climate change

There is an increasing need to understand what makes vegetation at some locations more sensitive to climate change than others. For savanna rangelands, this requires building knowledge of how forage production in different land types will respond to climate change, and identifying how location-specific land type characteristics, climate and land management control the magnitude and direction of its responses to change. Here, a simulation analysis is used to explore how forage production in 14 land types of the north-eastern Australian rangelands responds to three climate change scenarios of +3A degrees C, +17% rainfall; +2A degrees C, -7% rainfall; and +3A degrees C, -46% rainfall. Our results demonstrate that the controls on forage production responses are complex, with functional characteristics of land types interacting to determine the magnitude and direction of change. Forage production may increase by up to 60% or decrease by up to 90% in response to the extreme scenarios of change. The magnitude of these responses is dependent on whether forage production is water or nitrogen (N) limited, and how climate changes influence these limiting conditions. Forage production responds most to changes in temperature and moisture availability in land types that are water-limited, and shows the least amount of change when growth is restricted by N availability. The fertilisation effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 were found to offset declines in forage production under 2A degrees C warming and a 7% reduction in rainfall. However, rising tree densities and declining land condition are shown to reduce potential opportunities from increases in forage production and raise the sensitivity of pastures to climate-induced water stress. Knowledge of these interactions can be applied in engaging with stakeholders to identify adaptation options.

Sources of vase life variation in cut roses: A review

n determining vase life (VL), it is often not considered that the measured VL in a particular experiment may greatly depend on both the preharvest and evaluation environmental conditions. This makes the comparison between studies difficult and may lead to erroneous interpretation of results. In this review, we critically discuss the effect of the growth environment on the VL of cut roses. This effect is mainly related to changes in stomatal responsiveness, regulating water loss, whereas cut flower carbohydrate status appears less critical. When comparing cultivars, postharvest water loss and VL often show no correlation, indicating that components such as variation in the tissue resistance to cavitate and/or collapse at low water potential play an important role in the incidence of water stress symptoms. The effect of the growth environment on these components remains unknown. Botrytis cinerea sporulation and infection, as well as cut rose susceptibility to the pathogen are also affected by the growth environment, with the latter being largely unexplored. A huge variability in the choices made with respect to the experimental setup (harvest/conditioning methods, test room conditions and VL terminating symptoms) is reported. We highlight that these decisions, though frequently overlooked, influence the outcome of the study. Specifications for each of these factors are proposed as necessary to achieve a common VL protocol. Documentation of both preharvest conditions and a number of postharvest factors, including the test room conditions, is recommended not only for assisting comparisons between studies, but also to identify factors with major effects on VL.

Identifying the Function of Sorghum's Drought Tolerance Stay-Green QTL

The goal of this research is to understand the function of allelic variation of genes underpinning the stay-green drought adaptation trait in sorghum in order to enhance yield in water-limited environments. Stay-green, a delayed leaf senescence phenotype in sorghum, is primarily an emergent consequence of the improved balance between the supply and demand of water. Positional and functional fine-mapping of candidate genes associated with stay-green in sorghum is the focus of an international research partnership between Australian (UQ/DAFFQ) and US (Texas A&M University) scientists. Stay-green was initially mapped to four chromosomal regions (Stg1, Stg2, Stg3, and Stg4) by a number of research groups in the US and Australia. Physiological dissection of near-isolines containing single introgressions of Stg QTL (Stg1-4) indicate that these QTL reduce water demand before flowering by constricting the size of the canopy, thereby increasing water availability during grain filling and, ultimately, grain yield. Stg and root angle QTL are also co-located and, together with crop water use data, suggest the role of roots in the stay-green phenomenon. Candidate genes have been identified in Stg1-4, including genes from the PIN family of auxin efflux carriers in Stg1 and Stg2, with 10 of 11 PIN genes in sorghum co-locating with Stg QTL. Modified gene expression in some of these PIN candidates in the stay-green compared with the senescent types has been found in preliminary RNA expression profiling studies. Further proof-of-function studies are underway, including comparative genomics, SNP analysis to assess diversity at candidate genes, reverse genetics and transformation.

An improved simulation model to predict pre-harvest aflatoxin risk in maize

Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus, which frequently contaminates maize (Zea mays L.) in the field between 40° north and 40° south latitudes. A mechanistic model to predict risk of pre-harvest contamination could assist in management of this very harmful mycotoxin. In this study we describe an aflatoxin risk prediction model which is integrated with the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) modelling framework. The model computes a temperature function for A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production using a set of three cardinal temperatures determined in the laboratory using culture medium and intact grains. These cardinal temperatures were 11.5 °C as base, 32.5 °C as optimum and 42.5 °C as maximum. The model used a low (≤0.2) crop water supply to demand ratio—an index of drought during the grain filling stage to simulate maize crop's susceptibility to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production. When this low threshold of the index was reached the model converted the temperature function into an aflatoxin risk index (ARI) to represent the risk of aflatoxin contamination. The model was applied to simulate ARI for two commercial maize hybrids, H513 and H614D, grown in five multi-location field trials in Kenya using site specific agronomy, weather and soil parameters. The observed mean aflatoxin contamination in these trials varied from <1 to 7143 ppb. ARI simulated by the model explained 99% of the variation (p ≤ 0.001) in a linear relationship with the mean observed aflatoxin contamination. The strong relationship between ARI and aflatoxin contamination suggests that the model could be applied to map risk prone areas and to monitor in-season risk for genotypes and soils parameterized for APSIM.

An improved simulation model to predict pre-harvest aflatoxin risk in maize

Aflatoxin is a potent carcinogen produced by Aspergillus flavus, which frequently contaminates maize (Zea mays L.) in the field between 40° north and 40° south latitudes. A mechanistic model to predict risk of pre-harvest contamination could assist in management of this very harmful mycotoxin. In this study we describe an aflatoxin risk prediction model which is integrated with the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) modelling framework. The model computes a temperature function for A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production using a set of three cardinal temperatures determined in the laboratory using culture medium and intact grains. These cardinal temperatures were 11.5 °C as base, 32.5 °C as optimum and 42.5 °C as maximum. The model used a low (≤0.2) crop water supply to demand ratio—an index of drought during the grain filling stage to simulate maize crop's susceptibility to A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production. When this low threshold of the index was reached the model converted the temperature function into an aflatoxin risk index (ARI) to represent the risk of aflatoxin contamination. The model was applied to simulate ARI for two commercial maize hybrids, H513 and H614D, grown in five multi-location field trials in Kenya using site specific agronomy, weather and soil parameters. The observed mean aflatoxin contamination in these trials varied from <1 to 7143 ppb. ARI simulated by the model explained 99% of the variation (p ≤ 0.001) in a linear relationship with the mean observed aflatoxin contamination. The strong relationship between ARI and aflatoxin contamination suggests that the model could be applied to map risk prone areas and to monitor in-season risk for genotypes and soils parameterized for APSIM.

Optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops using genetic algorithms

This paper presents a genetic algorithm (GA) model for obtaining an optimal operating policy and optimal crop water allocations from an irrigation reservoir. The objective is to maximize the sum of the relative yields from all crops in the irrigated area. The model takes into account reservoir inflow, rainfall on the irrigated area, intraseasonal competition for water among multiple crops, the soil moisture dynamics in each cropped area, the heterogeneous nature of soils. and crop response to the level of irrigation applied. The model is applied to the Malaprabha single-purpose irrigation reservoir in Karnataka State, India. The optimal operating policy obtained using the GA is similar to that obtained by linear programming. This model can be used for optimal utilization of the available water resources of any reservoir system to obtain maximum benefits.

Respuesta a la sequía de Pinus radiata D. Don y su implicación en los procesos de tolerancia

160 p. (Bibliogr. 141-160)

Comportamento germinativo de espécies rupícolas de inselbergs do Morro da Urca, Rio de Janeiro - RJ

Inselbergs são afloramentos rochosos isolados que emergem abruptamente acima das planícies que os circundam, formados principalmente por afloramentos de rochas graníticas e gnáissicas. São lugares com alta diversidade e endemismo, e caracterizados por alto grau de insolação, temperaturas do ar e do solo, com ventos fortes e solos com baixa retenção de água. Sementes de três espécies típicas dos inselbergs (Alcantarea glaziouana, Barbacenia purpurea e Tibouchina corymbosa) foram estudadas para avaliar o efeito das temperaturas constantes (15 a 40C) e alternada (20-30C), o estresse hídrico (Ψw = 0,0 a -1,2 MPa) promovido por soluções de polietileno glicol 6000 (PEG) e a qualidade da luz sob diferente valores de razão vermelho: vermelho extremo (V:VE), na porcentagem final e velocidade de germinação. Os resultados mostraram que todas as espécies têm sementes muito leves, variando entre 0,005 - 0,04 g. As três espécies apresentaram alta germinação sob temperaturas entre 20C e 30C, e não germinaram a 40C, exceto A. glaziouana. A máxima germinação foi obtida em água destilada (0 MPa) e as diferentes condições de estresse hídrico reduziram a percentagem e a velocidade de germinação de todas as espécies estudadas. A. glaziouana foi a espécie menos sensível a redução do potencial hídrico. As sementes de todas as espécies necessitam de exposição a luz para a máxima germinação (fotoblásticas positivas) e a porcentagem final de germinação foi inibida sob baixos valores de V:VE. A razão V:VE que resultou em 50% da máxima germinação variou entre as espécies. Estes resultados demonstram que a germinação pode limitar a capacidade das espécies em colonizar tanto novas áreas como área perturbadas, além de contribuir para a distribuição das espécies nos inselbergs.

腾格里沙漠沙坡头地区几种植物水分生理生态特性的比较研究

本研究是中日合作项目“中国沙漠化机制及其控制”下的子项目“人工环境下植物抗逆性及其生理生态特性研究”的一个重要部分。研究工作选取腾格里沙漠东南缘的沙坡头地区作为研究地点和种子采集地，选择分布于不同类型沙丘的一年生草本作为供试植物。 通过对两种沙生植物沙米(Aqriophyllum squarrosum)和雾冰藜（Bassia dasyphylla)水分生理生态特性的比较研究，野外调查与控制环境下的生理生态学研究相结合，探讨了它们对不同水分生境的适应性。 结果表明，水分胁迫下沙米（流动沙丘先锋种）与雾冰藜（半固定和固定沙丘伴生种）表现出不同的生理生态特性，即沙米对水分胁迫比雾冰藜更为敏感，表现出不耐旱的水分生理生态特性;而雾冰藜则表现出旱生植物的水分生理生态特性。联系其分布生境水分条件可知，沙米和雾冰藜水分生理生态特性的差异是导致二者分布生境不同的主要原因之一。 本研究同时也从气孔功能的角度探讨了水分胁迫下植物蒸腾和光合速率下降的可能原因，并就本实验结果讨论了流动沙丘先锋植物沙米的生态类型划分及其对流动沙丘沙埋逆境的适应性。

玉米品种更替中光合效率与产量提高的生理生态机制

本文以我国不同年代推出的玉米品种为试验材料，深入研究玉米品种更替中产量提高和光合效率改良的演变特征及生理机制，以及环境胁迫影响各年代玉米品种光合效率及产量的生理机制，在此基础上分析光合改良与产量提高的关系。 对各年代玉米品种花后光合效率的变化及其与产量形成的关系的研究发现：虽然新品种的光合速率在开花前并不比老品种高，但是它们能够迅速扩大叶面积，形成较多的籽粒，为接下来的生长准备了比较大的源和库。花后茎秆的功能由‘库’转为了‘源’，即能够从茎秆中转移一些同化物到籽粒中。而且新品种能够在花后维持较高的光合速率，衰老较慢，光合有效期较长，这样就能够为籽粒灌浆提供较多的新同化产物。因此新品种具有很强的调节光合器官功能和优化分配同化产物的能力，能够使各部位叶片的光合生产，植株的生长和发育以及干物质的分配与再分配都有利于籽粒产量的形成。新品种在花后能够维持较高的光合活性主要是因为它们能够在老品种叶片可逆性衰老的时候维持较高的叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量，从而未像老品种那样进入不可逆转的衰老阶段。对各年代玉米品种光合特性日变化的研究也发现新品种的光化学效率比较高。老品种光合作用的午间降低是由严重的光抑制引起的。 对于N素缺乏和水分胁迫对各年代玉米品种产量及光合效率的影响机制的研究发现新品种一方面能够在胁迫条件下维持较高的光合速率，另一方面仍能维持较长的光合有效期。即新品种能够在胁迫条件下维持较高的光合生产能力，从而能够形成较大的生物产量和籽粒产量。新品种在缺N情况下能够保持较高的光合活性是因为它们能够维持较高的PEPCase活性、叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白质含量，也就是说新品种能够在缺N情况下维持叶绿体结构组分的完整性和功能性，从而维持较高的光合效率。而玉米新品种在水分胁迫时能够保持较高的光合活性是因为它们能够在水分胁迫时维持较高的叶片水势，使光合器官的功能得到良好的保护，复水时光合也能够比较迅速和完全的恢复。

染色体加倍对忍冬生物学性状及其生态适应性的影响

忍冬（Lonicera japonica Thunb.）属忍冬科忍冬属，是一种重要的药用植物，其花蕾称为金银花（Flos Lonicerae），在我国已有1000多年的药用历史，具有清热解毒、凉散风热等功效。我们利用秋水仙素诱导二倍体“大毛花”品种茎尖选育出同源四倍体“九丰一号”品种，并在生产中发现花蕾产量显著提高，而药效成份含量是否发生变化了呢？四倍体忍冬表现出典型的器官巨大性，这些变化是否与其较强生态适应性之间存在联系呢？染色体加倍增强了忍冬的生态适应性，其生态修复功能如何呢？在本研究中，主要从以下几个方面进行了探讨：（1）染色体加倍对其叶片，茎、花蕾和花蕾产量及其药效成份等生物学性状的影响;（2）染色体加倍后植物对水分胁迫的响应;（3）染色体加倍后植物对热胁迫的响应;（4）除上述两个品种外，增加一个变异品种“红银花”，探讨3个忍冬品种对退化生态系统的修复功能。主要结果如下： 1. 通过测定根尖细胞染色体数目和使用流式细胞仪分析茎尖细胞DNA含量，表明四倍体忍冬（2n = 4x = 36）确实来自二倍体忍冬（2n = 2x = 18）的染色体加倍。四倍体忍冬气孔细胞大小显著大于二倍体，而气孔密度显著低于二倍体。四倍体忍冬没有光合“午休”，而二倍体存在明显的光合“午休”，这可能与其存在抗高温的叶片解剖结构特性有关。四倍体忍冬叶片较二倍体变大、变厚、变浓绿（较高叶绿素含量）。与二倍体相比，四倍体忍冬单位叶面积重量显著增高，表明其具有较强的生态适应性。四倍体忍冬单个花蕾的鲜重和干重均显著大于二倍体。连续3年的花蕾产量调查表明，四倍体显著高于二倍体。染色体加倍使其茎干粗壮、节间变短、新梢上着生花蕾数目增多及单个花蕾变大，这是其花蕾高产的生物学基础。对金银花的药效成份而言，染色体加倍不影响绿原酸的含量，但增加了木犀草苷的含量。结果表明，染色体加倍能增加金银花的产量和药效成份的含量，建议四倍体忍冬在药材生产中推广应用。 2. 水分胁迫显著降低二倍体和四倍体忍冬叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率。水分胁迫也降低电子传递速率、光系统II实际量子产量和光化学猝灭，而增加非光化学猝灭、总可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量。四倍体忍冬对水分胁迫的响应表现为其叶片水势、气体交换、叶绿素荧光和有关代谢物含量的变化程度低于二倍体，并且复水后其恢复能力快于二倍体，表明染色体加倍增强了忍冬的抗旱能力。分析其主要原因，可能是由于四倍体植株总叶面积减少、单位叶面积重量增加、叶片表皮细胞和栅栏组织增大以及叶片表皮毛较浓密等形态解剖结构特性有关。结果表明，染色体加倍能增加忍冬植物的抗旱能力，而使其具有较强的生态适应性。 3. 二倍体和四倍体忍冬受48 ºC热胁迫处理6 h和恢复10 h，以及离体叶片45 ºC，50 ºC，55 ºC 水浴热胁迫3 min，应用叶绿素荧光成像系统研究了它们对热胁迫的响应。热胁迫显著降低了两个品种叶片的最大光化学效率、电子传递速率、光系统II实际量子产量和光化学猝灭，降低了四倍体的非光化学猝灭，而增加了二倍体的非光化学猝灭。热胁迫增加了两个品种叶片的总可溶性糖、脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量。四倍体受热胁迫的叶绿素荧光参数和有关代谢物的响应程度低于二倍体，以及其恢复程度快于二倍体，表明染色体加倍提高了抗热性。此外，叶绿素荧光成像的异质性也表明，四倍体的抗热能力大于二倍体。进一步的叶片解剖结构分析表明，四倍体叶片的表皮细胞变大、栅栏组织增厚、表皮毛较浓密等特点，是其抗热性强的主要原因。 4.根据以上的研究结果，通过四倍体忍冬生态修复功能的野外试验证明染色体加倍后其生态适应性变化。在本研究中，针对北京市门头沟区大面积不同类型的废弃地急需恢复植被和景观的问题，在恢复生态学理念的指导下，综合运用集成技术，将3个忍冬品种植物用于这些退化生态系统的恢复。在王平镇的公路下边坡（以碎石和矿渣为主）、煤矿、石灰窑和采石场4种类型废弃地建立生态修复的试验示范区。结果表明，在4个废弃地类型上引进的3个金银花品种，具有使示范区快速复绿、当年成景和群落快速形成的潜力，并具有对不同退化迹地的适应能力和恢复效果，其中四倍体忍冬效果更好些，这主要与其形态解剖结构和较强的生态适应性有关。

水分胁迫对光合作用影响的研究

1．水分胁迫降低了水稻叶片的光合速率。轻度及中度水分胁迫下，气孔的限制是光合速率下降的主要原因;而严重水分胁迫下，叶肉细胞光合能力的降低是光合速率下降的主要原因。叶肉细胞光 合能力的降低可能是由于光合量子效率、光合电子传递速率和光合磷酸化活力及羧化效率下降所致。 2．水分胁迫降低了小麦叶片的可变荧光产量、可变荧光淬灭速率、荧光上升互补面积，叶绿体的室温荧光产量、可变荧光产量以及DCMU作用下的小麦叶片及叶绿体的可变荧光产量，表明光系统Ⅱ受到了伤害。光系统Ⅱ氧化侧的人工电子供体(DPC) 能部分恢复受抑制的叶绿体可变荧光和光系统II的电子传递速率，说明水分胁迫对光系统Ⅱ的损伤不仅位于氧化侧，也可能在反应中心上。 3．水分胁迫抑制了激发能向PSII的传递;降低了Mg2+对叶绿体可变荧光及激发能在两个光系统间分配的调节能力。水分胁迫使PS II内外周天线色素蛋白复合体（CPa和LHCⅡ）和PSⅠ叶绿素a蛋白复合体(CPⅠ、CPⅠa和CPⅠb)含量下降，其中以LHCⅡ降低幅度最大。从类囊体膜多肽分析结果，发现25KD多肽随着水分胁迫的加剧其含量显著降低。 4．水分供应充分及轻度和中度水分胁迫下，高氮素营养对水稻光合作用有明显的促进作用;而严重水分胁迫则削弱了高氮营养对光合作用的促进作用，使高氮营养水稻叶片在严重水分胁迫下的光合速率反而比低氮营养叶片低，这可能与严重水分胁迫下，高氮叶片水势、气孔导度、光合羧化效率、光合量子产量及RuBP再生速率比低氮叶片有更大的下降有关。两种氮素营养水平下，轻度和中度水分胁迫均提高了叶片的水分利用效率;而严重水分胁迫则使叶片的水分利用效率降低，但始终是高氨营养水稻叶片的水分利用效率高于低氮叶片。

干旱胁迫下草莓水分调控及光合特性研究

以盆栽草莓(Fragaria×ananassa)为材料研究了水分胁迫下克隆植物草莓母株和子株间的水分调控机制及其与碳同化、光系统II激发能分配的关系。实验材料分为匍匐茎连接和剪断两个大组，进行两步实验。第一步实验，对连接组和剪断组的所有母株控水，子株充分供水；4天后进入第二步实验，把连接组分为两小组，对其中一组充分供水子株开始控水，另一组保持不变。结果表明，土壤干旱引起母株叶片失水，并使其净光合速率和气孔导度显著降低。但是连接组中供水良好的子株能有效缓解缺水母株的水分胁迫。当供水良好的子株也开始受到干旱处理的时候，则会加剧与之相连母株的水分胁迫。受胁迫母株可以通过加强渗透调节能力和降低水势从相连子株获取水分。虽然土壤干旱会造成受胁迫母株叶片脱落酸（abscisic acid, ABA）含量的大幅度增加，但是与之相连子株的叶片ABA含量并没有增加；并且气孔导度与ABA变化趋势一致。因此，我们认为：(1)草莓母株和子株间的水分运输是由二者的水势差驱动的；（2）ABA不会通过匍匐茎在母株和子株间传递并影响相邻子株气孔导度；（3）在水分异质性较大情况下，生理整合可明显提高克隆系统的碳同化能力和光系统II激发能利用效率。 同时研究了水分胁迫对草莓叶片叶绿素荧光诱导动力学参数Fm的影响。结果表明，在水分胁迫初期, 活体草莓叶片失水萎缩、叶面积和叶片厚度减小，单位叶面积的叶绿素含量升高，此时叶绿素荧光动力学参数Fm上升；当水分胁迫进一步加剧，单位叶面积的叶绿素含量开始下降，但Fm没有随之下降。离体叶片测定则没有出现Fm上升这一过程，Fm随着单位叶面积叶绿素含量的下降而下降。叶片叠加实验证明，增加叶片厚度也可以使Fm上升。综上我们认为在干旱胁迫进程中，活体草莓叶片的荧光动力学参数Fm出现上升是由单位面积叶绿素含量和叶片结构的变化共同决定的。

Cell responses of Dunaliella salina FACHB 435 (green alga) to microgravitational stimulation by clinorotation

Clinorotation experiments were established to simulate microgravity on ground. It was found that there were obvious changes of Dunaliella salina FACHB435 cells and their metabolic characteristics during clinorotation. The changes included the increases of glycerol content, the rate of H+ secretion and PM H+-ATPase activity, and the decrease of ratio of the plasma membrane (PM) phospholipid to PM protein. These results indicated that microgravity was a stress environment to Dunaliella salina. It is deduced that it would be possible to attribute the effect of microgravity on algal cells to the secondary activation of water stress.