Legal Control of Fishing Industry in Kerala

This work is a study on ‘Legal Control of Fishing Industry in Kerala.Fishery and Fishery-related legislations are sought to be examined in the light of scientific opinion and judicial decisionsThis work is divided into five Part.The thrust of time Study is on the success of legislative measures in attempting to achieve socio-economic justice for the fishermen community.Fishing is more an avocation than an industry. It is basically the avocation of the artisanal or traditional fishermen who depend on it for their livelihood. As an ‘industry’, it is a generator of employment, income and wealth.The modern tendency in national legislations is to integrate legal proivisions relating to EEZ fisheries into the general fisheries legislation.Chartered fishing was introduced by the Central Government during 1977-78 to establish the abundance and distribution of fishery resources in Indian EEZ, for transfer of technology and for related purposes.Going by the provisions of Articles 61 and 62 of the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982, foreign fishing need be permitted in our EEZ area only if there is any surplus left after meeting our national requirements.Conservation of the renewable fishery resources should start with identification of the species, their habitats, feeding and breeding patterns, their classification and characteristics. Fishing patterns and their impact on different species and areas require to be examined and investigated.the Central Government, that the Kerala Marine Fishing Regulation Act, 1980 was passed.our traditional fishermen that our Governments in power in Kerala resorted to the appointment of Commissions after Commissions to enquire into the problems of resource management and conservation of the resources. The implementation of the recommendations of these Commissions is the need of the times.General infrastructure has increased to a certain extent in the fishery villages; but it is more the result of the development efforts of the State rather than due to increase in earnings from fishing. Fisherwomen ar e still unable to enjoy the status and role expected of them in the society and the family.Around 120 million people around the tuorld are economically dependent on fisheries. In developing countries like India, small-scale fishers are also the primary suppliers of fish, particularly for local consumption. A most important role of the fisheries sector is as a source of domestically produced food. Fish, as a food item, is a nutrient and it has great medicinal value.Consumers in our country face a dramatic rise in fish prices as our ‘fishing industry’ is linked with lucrative markets in industrial countries. Autonomy of States should be attempted to be maintained to the extent possible with the help and co-operation of the Centre. Regional co-operation of the coastal states interse and with the Centre should be attempted to be achieved under the leadership of the Centre in matters of regional concern. At time national level, a ifisheries management policy and plan should be framed in conformity with the national economic policies and plans as also keeping pace with the local and regional needs and priorities. Any such policy, plan and legislation should strive to achieve sustainability of the resources as well as support to the subsistence sector.

Studies on the Hydrobiology and pollution of the Vembanad Lake and adjacent waters

The Thesis deals with the entire estuarine system in totality on several parameters related to hydrography, ecology of biota, productivity and also the effects of pollution. The objective of this study has been to review the systems physical, chemical and biological features through varying periods of time at locations where human interference is high so that an overall assessment of the changing ecology could be made so as to impress on the scientific community whether remedial measures could be undertaken in sensitive areas. It is also the objective of this study to point out thrust areas where concerted efforts from a larger body of scientists and administrators who can sit together and chalk out programmes for a co-operative endeavor in monitoring the most sensitive areas and also suggest ways and means to exploit the rich and diverse resources at optimum levels with emphasis on conservation and protection from environmental degradation resulting in depletion of resources. Areas also have been identified which are potentially more productive where aquaculture could be intensified

Price, profitability and employment in the handloom industry in kerala

The present study is on the nature, problems and prospects of the handloom industry in Kerala. The problems of the industry are mostly in the nature of low earnings of the workers, underutilisation of the existing capacity and low profit in its various sectors. The majority of the handloom co-operative societies are either dormant or facing liquidation. The income and employment of weavers are so pitiably low that they are living in utter poverty and starvation. Frequent price fluctuations of yarns, dyes and chemicals increase the cost of production and reduce the profitability. Consequently handloom fabrics are not able to compete with mill cloths and powerloom products. Accumulating the unsold stocks in the godowns of co-operative societies and with master weavers has become the practice of the day. Spinning mills in Kerala are producing only lower counts of yarns. S, handloom industry has to depend on textile mills in Tamil Nadu for higher counts of yarn. They create artificial scarcity and increase the prices exflorbitantly. Wage rates prevailing in Kerala are higher than those in Tamil Hadu. So rich master weavers are migrating to Tamil.Nadu and exporting the fabrics. under the label 'Kera1a Handlooms'. Governmental efforts to tackle the crisis by way of rebates and subsidies are found to be futile.

SHGs and Cooperatives in the Fishing Sector: An Inclusive Development Option for the Fisher folk of Kerala

The Kerala model of development mostly bypassed the fishing community, as the fishers form the main miserable groups with respect to many of the socio-economic and quality of life indicators. Modernization drive in the fishing sector paradoxically turns to marginalization drives as far as the traditional fishers in Kerala are concerned. Subsequent management and resource recuperation drives too seemed to be detrimental to the local fishing community. Though SHGs and cooperatives had helped in overcoming many of the maladies in most of the sectors in Kerala in terms of livelihood and employment in the 1980s, the fishing sector by that time had been moving ahead with mechanization and export euphoria and hence it bypassed the fishing sector. Though it has not helped the fishing sector in the initial stages, but because of necessity, it soon has become a vibrant livelihood and employment force in the coastal economy of Kerala. Initial success made it to link this with the governmental cooperative set up and soon SHGs and Cooperatives become reinforcing forces for the inclusive development of the real fishers.The fisheries sector in Kerala has undergone drastic changes with the advent of globalised economy. The traditional fisher folk are one of the most marginalized communities in the state and are left out of the overall development process mainly due to the marginalization of this community both in the sea and in the market due to modernization and mechanization of the sector. Mechanization opened up the sector a great deal as it began to attract people belonging to non-fishing community as moneylenders, boat owners, employers and middle men which often resulted in conflicts between traditional and mechanized fishermen. These factors, together with resource depletion resulted in the backwardness experienced by the traditional fishermen compared to other communities who were reaping the benefits of the overall development scenario.The studies detailing the activities and achievements of fisher folks via Self Help Groups (SHGs) and the cooperative movement in coastal Kerala are scant. The SHGs through cooperatives have been effective in livelihood security, poverty alleviation and inclusive development of the fisher folk (Rajasenan and Rajeev, 2012). The SHGs have a greater role to play as estimated fall in demand for marine products in international markets, which may result in reduction of employment opportunities in fish processing, peeling, etc. Also, technological advancement has made them unskilled to work in this sector making them outliers in the overall development process resulting in poor quality of physical and social infrastructure. Hence, it is all the more important to derive a strategy and best practice methods for the effective functioning of these SHGs so that the

Freiräume auf Zeit

Zwischennutzungen sind ein Alltagsphänomen, das seit Ende der 1990er Jahre im wissenschaftlichen Kontext und der kommunalen Praxis der Stadt- und Freiraumentwicklung auffallend an Aufmerksamkeit gewinnt. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich dem Phänomen aus der Perspektive der Freiraumentwicklung als kommunaler Aufgabe. Im Zentrum des Interesses steht die Frage, welche aktuelle Bedeutung Zwischennutzungen, verstanden als die vorübergehende Freiraumnutzung brachliegender Baugrundstücke, für freiraumbezogene öffentliche Aufgaben und Handlungsansätze haben bzw. welche Potentiale sie dafür bieten. Vor dem Hintergrund heterogener gesellschaftlicher und räumlicher Gegebenheiten, der Erkenntnis um eine begrenzte hoheitliche Steuerbarkeit der weiteren stadträumlichen Entwicklung und angesichts knapper Haushaltsmittel ist die kommunale Freiraumentwicklung gefordert, sich bezüglich ihrer Kernaufgaben aber auch bezüglich ihrer Rolle bei der Erfüllung dieser Aufgaben neu zu positionieren. Vermehrt werden Forderungen nach einem Abgehen von „allgemeingültigen“ Versorgungsstandards und traditionellen „Produktionsprozessen“ laut. Flexiblere Freiraumangebote sollen Gestaltungsspielräume für eigeninitiatives Handeln und wechselhafte oder neuartige Nutzungen eröffnen. Mit dem Setzen von Prioritäten, einer verstärkten Kundenorientierung und aktivierenden bzw. kooperativen Handlungsansätzen soll der schlechten Haushaltslage begegnet werden. Zwischennutzungen deuten aufgrund ihrer funktionalen, räumlichen und zeitlichen Flexibilität Möglichkeiten an, auf diese Anforderungen einzugehen. Der Blick in die Verwaltungspraxis einzelner Städte zeigt, dass Zwischennutzungen in der kommunalen Freiraumentwicklung in verschiedenen Zusammenhängen gezielt aufgegriffen werden und dabei diverse Bezüge zu diesen aktuellen Anforderungen herstellen lassen. Der Stellenwert, der ihnen beigemessen wird, reicht dabei vom Ausnahmefall bis zum bewährten Ansatz. Mit den Maßnahmen werden häufig akute bzw. kurzfristige Ziele verfolgt, etwa die vorübergehende Schaffung zusätzlicher Spiel- und Aufenthaltsmöglichkeiten oder die Aufwertung brachliegender Flächen durch extensive Gestaltungsmaßnahmen. Die Projekte sind häufig charakterisiert durch intensive Kooperationen mit anderen öffentlichen und mit nicht-öffentlichen Akteuren. Die Einbindung von Zwischennutzungen in das alltägliche Verwaltungshandeln ist allerdings auch mit diversen Schwierigkeiten verbunden, wie erste Institutionalisierungsansätze in manchen Städten zeigen. Die Verknüpfung unterschiedlicher Zeithorizonte im Planungsgeschehen, die Verbindung des temporären Phänomens Zwischennutzung mit dem traditionellerweise auf Dauerhaftigkeit ausgerichteten Aufgabenverständnis der kommunalen Freiraumentwicklung verlangt nach einer Modifizierung bisheriger Positionen und Herangehensweisen. Ein solcher Anpassungsprozess im Verwaltungshandeln lässt sich nur langfristig und schrittweise bewältigen und ist als Teil der – angesichts aktueller Entwicklungen notwendigen – Weiterentwicklung freiraumbezogener Aufgaben und Handlungsansätze zu verstehen. Zwischennutzungen können neben ihren kurzfristig umsetzbaren Funktionen einen Beitrag dazu leisten.

The DIADEM Software Development Methodology extended to Multimedia Interfaces

DIADEM, created by THOMSON-CSF, is a methodology for specifying and developing user interfaces. It improves productivity of the interface development process as well as quality of the interface. The method provides support to user interface development in three aspects. (1) DIADEM defines roles of people involved and their tasks and organises the sequence of activities. (2) It provides graphical formalisms supporting information exchange between people. (3) It offers a basic set of rules for optimum human-machine interfaces. The use of DIADEM in three areas (process control, sales support, and multimedia presentation) was observed and evaluated by our laboratory in the European project DIAMANTA (ESPRIT P20507). The method provides an open procedure that leaves room for adaptation to a specific application and environment. This paper gives an overview of DIADEM and shows how to extend formalisms for developing multimedia interfaces.

Eventuales manifestaciones del abuso de la posición dominante en el amparo de infidelidad de la póliza global bancaria

En este trabajo se estudian las generalidades del contrato de seguro, las cláusulas abusivas en el contrato de adhesión y particularmente el Amparo de Infidelidad de la Póliza Global Bancaria con el objeto de establecer la posibilidad de que en dicho amparo se presenten conductas abusivas.

Incidencia de la política "desarrollo pacífico" en las relaciones de china y la ASEAN. Una aproximación desde la soberanía de las islas Spratly, 2004 – 2012

El interés de este trabajo es el de analizar la Política Exterior de la Republica Popular China, más específicamente la conocida como Desarrollo Pacífico, y su incidencia en las disputas territoriales del Sudeste Asiático. El trabajo se dividirá en 3 partes, donde cada una tratara distintos aspectos del Desarrollo Pacífico, y través del mismo se explicará como por medio de distintos conceptos se pueden entender las múltiples posiciones chinas, así como las preocupaciones de los países que conforman el bloque ASEAN. El propósito de este documento será demostrar que a pesar de que dicha política ha ayudado de forma sustancial a mejorar las relaciones entre ambos bandos y ha traído bastantes beneficios políticos, no ha sido suficiente para eliminar la tensión en la zona y dar una solución a las disputas que se viven.

Educació ambiental: un enfocament metodològic en formació inicial del professorat d'Educació Primària

Aquesta tesi se situa en una perspectiva de l'Educació Ambiental adreçada a la Sostenibilitat i com a nucli catalitzador d'una Educació per al Canvi. Amb la investigació que es presenta es pretén, a més, contribuir a reduir el buit existent entre el marc teòric de l'Educació Ambiental i la seva transposició didàctica en la formació inicial del professorat, i al mateix temps poder fer aportacions significatives en el camp dels enfocaments pedagògics i estratègies metodològiques d'aquest àmbit de l'educació. En primer lloc, es presenta una anàlisi del marc teòric que ha informat el desenvolupament de l'Educació Ambiental, la seva reorientació i reconceptualització en la dècada dels anys noranta, i s'exposen el debat i les tendències actuals. A continuació es presenta l'anàlisi del nivell d'incorporació de l'Educació Ambiental, així com dels factors que en limiten o dificulten una plena integració, tant a nivell de l'etapa d'educació primària, com en la formació inicial del professorat. Es porta també a terme una revisió i una anàlisi exhaustiva de l'estat actual de la investigació en Educació Ambiental, a nivell nacional i internacional, i a partir d'ella es revela el dèficit que existeix, particularment, en la investigació educativa en Educació Ambiental en la formació inicial del professorat, i sobretot en el camp dels enfocaments pedagògics i estratègies metodològiques. El propòsit concret de la investigació se centra en: (i) analitzar l'impacte d'un enfocament metodològic (metodologia triaxial) aplicat en un curs d'Educació Ambiental en formació inicial del professorat; (ii) explorar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental des del propi pensament dels estudiants. Aquest propòsit general ha portat la definició dels objectius d'investigació següents: (a) dissenyar i aplicar un enfocament metodològic triaxial en la formació en Educació Ambiental del professorat; (b) dissenyar i aplicar els instruments que promouen el procés de reflexió, individual i col·lectiu, en els estudiants; (c) explorar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental des del pensament dels estudiants i a través dels instruments utilitzats per a la reflexió; (d) valorar la metodologia triaxial en la formació en Educació Ambiental de futurs i futures mestres d'Educació Primària. Cal destacar que la metodologia triaxial elaborada i aplicada es basa en la integració de tres eixos processals: procés d'investigació, procés de reflexió i procés de treball cooperatiu, i és consistent amb el model teòric que s'exposa i es defensa en la investigació (el capítol 5 tracta, concretament, del disseny, estructuració i desenvolupament del curs fonamentat en aquesta metodologia) La investigació se situa en el paradigma interpretatiu d'investigació educativa i en una metodologia d'anàlisi qualitativa. La mostra l'ha constituïda un grup classe, 42 estudiants, del 3r curs dels estudis de Magisteri, curs 1998/99, de la Universitat de Girona. Els instruments d'anàlisi han estat els instruments de reflexió, individual i col·lectiva, utilitzats en el curs. Destaquem l'ús d'un diari de grup, especialment dissenyat i estructurat per a promoure la reflexió col·lectiva, com l'aportació més rellevant en relació als instruments per a la reflexió. El diari de grup ha estat l'instrument vertebrador de la metodologia d'anàlisi qualitativa, i, tal com s'ha aplicat en aquesta investigació, s'ha validat com a un instrument nuclear i eficaç per a la reflexió de grup, i per explorar i analitzar el procés de formació en Educació Ambiental i de la formació professional general del grup d'estudiants. La resta d'instruments han estat, bàsicament, qüestionaris individuals, en diferents moments del curs; els documents produïts pels estudiants (propostes didàctiques en Educació Ambiental) i la memòria de la investigadora. La triangulació s'ha realitzat a través de tots els instruments. En la investigació es presenta, de manera detallada, com s'ha dut a terme el procés d'anàlisi de cadascun dels instruments i els resultats extrets. L'anàlisi dels resultats ha permès dibuixar l'evolució del pensament dels estudiants al llarg del curs i realitzar una anàlisi holística i multidimensional del seu procés de formació en Educació Ambiental. S'ha produït un canvi substancial en relació a la comprensió i assumpció dels components de l'Educació Ambiental: rellevància, holisme, educació crítica, educació en valors, capacitat de responsabilitat, d'acció i d'atendre diferents punts de vista i perspectives. Al llarg del curs i del procés hi ha una clara potenciació de qualitats dinàmiques. Al mateix temps, l'anàlisi revela la interdependència real i efectiva dels tres processos que configuren la metodologia triaxial i la seva clara influència en la formació en Educació Ambiental del grup d'estudiants i en la construcció dels seus models didàctics. En la investigació es conclou, entre altres aspectes, que l'enfocament metodològic, basat en un procés triaxial, aplicat en la formació inicial del grup de futurs i futures mestres, ha resultat de gran eficàcia i rellevància en la seva formació en Educació Ambiental i, també, en la seva formació com a professionals investigadors, crítico- reflexius, amb capacitat d'innovació i amb un grau més alt d' "empowerment". Cal dir que la metodologia triaxial es revela amb altes possibilitats de transferència i adaptabilitat a altres estudis. La transferibilitat d'aquesta metodologia serà objecte de seguiment investigatiu amb el propòsit de trobar les orientacions pedagògiques més adequades a cada àmbit i situació, ja que pot oferir aportacions valuoses en el camp de l'Ambientalització Curricular dels estudis universitaris.

Las Guyanas holandesas en América Latina (1600-1814) [Estudios]

This article starts by considering the fact that the Guyanas can be understood as an atypical region in the Latin-American context. The lapse of analysis of this study is from 1600 to 1814, period of development of Dutch Guyanas, which was the base of the Surinam Republic and the Co-operative Republic of Guyana. These are highlighted for being the unique Latin-American entities that were not colonized by the Catholics Monarchies, for the absence of missionary activities until 1735, and also for the absence of private action. These colonies offer an interesting study field about comparative development with other South American regions.

The population dynamical consequences of density-dependence in fungal plant pathogens

Almost all stages of a plant pathogen life cycle are potentially density dependent. At small scales and short time spans appropriate to a single-pathogen individual, density dependence can be extremely strong, mediated both by simple resource use, changes in the host due to defence reactions and signals between fungal individuals. In most cases, the consequences are a rise in reproductive rate as the pathogen becomes rarer, and consequently stabilisation of the population dynamics; however, at very low density reproduction may become inefficient, either because it is co-operative or because heterothallic fungi do not form sexual spores. The consequence will be historically determined distributions. On a medium scale, appropriate for example to several generations of a host plant, the factors already mentioned remain important but specialist natural enemies may also start to affect the dynamics detectably. This could in theory lead to complex (e.g. chaotic) dynamics, but in practice heterogeneity of habitat and host is likely to smooth the extreme relationships and make for more stable, though still very variable, dynamics. On longer temporal and longer spatial scales evolutionary responses by both host and pathogen are likely to become important, producing patterns which ultimately depend on the strength of interactions at smaller scales.

m-aminobenzoic acid inserted beta-turn in acyclic tripeptides: a peptidomimetic design

X-ray diffraction studies show that peptides Boc-Leu-Aib-m-ABA-OMe (I) (Aib, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid; m-ABA, meta-aminobenzoic acid) and Boc-Phe-Aib-m-ABA-OMe, (II) adopt a type-II beta-turn conformation, solely stabilized by co-operative steric interactions amongst the amino acid residues. This type of U-turn without any intramolecular hydrogen bonding is generally referred to as an open turn. Although there are some examples of constrained cyclic peptides in which o-substituted benzenes have been inserted to mimic the turn region of the neurotrophin, a nerve growth factor, peptides I and II present novel two examples where m-aminobenzoic acid has been incorporated in the beta-turn of acyclic tripeptides. The result also demonstrates the first crystallographic evidence of a beta-turn structure containing an inserted m-aminobenzoic acid, which can be considered as a rigid gamma-aminobutyric acid with an all-trans extended configuration. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pil and Galia Kollectiv: solo exhibition at Te Tuhi Art Centre, Auckland, New Zealand.

The exhibition presents the full Future Trilogy which was completed in 2009. The trilogy is based on the opening of a new IKEA store in Edmonton, London in November 2005. IKEA celebrated with a twenty-four hour launch accompanied by significant price reductions on leather sofas. But when six thousand people arrived to compete for the discount a riot ensued which injured sixteen shoppers and required the store to be closed after just thirty minutes. The Future Trilogy takes this event as the starting point to speculate on a future where the popular fascination with modern designer furniture has morphed into state religions underpinned by the ideals of the early twentieth century avant-garde. The exhibition also presents their 2010 work Co-Operative Explanatory Capabilities in Organizational Design and Personnel Management which narrates a fictional story of a company that adopts highly experimental approaches to achieving worker productivity. The project investigates the place of creativity in efficiency management and the operation of bureaucratic systems in a post-industrial work environment. The Kollectiv's pseudo documentary creates a careful blend of fact and fiction through the combination of a distinctive BBC narrator's voice with imagery sourced from an online photographic archive for an early computing company. The story becomes increasingly provocative as more and more of the bizarre antics of the company employees are revealed, leading to the members of the company eventually forming a religious cult.

A Real-time, Predictive Architecture for Distributed Virtual Reality

User interaction within a virtual environment may take various forms: a teleconferencing application will require users to speak to each other (Geak, 1993), with computer supported co-operative working; an Engineer may wish to pass an object to another user for examination; in a battle field simulation (McDonough, 1992), users might exchange fire. In all cases it is necessary for the actions of one user to be presented to the others sufficiently quickly to allow realistic interaction. In this paper we take a fresh look at the approach of virtual reality operating systems by tackling the underlying issues of creating real-time multi-user environments.

Formal theory building for the avalanche game: explaining counter-intuitive behaviour of a complex system using geometrical and human behavioural/physiological effects

In 'Avalanche', an object is lowered, players staying in contact throughout. Normally the task is easily accomplished. However, with larger groups counter-intuitive behaviours appear. The paper proposes a formal theory for the underlying causal mechanisms. The aim is to not only provide an explicit, testable hypothesis for the source of the observed modes of behaviour-but also to exemplify the contribution that formal theory building can make to understanding complex social phenomena. Mapping reveals the importance of geometry to the Avalanche game; each player has a pair of balancing loops, one involved in lowering the object, the other ensuring contact. For more players, sets of balancing loops interact and these can allow dominance by reinforcing loops, causing the system to chase upwards towards an ever-increasing goal. However, a series of other effects concerning human physiology and behaviour (HPB) is posited as playing a role. The hypothesis is therefore rigorously tested using simulation. For simplicity a 'One Degree of Freedom' case is examined, allowing all of the effects to be included whilst rendering the analysis more transparent. Formulation and experimentation with the model gives insight into the behaviours. Multi-dimensional rate/level analysis indicates that there is only a narrow region in which the system is able to move downwards. Model runs reproduce the single 'desired' mode of behaviour and all three of the observed 'problematic' ones. Sensitivity analysis gives further insight into the system's modes and their causes. Behaviour is seen to arise only when the geometric effects apply (number of players greater than degrees of freedom of object) in combination with a range of HPB effects. An analogy exists between the co-operative behaviour required here and various examples: conflicting strategic objectives in organizations; Prisoners' Dilemma and integrated bargaining situations. Additionally, the game may be relatable in more direct algebraic terms to situations involving companies in which the resulting behaviours are mediated by market regulations. Finally, comment is offered on the inadequacy of some forms of theory building and the case is made for formal theory building involving the use of models, analysis and plausible explanations to create deep understanding of social phenomena.