Growth and flowering of petunia and impatiens: effects of competition and reduced water content within a container

The primary objective of this research was to determine how the presence of more than one plant and more than one species in a container influence plant quality, particularly when the volume of water given to the container is reduced. Petunia xhybrida 'Hurrah White' and Impatiens 'Cajun Violet' were chosen as typical bedding plant species. Plants were grown in 2 1 containers either under "100% ETp" (i.e., replacing all the water lost by evapotranspiration in the previous 24 h) or under a moisture-restrictive regime of "25% ETp," in which plants received 25% of the "100% ETp" value. An ancillary experiment investigated whether low watering resulted in floral buds being aborted. Results demonstrated that watering requirements of Petunia under "100% ETp" (i.e., replacing all the water lost by evapotranspiration in the previous 24 h) were on average 30% greater than those of Impatiens. However, when two Petunia plants were growing in the same container, the volume of water required to maintain soil moisture content at container capacity was on average only 10% greater than for a single plant. Under a "25% ETp" regime in which plants received 25% of the "100% ETp" value, flower number, plant height, and flower size were reduced by 50%,33%, and 13%,respectively,in Petunia compared with "100% ETp." For example, flower numbers decreased from an average of 71 to 33 flowers per plant in "100% ETp" and "25% ETp," respectively. Petunia plants in the "25% ETp" regime, however, were more efficient at producing both biomass and flowers in relation to the volume of water applied. Petunia plants that experienced both competition from other plants in the container and lower irrigation rates had enhanced efficiency of flower production (i.e., more flowers per unit biomass). For Impatiens, however, the growing of single plants at "25% ETp" was plausible, but the addition of a Petunia plant at "25% ETp" was detrimental to plant quality (Impatiens flower numbers reduced by 75%).

Root pruning as a means to encourage root growth in two ornamental shrubs, Buddleja davidii ‘Summer Beauty’ and Cistus ‘Snow Fire'

The inability of a plant to grow roots rapidly upon transplanting is one of the main factors contributing to poor establishment. In bare-rooted trees, treatments such as root pruning or application of the plant hormone auxin [e.g., indole butyric acid (IBA)] can promote root growth and aid long-term establishment. There is little information on ornamental containerised plants, however, other than the anecdotal notion that 'teasing' the roots out of the rootsoil mass before transplanting can be beneficial. In the present study we tested the ability of various root-pruning treatments and application of IBA to encourage new root and shoot growth in two shrub species, commonly produced in containers - Buddleja davidii 'Summer Beauty' and Cistus 'Snow Fire'. In a number of experiments, young plants were exposed to root manipulation (teasing, light pruning, or two types of heavy pruning) and/or treatment with IBA (at 500 or 1,000 mg l-1) before being transplanted into larger containers containing a medium of 1:1:1 (v/v/v) fine bark, sand and loam. Leaf stomatal conductance (gl) was measured 20 min, and 1, 2, 4 and 6 h after root manipulation. Net leaf CO2 assimilation (A) was measured frequently during the first week after transplanting, then at regular intervals up to 8 weeks after transplanting. Plants were harvested 8 weeks after transplanting, and root and shoot weights were measured. In both species, light root pruning alone, or in combination with 500 mg l-1 IBA, was most effective in stimulating root growth. In contrast, teasing, which is commonly used, showed no positive effect on root growth in Buddleja, and decreased new root growth in Cistus. The requirement for exogenous auxin to encourage new root growth varied between experiments and appeared to be influenced by the age and developmental stage of the plants. There were no consistent responses between root treatments and net CO2 assimilation rates, and changes in root weight were not closely correlated with changes in assimilation. The mechanisms whereby new root growth is sustained are discussed.

'Public Sculpture (The Social)' 2010

Commisssioned by Frieze Art for the Frieze Sculpture Park The project presents the image of a sculpture as a sculpture, installed in the form of a large scale digital print on vinyl stretched over a 14 x 28ft (4.2 x 8.4m) stretcher supported by a scaffolding structure. The image itself depicts a futuristic public sculpture, an ‘impossible’ artwork, referencing Ballard’s descriptions in his book ‘Vermillion Sands’. The work also draws upon examples of rococo ornamentation and the compositional conventions of ‘images of sculpture’ (in art magazines, catalogues, publicity photos) including examples sited in Regents park in previous years. Technical details: The image is printed on vinyl, stretched over a 14 x 28ft (4.2 x 8.4m) wooden stretcher and fixed to a deep buttressed scaffold 8m long by 6.23 deep with IBC water tanks on the back edge as kentledge (4 x I tonne IVC water containers - 1 per bay). The structure is constructed from clean silver Layher system scaffold and wrapped by a dense black mesh netting.

Evaluation of drug physical form during granulation, tabletting and storage

An active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was found to dissociate from the highly crystalline hydrochloride form to the amorphous free base form, with consequent alterations to tablet properties. Here, a wet granulation manufacturing process has been investigated using in situ Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopic analyses of granules and tablets prepared with different granulating fluids and under different manufacturing conditions. Dosage form stability under a range of storage stresses was also investigated. Despite the spectral similarities between the two drug forms, low levels of API dissociation could be quantified in the tablets; the technique allowed discrimination of around 4% of the API content as the amorphous free base (i.e. less than 1% of the tablet compression weight). API dissociation was shown to be promoted by extended exposure to moisture. Aqueous granulating fluids and manufacturing delays between granulation and drying stages and storage of the tablets in open conditions at 40◦C/75% relative humidity (RH) led to dissociation. In contrast, non-aqueous granulating fluids, with no delay in processing and storage of the tablets in either sealed containers or at lower temperature/humidity prevented detectable dissociation. It is concluded that appropriate manufacturing process and storage conditions for the finished product involved minimising exposure to moisture of the API. Analysis of the drug using FT-Raman spectroscopy allowed rapid optimisation of the process whilst offering quantitative molecular information concerning the dissociation of the drug salt to the amorphous free base form.

British container breeding mosquitoes: the impact of urbanisation and climate change on community composition and phenology

The proliferation of artificial container habitats in urban areas has benefitted urban adaptable mosquito species globally. In areas where mosquitoes transmit viruses and parasites, it can promote vector population productivity and fuel mosquito-borne disease outbreaks. In Britain, storage of water in garden water butts is increasing, potentially expanding mosquito larval habitats and influencing population dynamics and mosquito-human contact. Here we show that the community composition, abundance and phenology of mosquitoes breeding in experimental water butt containers were influenced by urbanisation. Mosquitoes in urban containers were less species-rich but present in significantly higher densities (100.4±21.3) per container than those in rural containers (77.7±15.1). Urban containers were dominated by Culex pipiens (a potential vector of West Nile Virus [WNV]) and appear to be increasingly exploited by Anopheles plumbeus (a human-biting potential WNV and malaria vector). Culex phenology was influenced by urban land use type, with peaks in larval abundances occurring earlier in urban than rural containers. Among other factors, this was associated with an urban heat island effect which raised urban air and water temperatures by 0.9°C and 1.2°C respectively. Further increases in domestic water storage, particularly in urban areas, in combination with climate changes will likely alter mosquito population dynamics in the UK.

Watch-and-Comment as a Paradigm toward Ubiquitous Interactive Video Editing

The literature reports research efforts allowing the editing of interactive TV multimedia documents by end-users. In this article we propose complementary contributions relative to end-user generated interactive video, video tagging, and collaboration. In earlier work we proposed the watch-and-comment (WaC) paradigm as the seamless capture of an individual`s comments so that corresponding annotated interactive videos be automatically generated. As a proof of concept, we implemented a prototype application, the WACTOOL, that supports the capture of digital ink and voice comments over individual frames and segments of the video, producing a declarative document that specifies both: different media stream structure and synchronization. In this article, we extend the WaC paradigm in two ways. First, user-video interactions are associated with edit commands and digital ink operations. Second, focusing on collaboration and distribution issues, we employ annotations as simple containers for context information by using them as tags in order to organize, store and distribute information in a P2P-based multimedia capture platform. We highlight the design principles of the watch-and-comment paradigm, and demonstrate related results including the current version of the WACTOOL and its architecture. We also illustrate how an interactive video produced by the WACTOOL can be rendered in an interactive video environment, the Ginga-NCL player, and include results from a preliminary evaluation.

New and improved results for packing identical unitary radius circles within triangles, rectangles and strips

The focus of study in this paper is the class of packing problems. More specifically, it deals with the placement of a set of N circular items of unitary radius inside an object with the aim of minimizing its dimensions. Differently shaped containers are considered, namely circles, squares, rectangles, strips and triangles. By means of the resolution of non-linear equations systems through the Newton-Raphson method, the herein presented algorithm succeeds in improving the accuracy of previous results attained by continuous optimization approaches up to numerical machine precision. The computer implementation and the data sets are available at http://www.ime.usp.br/similar to egbirgin/packing/. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd, All rights reserved.

The corrosion of austenitic 304 stainless steel in biodiesel

Fuel distribution uses 304 stainless steel containers for the storage of biofuels, however there are few reports in the literature about the corrosive aspects this. steel in biodiesel. The objective of this research is to study the corrosive behavior of 304 austenitic stainless steel in the presence of biodiesel, unwashed and washed, with aqueous solutions of citric, oxalic, acetic and ascorbic acids 0,01 mol L(-1), and compare with results obtained for the copper (ASTM D130). The employedtechniques were: atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and optical microscopy (OM). The results of EA A showed a low rate of corrosion for the stainless steel, the alloys elements studied were Cr, Ni and Fe, the highest rate was observed for the chrome, 1.78 ppm / day in biodiesel with or without washing. The OM of the 304 steel, when compared with that of copper has a low corrosion rate in the 304 steel/biodiesel system. Not with standing, this demonstrates that not only the 304 steel, but also the copper corrodes in biodiesel

Hushållsavfall i Borlänge kommun : analyser av material en och flerfamiljshus

In Borlänge, source separation has been the basis for management of household waste for over five years. This report reviews today?s system and gives a model for further follow-up through waste grouping. In the basic system waste is separated into three fractions: biodegradable, waste to energy and waste to landfill. All waste is packed in plastic bags, put in separate containers for each fraction, and collected from the property. Separate analyses were made of waste from single family houses and apartment buildings. The amount of waste per household and week, number of non-sorted bags, purity, recovery rate and density of each fraction was calculated. The amount of packaging collected together with the household waste is given. Material collected under the Swedish law of Producers? Responsibility is not covered in this report.

Adaptive, Decentralized, And Real-Time Sampling Strategies For Resource Constrained Hydraulic And Hydrologic Sensor Networks

We discuss the development and performance of a low-power sensor node (hardware, software and algorithms) that autonomously controls the sampling interval of a suite of sensors based on local state estimates and future predictions of water flow. The problem is motivated by the need to accurately reconstruct abrupt state changes in urban watersheds and stormwater systems. Presently, the detection of these events is limited by the temporal resolution of sensor data. It is often infeasible, however, to increase measurement frequency due to energy and sampling constraints. This is particularly true for real-time water quality measurements, where sampling frequency is limited by reagent availability, sensor power consumption, and, in the case of automated samplers, the number of available sample containers. These constraints pose a significant barrier to the ubiquitous and cost effective instrumentation of large hydraulic and hydrologic systems. Each of our sensor nodes is equipped with a low-power microcontroller and a wireless module to take advantage of urban cellular coverage. The node persistently updates a local, embedded model of flow conditions while IP-connectivity permits each node to continually query public weather servers for hourly precipitation forecasts. The sampling frequency is then adjusted to increase the likelihood of capturing abrupt changes in a sensor signal, such as the rise in the hydrograph – an event that is often difficult to capture through traditional sampling techniques. Our architecture forms an embedded processing chain, leveraging local computational resources to assess uncertainty by analyzing data as it is collected. A network is presently being deployed in an urban watershed in Michigan and initial results indicate that the system accurately reconstructs signals of interest while significantly reducing energy consumption and the use of sampling resources. We also expand our analysis by discussing the role of this approach for the efficient real-time measurement of stormwater systems.

Gestão de resíduos tóxicos : o caso das lâmpadas fluorescentes descartadas em quatro empresas do setor automotivo da região metropolitana de Curitiba-PR

A necessidade de dar um destino adequado aos resíduos tóxicos e a preocupação com a contaminação do meio ambiente e dos lençóis freáticos são aspectos que já vêm sendo discutidos há vários anos. As lâmpadas fluorescentes, quando descartadas, não devem ser quebradas e encaminhadas para os aterros sanitários, pois contêm mercúrio, substância que provoca sérios problemas de contaminação ao homem e à natureza. A pesquisa realizada em Curitiba identificou que parte das lâmpadas fluorescentes descartadas continua sendo enviada para os aterros sanitários ou para aterros químicos. As pessoas e organizações conscientes dos impactos ambientais causados pelo mercúrio destinam as lâmpadas fluorescentes para centros de descontaminação (reciclagem) ou armazenam-nas em containers. Após identificar os centros de descontaminação (reciclagem) de lâmpadas fluorescentes existentes no Brasil, o autor analisou os custos necessários para a execução da descontaminação das lâmpadas. Através de entrevistas com gestores ambientais de quatro empresas do setor automotivo da região metropolitana de Curitiba - PR, foram identificados os fatores motivadores para a busca de alternativas de destino para as lâmpadas fluorescentes descartadas.

Avaliação do risco de exposição ao mercúrio elementar em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva

O metal mercúrio é conhecido pela sua grande toxidade apesar de seu emprego difundido. Desde a Antigüidade, se reconhece sua ação tóxica na exposição ocupacional. Em alguns ambientes laborais, os riscos são maiores, como é o caso de hospitais, que utilizam o mercúrio elementar em vários equipamentos, especialmente em termômetros de verificação da temperatura corporal, largamente empregados. Como na instituição objeto deste estudo foram quebrados 148 termômetros em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva no período de um ano, esta pesquisa objetivou a realização de uma avaliação de alguns indicadores ambientais neste espaço de trabalho e de alguns indicadores biológicos e psicológicos em uma amostra de trabalhadores desta unidade, que se dispuseram a participar da pesquisa. A avaliação de tais indicadores são recomendados como pertinentes pela literatura (ATSDR, 1989). Não se detectou em nenhuma das avaliações realizadas, índices acima das normas estabelecidas. Interpreta-se que a temperatura da unidade (20ºC) reduz a possibilidade do mercúrio se volatizar e intoxicar os trabalhadores. As regras de higiene, típicas do contexto hospitalar, e a rotina de rápido recolhimento dos resíduos dos termômetros quebrados e seu acondicionamento em recipientes com tampa são os principais fatores explicativos para os índices encontrados.

A logística de exportação de açúcar branco brasileiro com o uso de contêineres

As exportações de açúcar cristal e refinado vêm passando por modificações em suas operações logísticas. Nos últimos anos, os embarques brasileiros têm migrado de navios convencionais com sacas soltas e capacidade média de 14 mil toneladas para embarques fracionados, em lotes de contêineres e médias ao redor de 600 toneladas cada. Essa mudança é capaz de aumentar substancialmente a quantidade de embarques e diferentes processos de exportação, trazendo impactos logísticos importantes para os agentes envolvidos na cadeia. O objetivo deste trabalho é, então, descrever os passos necessários para a exportação do açúcar (branco), de acordo com as duas modalidades de embarques mais utilizadas. Adicionalmente serão realizados o mapeamento e a comparação dos custos operacionais e de coordenação, em ambos os formatos: navios convencionais e contêineres. Com isso, este estudo pretende ilustrar diferentes arranjos logísticos, suas práticas, desafios e tendências, podendo auxiliar os tomadores de decisões na busca de maior competitividade brasileira diante do mercado internacional de açúcar branco.

MCDA: análise de decisão multicritério como ferramenta de avaliação de instalações portuárias: o caso dos terminais de contêineres brasileiros

Este trabalho busca avaliar, com suporte da metodologia MCDA - análise de decisão multicritério, os terminais de contêineres brasileiros quanto a suas potencialidades como vetores de crescimento sustentado da economia, no médio e longo prazo, para priorização de investimentos públicos e privados. O trabalho se consubstancia em um levantamento bibliográfico do tema decisório, que lhe serve de base, seguido de um estudo do tema portuário, a fim de levantar os fatores que tornam viável o florescimento e desenvolvimento de um sítio portuário, além de buscar tendências do setor de contêineres no Brasil. Após estas etapas, foi desenvolvido uma modelagem para o problema de avaliação dos terminais, com ajuda do software Expert Choice. Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma alteração sensível de paradigma no panorama portuário nacional em um cenário futuro. Portos que hoje se localizam na parte superior da lista de movimentação de contêineres, à frente nas estatísticas, podem não ter para onde se expandir, enquanto outros, que se encontram menos pujantes, podem florescer nas próximas décadas, devido às características de cada sítio portuário. As mais relevantes foram selecionadas como critérios do modelo desenvolvido, são eles: águas abrigadas, retroáreas, acessos terrestres e marítimos, equacionamento de questões ambientais, localização estratégica, vocação regional, extensão de cais e áreas de expansão. Entre as conclusões deste estudo, pode-se citar: 1 - O Porto de Santos, tradicional líder do ranking nacional em movimentação de contêineres, deve se manter entre os primeiros, graças à sua proximidade com o principal centro econômico e industrial nacional, a região da grande São Paulo, embora esteja com sua capacidade perto do limite operacional, conta com áreas de expansão, como o projeto Barnabé-Bagres. 2 - Outro porto que se destacou na classificação final foi o de Itaguaí, já hoje com movimentação crescente e enorme potencial de crescimento na área de contêineres. Possui excelente condição de águas abrigadas, boa localização estratégica, entre Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo, dois pólos econômicos fortes, com influência decisiva no cenário nacional, e que dispõe de consistente plano de expansão, especialmente relacionado ao aumento de contêineres.

Profiling allergic asthma volatile metabolic patterns using a headspace-solid phase microextraction/gas chromatography based methodology

Allergicasthmarepresentsanimportantpublichealthissuewithsignificantgrowthovertheyears,especially in the paediatric population. Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, easily performed and rapid method forobtainingsamplesfromthelowerrespiratorytract.Inthepresentmanuscript,themetabolicvolatile profiles of allergic asthma and control children were evaluated by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–qMS). The lack ofstudiesinbreathofallergicasthmaticchildrenbyHS-SPMEledtothedevelopmentofanexperimental design to optimize SPME parameters. To fulfil this objective, three important HS-SPME experimental parameters that influence the extraction efficiency, namely fibre coating, temperature and time extractions were considered. The selected conditions that promoted higher extraction efficiency corresponding to the higher GC peak areas and number of compounds were: DVB/CAR/PDMS coating fibre, 22◦C and 60min as the extraction temperature and time, respectively. The suitability of two containers, 1L Tedlar® bags and BIOVOC®, for breath collection and intra-individual variability were also investigated. The developed methodology was then applied to the analysis of children exhaled breath with allergicasthma(35),fromwhich13hadalsoallergicrhinitis,andhealthycontrolchildren(15),allowing to identify 44 volatiles distributed over the chemical families of alkanes (linear and ramified) ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, acids, among others. Multivariate studies were performed by Partial LeastSquares–DiscriminantAnalysis(PLS–DA)usingasetof28selectedmetabolitesanddiscrimination between allergic asthma and control children was attained with a classification rate of 88%. The allergic asthma paediatric population was characterized mainly by the compounds linked to oxidative stress, such as alkanes and aldehydes. Furthermore, more detailed information was achieved combining the volatile metabolic data, suggested by PLS–DA model, and clinical data.