The distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia

This book provides for the first time a detailed host list for all the fruit fly species (Tephritidae) known from Australia. It includes available distribution, male lure and host plant information for the 278 species currently recorded from Australia (including Torres Strait Islands but excluding Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) islands in the Indian Ocean). This total includes 269 described species plus nine undescribed species of Tephritinae. Thirteen fruit fly specialists from throughout Australia collaborated with QDPI in the production of this book. It provides an invaluable reference source for anyone involved in fruit fly research, ecological studies, pre- and post-harvest control, regulation, quarantine and market access.

Seismic structure along transitions from flat to normal subduction: central Mexico, southern Peru, and southwest Japan

The fine-scale seismic structure of the central Mexico, southern Peru, and southwest Japan subduction zones is studied using intraslab earthquakes recorded by temporary and permanent regional seismic arrays. The morphology of the transition from flat to normal subduction is explored in central Mexico and southern Peru, while in southwest Japan the spatial coincidence of a thin ultra-slow velocity layer (USL) atop the flat slab with locations of slow slip events (SSEs) is explored. This USL is also observed in central Mexico and southern Peru, where its lateral extent is used as one constraint on the nature of the flat-to-normal transitions.

In western central Mexico, I find an edge to this USL which is coincident with the western boundary of the projected Orozco Fracture Zone (OFZ) region. Forward modeling of the 2D structure of the subducted Cocos plate using a finite-difference algorithm provides constraints on the velocity and geometry of the slab’s seismic structure in this region and confirms the location of the USL edge. I propose that the Cocos slab is currently fragmenting into a North Cocos plate and a South Cocos plate along the projection of the OFZ, by a process analogous to that which occurred when the Rivera plate separated from the proto-Cocos plate 10 Ma.

In eastern central Mexico, observations of a sharp transition in slab dip near the abrupt end of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) suggest a possible slab tear located within the subducted South Cocos plate. The eastern lateral extent of the USL is found to be coincident with these features and with the western boundary of a zone of decreased seismicity, indicating a change in structure which I interpret as evidence of a possible tear. Analysis of intraslab seismicity patterns and focal mechanism orientations and faulting types provides further support for a possible tear in the South Cocos slab. This potential tear, together with the tear along the projection of the OFZ to the northwest, indicates a slab rollback mechanism in which separate slab segments move independently, allowing for mantle flow between the segments.

In southern Peru, observations of a gradual increase in slab dip coupled with a lack of any gaps or vertical offsets in the intraslab seismicity suggest a smooth contortion of the slab. Concentrations of focal mechanisms at orientations which are indicative of slab bending are also observed along the change in slab geometry. The lateral extent of the USL atop the horizontal Nazca slab is found to be coincident with the margin of the projected linear continuation of the subducting Nazca Ridge, implying a causal relationship, but not a slab tear. Waveform modeling of the 2D structure in southern Peru provides constraints on the velocity and geometry of the slab’s seismic structure and confirms the absence of any tears in the slab.

In southwest Japan, I estimate the location of a possible USL along the Philippine Sea slab surface and find this region of low velocity to be coincident with locations of SSEs that have occurred in this region. I interpret the source of the possible USL in this region as fluids dehydrated from the subducting plate, forming a high pore-fluid pressure layer, which would be expected to decrease the coupling on the plate interface and promote SSEs.

Complexity of rupture propagation in large earthquakes in relation to tectonic environment

Complexity in the earthquake rupture process can result from many factors. This study investigates the origin of such complexity by examining several recent, large earthquakes in detail. In each case the local tectonic environment plays an important role in understanding the source of the complexity.

Several large shallow earthquakes (M_s > 7.0) along the Middle American Trench have similarities and differences between them that may lead to a better understanding of fracture and subduction processes. They are predominantly thrust events consistent with the known subduction of the Cocos plate beneath N. America. Two events occurring along this subduction zone close to triple junctions show considerable complexity. This may be attributable to a more heterogeneous stress environment in these regions and as such has implications for other subduction zone boundaries.

An event which looks complex but is actually rather simple is the 1978 Bermuda earthquake (M_s ~ 6). It is located predominantly in the mantle. Its mechanism is one of pure thrust faulting with a strike N 20°W and dip 42°NE. Its apparent complexity is caused by local crustal structure. This is an important event in terms of understanding and estimating seismic hazard on the eastern seaboard of N. America.

A study of several large strike-slip continental earthquakes identifies characteristics which are common to them and may be useful in determining what to expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas fault. The events are the 1976 Guatemala earthquake on the Motagua fault and two events on the Anatolian fault in Turkey (the 1967, Mudurnu Valley and 1976, E. Turkey events). An attempt to model the complex P-waveforms of these events results in good synthetic fits for the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. However, the E. Turkey event proves to be too complex as it may have associated thrust or normal faulting. Several individual sources occurring at intervals of between 5 and 20 seconds characterize the Guatemala and Mudurnu Valley events. The maximum size of an individual source appears to be bounded at about 5 x 10²⁶ dyne-cm. A detailed source study including directivity is performed on the Guatemala event. The source time history of the Mudurnu Valley event illustrates its significance in modeling strong ground motion in the near field. The complex source time series of the 1967 event produces amplitudes greater by a factor of 2.5 than a uniform model scaled to the same size for a station 20 km from the fault.

Three large and important earthquakes demonstrate an important type of complexity --- multiple-fault complexity. The first, the 1976 Philippine earthquake, an oblique thrust event, represents the first seismological evidence for a northeast dipping subduction zone beneath the island of Mindanao. A large event, following the mainshock by 12 hours, occurred outside the aftershock area and apparently resulted from motion on a subsidiary fault since the event had a strike-slip mechanism.

An aftershock of the great 1960 Chilean earthquake on June 6, 1960, proved to be an interesting discovery. It appears to be a large strike-slip event at the main rupture's southern boundary. It most likely occurred on the landward extension of the Chile Rise transform fault, in the subducting plate. The results for this event suggest that a small event triggered a series of slow events; the duration of the whole sequence being longer than 1 hour. This is indeed a "slow earthquake".

Perhaps one of the most complex of events is the recent Tangshan, China event. It began as a large strike-slip event. Within several seconds of the mainshock it may have triggered thrust faulting to the south of the epicenter. There is no doubt, however, that it triggered a large oblique normal event to the northeast, 15 hours after the mainshock. This event certainly contributed to the great loss of life-sustained as a result of the Tangshan earthquake sequence.

What has been learned from these studies has been applied to predict what one might expect from the next great earthquake on the San Andreas. The expectation from this study is that such an event would be a large complex event, not unlike, but perhaps larger than, the Guatemala or Mudurnu Valley events. That is to say, it will most likely consist of a series of individual events in sequence. It is also quite possible that the event could trigger associated faulting on neighboring fault systems such as those occurring in the Transverse Ranges. This has important bearing on the earthquake hazard estimation for the region.

Avaliação do cenário para utilização dos recursos florísticos nativos de restingas para inclusão socioeconômica em Caravelas, Bahia.

A conservação dos ecossistemas e dos recursos ambientais neles inclusos é uma condição básica e essencial para o desenvolvimento sustentado de uma dada região. A degradação faz com que a possibilidade dele retornar ao seu estado original seja ínfima pois, sua dinâmica de restauração não seria a mesma do que antes foi sua colonização. A recuperação de áreas degradadas é dificultada devido à complexidade estrutural dos ecossistemas, exemplo das restingas ambientes sujeitos as condições bastante adversas (altas temperaturas, períodos de seca, vento constante, alta salinidade e escassez de nutrientes), por isso demandam de alta tecnologia para o desenvolvimento e produção de mudas, além de alto custo associado. O objetivo deste estudo é a criação de uma proposta para uso socioeconômico das áreas degradadas por plantios de cocos, em formações vegetais de restinga, município de Caravelas, e criar um modelo para que essas áreas sejam mais produtivas economicamente, a médio e longo prazo, a partir da geração de trabalho e renda e, conseqüentemente, inclusão social voltada para o uso sustentável de espécies nativas de restinga, através do extrativismo, considerando-se o potencial e a vocação natural do ecossistema de restinga. Nesse contexto, as categorias de análise desta tese basearam-se nos conflitos e vulnerabilidade socioambiental, etnobotânica, fitofisionomias, bens e serviços associados, tecnologia social, desenvolvimento local, gestão costeira, sustentabilidade ambiental e democrática, produtos florestais não madeiráveis e inclusão social. Os procedimentos metodológicos utilizados neste estudo foram apresentados em cada capítulo desta tese, estando inserido em pesquisas qualitativas (técnicas de observação participante e análise do discurso coletivo) associada aos levantamentos bibliográficos (dados secundários) e as pesquisas quantitativas, por entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados deste estudo subsidiaram a formação de uma rede interativa para implantação de empreendimentos sustentáveis no processo produtivo local, no que se refere à utilização de espécies nativas de restingas com reflorestamento de áreas degradadas por plantios de coco, para fins de geração de trabalho e renda com base no movimento de tecnologia social.

Macrophytes aquatiques dans les eaux "continentales" ivoiriennes

Inventory and socio-economic impacts of water weed are presented. Free-floating species (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia strationes) floating leaves plants (Nymphaea lotus, Polygonum senegalense) as well as emerged species such as Echinochloa pyramidalis and Nelumbo nucifera are the most common species in the concerned aquatic environments. These plants have been colonizing these environments for about a decade and the colonized area are equivalent to 70 % of the whole of the water surface. Besides, these plants strongly affect water quality and constitute a nuisance for water uses.

东亚—北美间断分布类群的分子生物地理学研究—以莲科和菖蒲科为例

在洲际间断生物地理学研究中，东亚—北美间断分布类群的分子生物地理学研究一直是关注和研究的热点。在本论文中我们选取了水生和半水生的植物代表类群，莲科（Nelumbonaceae）和菖蒲科（Acoraceae）作为研究对象，通过来自叶绿体、线粒体和核基因组的DNA 序列分析和微卫星分析，一方面探讨莲科的系统位置、揭示其间断地理格局的形成过程、重建菖蒲科的系统发育及其地理格局的形成过程的同时，另一方面，在总结前人研究成果的基础上，总结东亚—北美间断分布的基本特点。主要成果总结如下。 1. 菖蒲科的系统发育和分子生物地理学 菖蒲科仅含一属，菖蒲属（Acorus），共5 种。其中北美菖蒲（A. americanus） 分布于北美，其余4 种（A. calamus, A. gramineus, A. tatarinowii and A. rumphianus） 分布于亚洲的东部和南部。北美菖蒲和菖蒲（A. calamus）叶片中间具有明显的中肋；其余3 种不具有明显的中肋。本论文的19 份材料包含了4 个种，（不含较狭域分布的长苞菖蒲A. rumphianus），利用4 个叶绿体基因片段（trnL-F, psbA-trnH, rps16-trnK, rbcL）和1 个核基因片段（ITS）的序列重建菖蒲属的系统发育。结果表明（1）具有中肋和不具中肋的物种各自聚为一支；（2）具有中肋的菖蒲和北美菖蒲亲缘关系最近，构成东亚—北美间断种对关系；（3）在不具有中肋的一支内部，来自台湾的材料与其它材料差异最大，其余的材料也明显的分为了两类。基于rbcL 序列，使用松散分子钟模型、贝叶斯算法估算菖蒲属起源时间约为135.17 百万年（mya），菖蒲和北美菖蒲的间断分歧时间约为3.72mya。该结果支持菖蒲属为古老的单子叶植物，但东亚—北美间断物种分化时间较年轻。我们推测间断的种对可能通过白令陆桥，从东亚扩散到了北美。 2. 莲科的系统位置和分子生物地理学 莲科仅含一属，莲属（Nelumbo），两个种莲（N. nucifera）和美洲黄莲（N. lutea），间断分布于东亚、澳大利亚北部和北美东部。莲科的系统位置在形态和分子证据不一致。本论文使用了核基因18S rDNA、26S rDNA，叶绿体基因atpB、rbcL，线粒体基因NAD1 的序列重新构建莲科的系统位置并进行了分化时间推算。结果为：（1）叶绿体和核基因构建的严格一致树的拓扑结构不一致，叶绿体数据支持莲科和山龙眼科、悬铃木科具有较近的亲缘关系，核基因数据显示莲科位于真双子叶植物的基部；（2）5 个基因片段的合并分析结果显示，莲科与山龙眼科、悬铃木科聚为一支但支持率不高；（3）基于核基因、叶绿体和5 个基因的分别合并数据，使用松散分子钟模型、贝叶斯算法估算莲科起源时间分别为，113.13 、109.38 和110.35mya ，两个间断物种的分化时间为，3.77、4.34、5.85mya；（4）根据间断的时间和两个物种的遗传差异程度，现存的两个物种应是来自于东亚或北美的冰期残遗，而不是来自于两个大陆祖先种的独立进化后裔。 3. 莲的分子谱系地理学研究 我们采集了37 份莲的材料，10 份美洲黄莲的材料，代表了两者的主要分布区。我们选取了叶绿体基因（trnL-trnF, trnS-trnG, petB-petD 和psbA-trnH），线粒体基因COX1，以及11 个微卫星位点进行莲的分子谱系地理研究。DNA 序列显示莲和美洲黄莲均具有很低的遗传多样性；微卫星数据揭示了稍高于DNA 序列的遗传多样性。两物种相比，美洲黄莲的多样性较高。基于微卫星数据的遗传结构分析表明，莲存在明显的3 个地理分化区域，这三个区域的遗传分化显著（FST=0.542），说明莲远距离群体间基因交流有限。基于DNA 序列和微卫星数据的单倍型地理分布关系，我们推测东南亚地区是莲的避难所或冰期残遗区，冰期后群体分别向西和向北扩张。 4. 东亚—北美间断分布的一般特点 （1）东亚—北美东部间断分歧时间范围较长，从始新世中期甚至更早一直持续到1mya 左右；东亚—北美西部间断类群分化时间跨度相对小，集中在中新世时期；东亚—整个北美间断分化时间与东亚—北美东部间断类群一样经历较长时间；草本类群晚于木本类群形成间断分布式样，洲际间断分化时间与类群的起源时间并无相关性。（2）东亚与北美间断分布类群的起源地因类群而异。（3） 东亚与北美间断分布类群扩散方向呈不确定性。（4）东亚与北美间断类群扩散有三条可能的路径，即大西洋陆桥、白令陆桥和南半球跨洋长距离传播。

莲离体茎尖的培养

<正> 莲(Nelumbo nucifera Geartn.)是我国著名的水生经济植物,由于其花有较高的观赏价值,近年来一些育种者热心于观赏莲的新品种选育工作。经几年努力已选育出一批艳丽多彩的花莲新品种。为了保持亲本的优良遗传性状和避免有性繁殖的分离现象,通常采用分藕繁殖。但这种无性繁殖方式的繁殖系数很低。本实验探讨了利用组织培养技术进行莲的快速无性繁殖的可能性。

莲胚愈伤组织诱导及植株再生的研究

<正> 关于莲胚组织培养国內外有过研究,但迄今利用组织培养技术从莲胚诱导愈伤组织形成再生植株的成功例子尚未见有报道。材料与方法材料为本所莲(Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn)良种育种组选育出来的小型花莲“君子莲”、“太真出浴”、“小满江红”、“A22”和“瓣尖红”等5个品

A gueroba (Syagrus oleracea Becc.) nas comunidades rurais I: aproveitamento agroindustrial (2000).

A gueroba, gariroba ou guariroba e uma palmeira arborea nativa do bioma Cerrado que produz frutos com polpa mucilaginosa comestivel e palmito amargo muito utilizado no cardapio regional e comercializado in natura nas feiras e margens de rodovias. O extrativismo intenso para uso do palmito vem reduzindo substancialmente os guerobais nativos. Dai, este trabalho tratar de parte de um estudo de caso dessa planta, na Fazenda Pantanal dos Buritis em Aragoiania, GO. O enfoque geral deste estudo, e mostrar seu comportamento em cultivo, destacando as mais variadas maneiras de utilizar suas partes para reduzir desperdicios. Neste trabalho, sao abordados desde a descricao botanica, colheita e secagem dos cocos-semente, problemas de germinacao e desenvolvimento inicial, pragas e doenças que atacam a especie, a producao de fitomassa/ha e sua importancia em nutricao animal. Ha descricao do fluxograma de processamento do palmito desde a recepcao do material ate a obtencao da conserva, alertando-se para a importancia de se seguir as normas do IBAMA e da Agencia Nacional de Vigilancia Sanitaria para sua exploracao. Apesar do promissor potencial de cultivo comercial, ha limitacoes para expansao devido a falta de estudos sobre domesticacao dessa especie.

Perfil agrossocioeconomico dos produtores de coco do município de barra dos coqueiros.

1998

Validations of high-rank syntaxa in Potamogetonetea and Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae

This paper presents the validation of five syntaxonomic concepts –two orders (Callitricho hamulatae-Ranunculetalia aquatilis, Zannichellietalia pedicellatae) and three alliances (Ranunculion aquatilis, Nelumbion nuciferae and Caricion viridulo-trinervis).

Basel III: The impact of new capital requirements on profitability of Portuguese Banks

This empirical study aims to explore the impact of increased capital ratio requirements, on the ROE of the Portuguese banking sector. The paper employs both a quantitative- and qualitative approach, with the qualitative approach as the main method of research. The method adopted to conduct the qualitative research was semi structured elite interviews with banking executives. Higher capital requirements decrease the ROE of banks in Portugal, but huge impairments charges, macroeconomic factors and increased costs of deposits are clearly the dominant reasons for the reduced levels of ROE the past years. Among the measures taken to increase capital ratios, reduction of RWAs and non-core assets have been the main focus, but the issuance of CoCos is regarded as the most expensive measure due to high interest payments. However, the CoCos will not have any effect on the ROE in the long term. It is difficult to draw any conclusions on the impact of more equity in the balance sheet on the ROE of Portuguese banks, as many banks currently don’t generate enough money to pay back on shareholders´ investments.

Mediastinitis post revascularización miocárdica: impacto del cambio de profilaxis antibiótica en la fundación Cardioinfantil 2012 - 2013

INTRODUCCIÓN. La mediastinitis posterior a cirugía de revascularización miocárdica es una infección infrecuente, pero potencialmente fatal. En la Fundación Cardioinfantil se ha observado una tendencia al incremento de la misma en los últimos años, obligando a un cambio en las medidas de profilaxis antimicrobiana, pasando de cefalosporinas a vancomicina – gentamicina, sin embargo no se conoce aún el impacto de estas medidas. OBJETIVO: Determinar si el cambio de la profilaxis antibiótica en pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica influye en una disminución de la incidencia de mediastinitis durante los años 2012 – 2013. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo, evaluando la incidencia de mediastinitis post revascularización miocárdica, en pacientes expuestos a 2 diferentes tipos de profilaxis antimicrobiana (cefalosporinas vs vancomicina-gentamicina). Se describieron los patrones de susceptibilidad y resistencia de los patógenos encontrados en mediastinitis y la mortalidad de esta patología. RESULTADOS: Los patógenos más frecuentemente aislados en la mediastinitis fueron Staphylococcus aureus y Klebsiella pneumoniae, en la mayoría monomicrobiano. Se encontraron patógenos con perfiles de resistencia como betalactamasas de espectro extendido en Gram negativos y resistencia a la meticilina en cocos Gram positivos. El RR de mediastinitis del grupo expuesto a vancomicina-gentamicina respecto al grupo de cefalosporinas fue de 0,9 con IC 95% 0,28 – 3,28. CONCLUSIÓN: la epidemiologia microbiana de la mediastinitis no difiere de la reportada en otras series. La profilaxis antimicrobiana con vancomicina - gentamicina en pacientes sometidos a revascularización miocárdica, no redujo la incidencia de mediastinitis. Se propone regresar a la terapia de profilaxis con cefalosporinas.

Endocarditis infecciosa por Staphylococcus Aureus Meticilino sensible y resistente en la Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituto de Cardiología

Introducción y objetivos: La endocarditis infecciosa (EI) es una enfermedad grave producida por diversos gérmenes que afectan las válvulas cardiacas y el tejido endomiocárdico. El objetivo fue describir las características epidemiológicas, clínicas, ecocardiográficas y microbiológicas de la endocarditis infecciosa por Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) meticilino sensible y resistente de la Fundación Cardioinfantil – Instituto de Cardiología (FCI-IC) en el periodo de tiempo 2010- 2015. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva de casos de EI por S. aureus en la FCIIC para el período 2010-2015. Se realizó descripción de las variables generales de la población a estudio utilizando medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Análisis de desenlaces teniendo cuenta la concentración inhibitoria mínima de vancomicina. Resultados: En el estudio se presentaron 27 casos de EI, con una mayor proporción de pacientes de sexo masculino, con hipertensión, diabetes y hemodiálisis. La fiebre fue la manifestación más frecuente seguida de fenómenos vasculares. La válvula más comprometida fue la mitral, principalmente nativa. Discusión: La presentación clínica de los pacientes con EI por S. aureus es aguda por lo que la fiebre es la principal manifestación clínica presentada, lo anterior favorece un rápido diagnóstico clínico. De las cepas de S. aureus causante de EI no se encontró gérmenes con sensibilidad intermedia ni resistente a la vancomicina según criterios establecidos por CLSI. Se encontró mayor proporción de pacientes con un valor de CMI para vancomicina mayor a 0,5μg/ml lo cual es importante dado que podemos estar enfrentándonos a cepas hetero VISA (hVISA).

Pequeña percusión.

Unidad de lectura pensada para alumnos de segundo curso de educación primaria