Recent advances in fundamentals and applications of random fiber lasers

Random fiber lasers blend together attractive features of traditional random lasers, such as low cost and simplicity of fabrication, with high-performance characteristics of conventional fiber lasers, such as good directionality and high efficiency. Low coherence of random lasers is important for speckle-free imaging applications. The random fiber laser with distributed feedback proposed in 2010 led to a quickly developing class of light sources that utilize inherent optical fiber disorder in the form of the Rayleigh scattering and distributed Raman gain. The random fiber laser is an interesting and practically important example of a photonic device based on exploitation of optical medium disorder. We provide an overview of recent advances in this field, including high-power and high-efficiency generation, spectral and statistical properties of random fiber lasers, nonlinear kinetic theory of such systems, and emerging applications in telecommunications and distributed sensing.

MEDIAÇÃO CULTURAL E SOCIALIZAÇÃO NO PROCESSO DE AQUISIÇÃO/APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA

Nowadays there is the necessity to learn another language to achieve: education, better job and standard of living. However, the process of acquisition is complex, mainly because we have to consider the relation of language and culture and also the importance of learning rules and social roles in specific contexts.

Implementation cost to consumers of Part 581 - Bumper Standard, Phase II; weight and cost study of three "X" body bumper systems; and consumer replacement cost for complete bumper systems studied. Final report.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Manual of the standard cost system for photo-engravers, with suggestions for a uniform system of bookkeeping and a method for making the cost system part of the general bookkeeping system ...

Cover-title.

Cost-of-living escalator clauses and inflation : prepared for the Council on Wage and Price Stability /

Mode of access: Internet.

Report of the engineer appointed by the Commissioners of the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, on the subject of the Maryland canal.

Signed: Isaac Trimble.

Report of the Committee on teachers' salaries and cost of living /

Mode of access: Internet.

Proceedings of the Maryland Historical Society, in connection with the celebration of the one hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Baltimore, October 12th, 1880.

Mode of access: Internet.

Constraining social security cost-of-living adjustments : background and issues : a report /

"January 1985."

An alternative to annualizing the cost-of-living adjustments on federal retirement : hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service, Post Office, and General Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, on S. 677 ... April 1, 1981.

Mode of access: Internet.

Cost-of-living allowances for federal employees in nonforeign areas : hearing before the Subcommittee on Civil Service, Post Office, and General Services of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, Ninety-seventh Congress, first session, May 14, 1981.

Mode of access: Internet.

Public health administration and the natural history of disease in Baltimore, Maryland, 1797-1920,

Bibliography: p. 563-565.

Effects of ocean acidification on embryonic respiration and development of a temperate wrasse living along a natural CO2 gradient

Volcanic CO2 seeps provide opportunities to investigate the effects of ocean acidification on organisms in the wild. To understand the influence of increasing CO2 concentrations on the metabolic rate (oxygen consumption) and the development of ocellated wrasse early life stages, we ran two field experiments, collecting embryos from nesting sites with different partial pressures of CO2 [pCO2; ambient (400 µatm) and high (800-1000 µatm)] and reciprocally transplanting embryos from ambient- to high-CO2 sites for 30 h. Ocellated wrasse offspring brooded in different CO2 conditions had similar responses, but after transplanting portions of nests to the high-CO2 site, embryos from parents that spawned in ambient conditions had higher metabolic rates. Although metabolic phenotypic plasticity may show a positive response to high CO2, it often comes at a cost, in this case as a smaller size at hatching. This can have adverse effects because smaller larvae often exhibit a lower survival in the wild. However, the adverse effects of increased CO2 on metabolism and development did not occur when embryos from the high-CO2 nesting site were exposed to ambient conditions, suggesting that offspring from the high-CO2 nesting site could be resilient to a wider range of pCO2 values than those belonging to the site with present-day pCO2 levels. Our study identifies a crucial need to increase the number of studies dealing with these processes under global change trajectories and to expand these to naturally high-CO2 environments, in order to assess further the adaptive plasticity mechanism that encompasses non-genetic inheritance (epigenetics) through parental exposure and other downstream consequences, such as survival of larvae.