Estrategias de reproducción en la confección de indumentaria textil de la ciudad de Córdoba.

Los estudios sobre la trama productiva textil muestran el impacto que la década neoliberal y la posterior crisis de 2001/2002 ha tenido en su configuración. Se trata de un sector caracterizado por su fragilidad y atomización, dadas las múltiples actividades y actores que involucra, en las que el denominador común es el alto nivel de precarización del empleo, la desigual distribución de los márgenes de ganancias en detrimento de los trabajadores y talleristas independientes y el poder disciplinador de las empresas confeccionistas en todo el proceso. El análisis de este sector ha partido por lo general de una perspectiva asociada mayoritariamente a un enfoque “competitivo” de la economía. Otros enfoques han planteado en las últimas décadas una serie de objeciones, como sucede con las que parten de la llamada “economía social”. Desde esta segunda perspectiva, resulta fundamental comprender a las estructuras económicas como insertas en las estructuras sociales más amplias. Las prácticas económicas y las decisiones que ellas implican, deberían comprenderse teniendo en cuenta la heterogeneidad de los actores, las relaciones de poder en las cuales están insertos y la manera en que dichas prácticas se vinculan con las trayectorias y las condiciones de existencia de cada uno de ellos. El presente proyecto propone un abordaje cualitativo que permita comprender, desde la perspectiva de los actores, la influencia de factores estructurales, domésticos e individuales en el origen y desarrollo de la actividad textil en Córdoba. Para ello, se analizarán las prácticas económicas en tanto estrategias de reproducción social, que configuran las interacciones entre los agentes, las razones que respaldan sus decisiones para entrar, permanecer o salir de la actividad textil, las relaciones de poder subyacentes y el reconocimiento de las posibilidades de mejora en el futuro. Se realizarán entrevistas en profundidad e historias de vida a los actores del eslabón de confección (empresas confeccionistas, intermediarios, talleristas independientes y a fasón y trabajadores a domicilio). Se espera complementar los estudios existentes sobre el sector, con una mayor comprensión de la manera en que los actores interpretan, apropian y reproducen las reglas de juego imperantes en el sector textil.

Dinâmica trófica de Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes, Sciaenidae) em trechos de influência da represa Capivara (rios Paranapanema e Tibagi)

Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) foi estudada em cinco trechos de influência da represa Capivara nos rios Paranapanema e Tibagi. As amostragens foram realizadas em dois períodos, 1992/1993 e 1994/1995, em coletas mensais, e sazonalmente no período 2001/2002. As capturas foram efetivadas com redes de espera simples com malhas entre 2 a 12 cm. Foram analisados 993 exemplares. Os itens alimentares identificados foram agrupados em categorias e analisados pelo método da composição percentual. A composição da dieta foi comparada entre os períodos de amostragens e entre trechos, pela análise de similaridade usando o coeficiente de Bray-Curtis. Os resultados indicaram que em todos os períodos e em todos os trechos houve uniformidade no consumo dos tipos de itens alimentares. Os itens encontrados foram agrupados em seis categorias: peixes, camarão, Odonata, Ephemeroptera, outros grupos de insetos e outros (material vegetal, detritos e organismos, raramente encontrados). Em todos os trechos e em todas as épocas analisadas, P. squamosissimus se manteve como carnívora, e no período 2001/2002 o item camarão (Macrobrachium amazonicum) foi o de maior participação em sua dieta. Concomitante com o fato de a corvina trocar de alimento substituindo peixes por camarão, mudou o comportamento quanto à freqüência na tomada de alimento e na variedade de tipos de itens consumidos. Quando P. squamosissimus utiliza camarão, maior número de indivíduos são encontrados nos estômagos, na maioria dos casos com apenas este tipo de item.

Journal of Hymenoptera research.

v. 10-11, 2001-2002

Health And Social Care Inequalities Monitoring System: First Update Bulletin 2004 (PDF 273 KB)

The Inequalities Monitoring System comprises a basket of indicators which are monitored over time to assess area differences in morbidity, utilisation of and access to health and social care services in Northern Ireland. Inequalities between the 20% most deprived electoral wards and Northern Ireland as a whole are measured with deprived areas identified from an update of the Noble Income domain for current ward boundaries. Results for 20% most rural areas were also compared against Northern Ireland overall using population density from the 2001 Census of Population as a measure of rurality. This report is the first annual update of the baseline results presented in Chapter 8 of Equality and Inequalities in Health and Social care in Northern Ireland – A Statistical Overview (DHSSPS 2004) which focused on 2001/2002. The morbidity and utilisation data in this report are the latest available while the locations of services for the accessibility analysis will be updated in subsequent years åÊ

Health and Social Care Inequalities Monitoring System (PDF 273 KB)

The Inequalities Monitoring System comprises a basket of indicators which are monitored over time to assess area differences in morbidity, utilisation of and access to health and social care services in Northern Ireland. Inequalities between the 20% most deprived electoral wards and Northern Ireland as a whole are measured with deprived areas identified from an update of the Noble Income domain for current ward boundaries. Results for 20% most rural areas were also compared against Northern Ireland overall using population density from the 2001 Census of Population as a measure of rurality. This report is the firståÊ annual update of the baseline results presented in Chapter 8 of Equality and Inequalities in Health and Social care in Northern Ireland – A Statistical Overview (DHSSPS 2004) which focused on 2001/2002. The morbidity and utilisation data in this report are the latest available while the locations of services for the accessibility analysis will be updated in subsequent years. åÊ åÊ

Activity of oil-formulated Beauveria bassiana against Triatoma sordida in peridomestic areas in central Brazil

Field tests were carried out during the rainy season of 2001/2002 in São Luís de Montes Belos, Goiás, Brazil, to evaluate the potential of the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, against peridomestic Triatoma sordida. An oil-water formulation of the isolate CG 14 (Embrapa) was applied in triatomine infested hen houses of four farms at a final concentration of 10(6) conidia/cm². Numbers of T. sordida decreased over the next 25 days, after application of the fungus, and B. bassiana developed on dead insects in one hen house. A high number of B. bassiana colonies was detected in substrates collected in treated hen houses 24 h after application of CG 14. In the following three months the presenceof B. bassiana declined to values found before treatment.

The importance of Anopheles albitarsis E and An. darlingi in human malaria transmission in Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil

In several districts of Boa Vista, state of Roraima, Brazil we found Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) albitarsis E to be the primary vector of human malaria parasites, and during 2001-2002 it was significantly more abundant than An. darlingi (p < 0.001). Other species sampled were An. (Nys.) braziliensis, An. (Ano.) peryassui, An. (Nys.) nuneztovari, An. (Nys.) oswaldoi s.l., and An. (Nys.) triannulatus. As determined by the ELISA technique An. darlingi had a higher overall infection rate (2.1%) compared with An. albitarsis E (1.2%). However, a marginally higher proportion of An. albitarsis E was infected with Plasmodium vivax compared with An. darlingi, and the An. albitarsis E biting index was also much higher. These results suggest the importance of An. albitarsis E in malaria transmission in a savannah ecoregion of northern Amazonian Brazil, and reconfirm the importance of An. darlingi even if at lower abundance.

Long-term outcomes of school-based treatment for control of urinary schistosomiasis: a review of experience in Coast Province, Kenya

Urinary schistosomiasis remains a significant burden for Africa and the Middle East. The success of population-based control programs will depend on their impact, over many years, on Schistosoma haematobium reinfection and associated disease. In a multi-year (1984-1992) control program in Kenya, we examined risk for S. haematobium reinfection and late disease during and after annual school-based treatment. In this setting, long-term risk of new infection was independently associated with location, age, hematuria, and incomplete treatment, but not with sex or frequency of water contact. Thus, very local environmental features and age-related factors played an important role in S. haematobium transmission, such that population-based control programs should optimally tailor their efforts to local conditions on a village-by-village basis. In 2001-2002, the late benefits of earlier participation in school-based antischistosomal therapy were estimated in a cohort of formerly-treated adult residents compared to never-treated adults from the same villages. Among age-matched subjects, current infection prevalence was lower among those who had received remote therapy. In addition, prevalence of bladder abnormality was lower in the treated group, who were free of severe bladder disease. Treatment of affected adults resulted in rapid resolution of infection and any detectable bladder abnormalities. We conclude that continued treatment into adulthood, as well as efforts at long-term prevention of infection (transmission control) are necessary to achieve optimal morbidity control in affected communities.

Urban malaria in the Brazilian Western Amazon Region I: high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in an urban riverside district is associated with a high level of clinical malaria

Cross sectional studies on malaria prevalence was performed in 2001, 2002, and 2004 in Vila Candelária, an urban riverside area of Porto Velho, Rondônia, in the Brazilian Western Amazon, followed by longitudinal surveys on malaria incidence. Vila Candelária is a working class district, provided with electricity, water supply, and basic sanitation. Previous preliminary surveys indicated high malaria incidence in this community. At the end of year 2000 regular diagnostic and treatment measures for malaria were introduced, with active search of febrile cases among residents. Despite of both rapid treatment of cases and relative good sanitary and housing conditions, the malaria incidence persisted at high levels during the following years with an annual parasite index of 150 to 300/1000 inhabitants. Parasite surveys in 2001, 2002, and 2004 achieved through microscopy and polymerase chain reaction to diagnose malaria showed a constant high prevalence of asymptomatic carriers for both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax parasites. It was concluded that asymptomatic carriers represent an important reservoirs of parasites and that the carriers might contribute to maintaining the high level of transmission. Comparing our findings to similar geo-demographic situations found in other important urban communities of the Brazilian Amazon, we propose that asymptomatic carriers could explain malaria's outbreaks like the one recently observed in Manaus.

Dynamics of the 2006/2007 dengue outbreak in Brazil

We analyzed dengue incidence in the period between October 2006-July 2007 of 146 cities around the country were Larval Index Rapid Assay (LIRA) surveillance was carried out in October 2006. Of these, we chosen 61 cities that had 500 or more cases reported during this period. We calculated the incidence coefficient, the force of infection (») and the basic reproduction number (R0) of dengue in those 61 cities and correlated those variables with the LIRA. We concluded that » and R0 are more associated with the number of cases than LIRA. In addition, the average R0 for the 2006/2007 dengue season was almost as high as that calculated for the 2001/2002 season, the worst in Brazilian history.

Clinical, bacteriological and immunological follow-up of household contacts of leprosy patients from a post-elimination area - Antioquia, Colombia

Follow-up of the household contacts (HHC) of leprosy patients is still the best strategy for early detection of leprosy. HHC from a post-elimination region of Colombia studied in 2001-2002 were re-contacted in 2007. They were tested at both times by clinical examination, bacillary index (BI), PCR from a slit skin smear (SSS) and anti PGL-1 IgM titres. Thirty-two of 61 HHC (52%) were re-contacted. Nine HHC (28%) showed sero-conversion and one had a skin lesion (BI negative, nested PCR positive). Periodic evaluation of HHC can contribute to the detection of infected HHC as well as new and early leprosy cases.

CoDaPack. An Excel and Visual Basic based software of compositional data analysis. Current version and discussion form upcoming versions

In the eighties, John Aitchison (1986) developed a new methodological approach for the statistical analysis of compositional data. This new methodology was implemented in Basic routines grouped under the name CODA and later NEWCODA inMatlab (Aitchison, 1997). After that, several other authors have published extensions to this methodology: Marín-Fernández and others (2000), Barceló-Vidal and others (2001), Pawlowsky-Glahn and Egozcue (2001, 2002) and Egozcue and others (2003). (...)

Documento de Estratégia de Crescimento e de Redução da Pobreza

2. A elaboração do presente Documento de Estraté gia de Crescimento e de Redução da Pobreza (DECRP) inscreve-se nos objectivos de política do governo, de assumir o combate à pobreza segundo uma abordagem integrada e horizontal relativamente aos diferentes domínios da governação, em estreita articulação com as políticas que procuram promover o crescimento econó mico. Reflecte também a preocupação de assumir a dimensão social como uma dimensão incontorná vel do processo de desenvolvimento econó mico, na base do entendimento de que aquelas duas esferas são insepará veis, sobretudo ao nível das suas consequências sobre o desenvolvimento humano. 3. Esta nova abordagem representa uma reorientação das anteriores políticas de combate à pobreza, centradas sobretudo em acçõ es ao nível das comunidades locais, visando os grupos mais vulnerá veis da população, na base de intervençõ es de cariz pluri-sectorial. Esta perspectiva, que é já materializada atravé s do Plano Nacional de Luta contra a Pobreza (PNLP), demonstra que a luta contra a pobreza em Cabo Verde é uma preocupação já antiga, antecipando mesmo a tendência que se veio a generalizar recentemente nos países em vias de desenvolvimento, de elaboração de estraté gias de crescimento e de redução da pobreza1. 4. A actual abordagem dá todavia uma nova relevância à estraté gia de combate à pobreza, posicionando-a explicitamente, e de forma determinada, no cerne das políticas públicas, quer a nível global (governação, política macroeconó mica), quer a nível sectorial, quer ainda a nível regional e local, valorizando a maior eficá cia das políticas descentralizadoras no combate à pobreza. Do iPRSP ao Documento de Estraté gia de Crescimento e de Redução da Pobreza 5. Em Dezembro de 2001, o Governo de Cabo Verde aprovou a Estraté gia de Crescimento e de Redução da Pobreza, na sua versão preliminar2. Esta estraté gia foi apreciada conjuntamente pelo staff do Banco Mundial e do FMI de onde resultaram algumas recomendaçõ es para a versão definitiva. 6. No essencial, o iPRSP apresentava um perfil da pobreza com uma natureza ainda preliminar, dado que não se dispunha ainda dos resultados do Inqué rito à s Despesas e Receitas Familiares (IRDF 2001-2002). Esta limitação foi entretanto ultrapassada com a recente divulgação dos resultados do referido inqué rito, permitindo elaborar um perfil da pobreza em Cabo Verde como base para a preparação quer da estraté gia global, quer das estraté gias sectoriais de combate à pobreza. 7. No tempo entretanto decorrido apó s a finalização do PRSP intercalar, registou-se uma evolução significativa ao nível da elaboração de alguns planos estraté gicos sectoriais de onde decorrem novas orientaçõ es nem sempre previstas no PND. (...)

Separated by a common currency? Evidence from the Euro changeover

We study the price convergence of goods and services in the euro area in 2001-2002. To measure the degree of convergence, we compare the prices of around 220 items in 32 European cities. The width of the border is the price di¤erence attributed to the fact that the two cities are in different countries. We find that the 2001 European borders are negative, which suggests that the markets were very integrated before the euro changeover. Moreover, we do not identify an integration effect attributable to the introduction of the euro. We then explore the determinants of the European borders. We find that different languages, wealth and population differences tend to split the markets. Historical inflation, though, tends to lead to price convergence.

Classificação taxonômica das estirpes de rizóbio recomendadas para as culturas da soja e do feijoeiro baseada no seqüenciamento do gene 16S rRNA

As culturas da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] e do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) são de grande importância econômica e social para o Brasil e ambas podem ter seu requerimento de nitrogênio suprido pela simbiose com bactérias da ordem Rhizobiales. Para garantir a maximização do processo biológico, deve-se proceder à inoculação de estirpes de rizóbio eficientes e competitivas, recomendadas pela pesquisa. No Brasil, foram comercializados, na safra 2001/2002, 14 milhões de doses de inoculantes, dos quais 99 % para as culturas da soja e do feijoeiro. Neste trabalho, determinou-se a posição taxonômica das estirpes utilizadas em inoculantes comerciais para as duas culturas, pelo seqüenciamento da região do DNA que codifica o gene 16S rRNA, que é suficientemente variável, mas carrega as informações necessárias para permitir a análise filogenética de bactérias. O seqüenciamento permitiu definir que duas das estirpes recomendadas para a cultura da soja, SEMIA 587 e SEMIA 5019 (= 29 w), pertencem à espécie Bradyrhizobium elkanii e as duas outras, SEMIA 5079 (=CPAC 15) e SEMIA 5080 (= CPAC 7), à espécie B. japonicum. Determinou-se, ainda, que a estirpe SEMIA 4080 (=PRF 81), recomendada para o cultura do feijoeiro, pertence à espécie Rhizobium tropici. As seqüências obtidas foram depositadas no banco mundial de genes do National Center for Biotechnology Information.