Blomberg-lauluja, op. 51:5

Soitinnus: lauluääni, piano.

Influence of data acquisition geometry on soybean spectral response simulated by the prosail model

View angle and directional effects significantly affect reflectance and vegetation indices, especially when daily images collected by large field-of-view (FOV) sensors like the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used. In this study, the PROSAIL radiative transfer model was chosen to evaluate the impact of the geometry of data acquisition on soybean reflectance and two vegetation indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - NDVI and Enhanced Vegetation Index -EVI) by varying biochemical and biophysical parameters of the crop. Input values for PROSAIL simulation were based on the literature and were adjusted by the comparison between simulated and real satellite soybean spectra acquired by the MODIS/Terra and hyperspectral Hyperion/Earth Observing-One (EO-1). Results showed that the influence of the view angle and view direction on reflectance was stronger with decreasing leaf area index (LAI) and chlorophyll concentration. Because of the greater dependence on the near-infrared reflectance, the EVI was much more sensitive to viewing geometry than NDVI presenting larger values in the backscattering direction. The contrary was observed for NDVI in the forward scattering direction. In relation to the LAI, NDVI was much more isotropic for closed soybean canopies than for incomplete canopies and a contrary behavior was verified for EVI.

Influence of distance, geometry and number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for the purpose of georeferencing of rural properties

The implementation of local geodetic networks for georeferencing of rural properties has become a requirement after publication of the Georeferencing Technical Standard by INCRA. According to this standard, the maximum distance of baselines to GNSS L1 receivers is of 20 km. Besides the length of the baseline, the geometry and the number of geodetic control stations are other factors to be considered in the implementation of geodetic networks. Thus, this research aimed to examine the influence of baseline lengths higher than the regulated limit of 20 km, the geometry and the number of control stations on quality of local geodetic networks for georeferencing, and also to demonstrate the importance of using specific tests to evaluate the solution of ambiguities and on the quality of the adjustment. The results indicated that the increasing number of control stations has improved the quality of the network, the geometry has not influenced on the quality and the baseline length has influenced on the quality; however, lengths higher than 20 km has not interrupted the implementation, with GPS L1 receiver, of the local geodetic network for the purpose of georeferencing. Also, the use of different statistical tests, both for the evaluation of the resolution of ambiguities and for the adjustment, have enabled greater clearness in analyzing the results, which allow that unsuitable observations may be eliminated.

Onfalocele: Prognóstico Fetal em 51 Casos com Diagnóstico Pré-Natal

Objetivo: avaliar o prognóstico fetal dos casos de onfalocele com diagnóstico pré-natal. Métodos: foram analisados 51 casos de onfalocele com diagnóstico pré-natal e divididos em 3 grupos: grupo 1, onfalocele isolada; grupo 2, onfalocele com malformações estruturais associadas e cariótipo normal; grupo 3, onfalocele associada à cromossomopatia. As análises foram realizadas em relação à sobrevida geral e pós-correção cirúrgica, considerando as malformações associadas, idade gestacional no parto, peso no nascimento e tamanho da onfalocele. Resultados: o grupo 1 correspondeu a 21% (n = 11), o grupo 2 a 55% (n = 28) e o grupo 3 a 24% (n = 12). Todos os casos do grupo 3 evoluíram para óbito, e a cromossomopatia mais freqüente foi a trissomia do 18. A sobrevida foi de 80% no grupo 1 e de 25% no grupo 2. Dezesseis casos foram submetidos à correção cirúrgica (10 isoladas e 6 associadas) e 81% sobreviveram (8 isoladas e 5 associadas). A mediana do peso no nascimento dos sobreviventes pós-correção cirúrgica foi 3.140 g e dos que morreram foi de 2.000 g (p = 0,148) e a idade gestacional do parto foi de 37 e de 36 semanas (p = 0,836), respectivamente. A relação das circunferências onfalocele/abdominal diminuiu com a idade gestacional, 0,88 entre 25-29 semanas e 0,65 entre 30-35 semanas (p = 0,043). Não foi observada diferença significativa no tamanho da onfalocele nos 3 grupos (p = 0,988) e influência deste prognóstico pós-correção cirúrgica (p = 0,553). Conclusão: a sobrevida geral e pós-correção cirúrgica foi de 25 e 81%, respectivamente. As malformações associadas representam o principal fator prognóstico das onfaloceles com diagnóstico pré-natal, visto que se associam com prematuridade e baixo peso.

8/2010 Kantatien 51 Kirkkonummi-Kivenlahti vaikutusselvitys

Tässä työssä on arvioitu moottoritieksi rakenteilla olevan kantatie 51 Kirkkonummi-Kivenlahti-tieosuuden vaikutuksia liikenteeseen sekä alueen kehitykseen. Työssä käytetyt aineistot koostuvat yleisesti saatavilla olevista tilastoista ja rekistereistä. Lisäksi toteutuneita ja odotettavissa olevia vaikutuksia on selvitetty kunta- ja yrityshaastattelujen avulla. Nyt toteutetussa ennen-vaiheessa havaittuja hankkeen orastavia vaikutuksia sekä moottoritieyhteyteen liittyviä odotuksia on nostettu esiin. Ennen-vaiheen tiedonkeruu muodostaa jälkeen-vaiheen vaikutusarvioinnin rungon. Varsinaiset johtopäätökset voidaan tuottaa jäkeen-vaiheen vaikutusarvioinnin yhteydessä. Ympäristövaikutukset on jätetty tarkastelun ulkopuolelle. Moottoritieyhteyden valmistumisen myötä liikenteen sujuvuus, turvallisuus ja ajomukavuus paranevat etenkin liittymissä. Nopeutuva ja sujuvoituva liikenneyhteys helpottaa etenkin tien länsiosien asukkaiden autoillen tapahtuvaa työssäkäyntiä pääkaupunkiseudulla ja lisää asiointia tien varren keskuksissa. Myös etenkin viikonloppuisin tapahtuva mökki- ja muu vapaa-ajanliikenne hyötyy merkittävästi tien paranemisesta. Yritysasiointi ja muut lyhytkestoiset pistäytymiset autolla pääkaupunkiseudun ja tarkastelualueen länsiosan välillä sujuvoituvat matka-aikojen muuttuessa nopeammiksi ja helpommin ennustettaviksi. Nämä hyödyt koskevat myös raskasta liikennettä ja muita kuljetuksia. Moottoritien valmistuminen Kirkkonummenja Kivenlahden välille parantaa linja-autoliikenteen liikennöintiolosuhteita. Merkittävintä on täsmällisyyden lisääntyminen ruuhkien vähentyessä sekä tielle liittymisen helpottuessa. Lisäksi tien tuoma hienoinen matka-aikojen lyhentyminen synnyttää myös suoria aikasäästöjä. Moottoritie parantaa suhteellisesti eniten henkilöautoliikenteen sujuvuutta, ja ilman muita toimenpiteitä tämä saattaa johtaa joukkoliikenteen kulkutapaosuuden supistumiseen. Moottoritieyhteys lisää muuttoliikettä tienvarteen liikenteellisesti ja asuinympäristöltään edullisille alueille. Jo tien rakentamispäätös on vaikuttanut tienvarsialueen houkuttelevuuteen asuinpaikkana. Tarkastelualueen kuntien nettomuutto on ollut koko 2000-luvun selvästi positiivinen. Väestönkasvu on ollut joka kunnassa 1-3 % vuodessa. Voimakas muuttoliike luo kuitenkin ankariakin paineita kuntatalouteen palvelutarjonnan ja kunnallistekniikan lisäystarpeen vuoksi. Alueen kunnissa pientalojen hinnannousut ovat olleet suhteellisen säännönmukaisia. Kantatie 51 muodostaa alueellisesti merkittävän kehityskäytävän, jonka maankäyttöä tien parantamisen viivästyminen on rajoittanut lähinnä Kirkkonummen alueella. Tien tuntumassa on käynnissä lukuisia kaavoitushankkeita, joiden tavoitteena on keskittää asutusta ja yritystoimintaa tien ja rantaradan muodostamaan kehityskäytävään. Espoossa Länsiväylän varren työpaikka-alueen odotetaan täydentyvän moottoritien jatkamisen myötä. Siuntiossa ja Inkoossa kaavoituksella osoitetaan lisää maankäyttöä tien tuntumaan. Haastatelluissa yrityksissä tien parantamista pidetään myönteisenä, imagoa parantavana ja toimintaoloja helpottavana kehityksenä. Etenkin niiden yritysten, joilla on kiinteät yhteydet pääkaupunkiseutuun, toimintaedellytykset paranevat liikkumisen nopeutumisen ja asioinnin helpottumisen myötä. Kuljetuksia helpottaa etenkin liittymien parantaminen ja matka-aikojen ennakoitavuus. Kaupan edellytykset paranevat etenkin Kirkkonummella, jonne on suunnitteilla tilaa vievän kaupan yksiköitä. Lisäksi tieyhteyden parantamisella odotetaan olevan myönteinen vaikutus matkailu- ja vapaa-ajan palvelujen kuten retkeily-, golf- ja veneilymahdollisuuksien kysyntään.

Chromosome number and secondary constriction variation in 51 accessions of a citrus germplasm bank

The mitotic chromosomes of 51 citrus accessions from the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Mandioca e Fruticultura Tropical, Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil, were analyzed. The sample included representatives of 20 Citrus species, one of Poncirus and seven hybrids. All accessions showed 2n = 18 without any evidence of numerical variation. The most clearly variable karyotype feature was the number and position of secondary constrictions (SECs). In 19 accessions the SECs were not identified, mainly due to the degree of chromatin condensation. In the remainder they varied in number from one to three per karyotype. They were found in the proximal region of one of the three largest chromosome pairs, in the terminal/subterminal region of a smaller chromosome or, more seldom, terminally in a larger chromosome. Only in a few cases were such constrictions observed simultaneously in both homologues of the same chromosome pair. The high variability of this karyotype feature may be due to the activation of this region in the previous interphase but may also indicate a high structural variability and heterozygosity of citrus germplasms

Two-phase flow measurements with spacer grid in a rod bundle geometry

Heat transfer effectiveness in nuclear rod bundles is of great importance to nuclear reactor safety and economics. An important design parameter is the Critical Heat Flux (CHF), which limits the transferred heat from the fuel to the coolant. The CHF is determined by flow behaviour, especially the turbulence created inside the fuel rod bundle. Adiabatic experiments can be used to characterize the flow behaviour separately from the heat transfer phenomena in diabatic flow. To enhance the turbulence, mixing vanes are attached to spacer grids, which hold the rods in place. The vanes either make the flow swirl around a single sub-channel or induce cross-mixing between adjacent sub-channels. In adiabatic two-phase conditions an important phenomenon that can be investigated is the effect of the spacer on canceling the lift force, which collects the small bubbles to the rod surfaces leading to decreased CHF in diabatic conditions and thus limits the reactor power. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can be used to simulate the flow numerically and to test how different spacer configurations affect the flow. Experimental data is needed to validate and verify the used CFD models. Especially the modeling of turbulence is challenging even for single-phase flow inside the complex sub-channel geometry. In two-phase flow other factors such as bubble dynamics further complicate the modeling. To investigate the spacer grid effect on two-phase flow, and to provide further experimental data for CFD validation, a series of experiments was run on an adiabatic sub-channel flow loop using a duct-type spacer grid with different configurations. Utilizing the wire-mesh sensor technology, the facility gives high resolution experimental data in both time and space. The experimental results indicate that the duct-type spacer grid is less effective in canceling the lift force effect than the egg-crate type spacer tested earlier.

Defining the keyhole modes – the effects on the weld geometry and the molten pool behaviour in high power laser welding of stainless steels

Keyhole welding, meaning that the laser beam forms a vapour cavity inside the steel, is one of the two types of laser welding processes and currently it is used in few industrial applications. Modern high power solid state lasers are becoming more used generally, but not all process fundamentals and phenomena of the process are well known and understanding of these helps to improve quality of final products. This study concentrates on the process fundamentals and the behaviour of the keyhole welding process by the means of real time high speed x-ray videography. One of the problem areas in laser welding has been mixing of the filler wire into the weld; the phenomena are explained and also one possible solution for this problem is presented in this study. The argument of this thesis is that the keyhole laser welding process has three keyhole modes that behave differently. These modes are trap, cylinder and kaleidoscope. Two of these have sub-modes, in which the keyhole behaves similarly but the molten pool changes behaviour and geometry of the resulting weld is different. X-ray videography was used to visualize the actual keyhole side view profile during the welding process. Several methods were applied to analyse and compile high speed x-ray video data to achieve a clearer image of the keyhole side view. Averaging was used to measure the keyhole side view outline, which was used to reconstruct a 3D-model of the actual keyhole. This 3D-model was taken as basis for calculation of the vapour volume inside of the keyhole for each laser parameter combination and joint geometry. Four different joint geometries were tested, partial penetration bead on plate and I-butt joint and full penetration bead on plate and I-butt joint. The comparison was performed with selected pairs and also compared all combinations together.

Unequal Teeth Widths for Torque Ripple Reduction in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines With Fractional-Slot Non-Overlapping Windings

Permanent magnet synchronous machines with fractional-slot non-overlapping windings (FSPMSM), also known as tooth-coil winding permanent magnet synchronous machines (TCW PMSM), have been under intensive research during the latest decade. There are many optimization routines explained and implemented in the literature in order to improve the characteristics of this machine type. This paper introduces a new technique for torque ripple minimization in TCW PMSM. The source of torque harmonics is also described. The low order torque harmonics can be harmful for a variety of applications, such as direct drive wind generators, direct drive light vehicle electrical motors, and for some high precision servo applications. The reduction of the torque ripple harmonics with the lowest orders (6th and 12th) is realized by machine geometry optimization technique using finite element analysis (FEA). The presented optimization technique includes the stator geometry adjustment in TCW PMSMs with rotor surface permanent magnets and with rotor embedded permanent magnets. Influence of the permanent magnet skewing on the torque ripple reduction and cogging torque elimination was also investigated. It was implemented separately and together with the stator optimization technique. As a result, the reduction of some torque ripple harmonics was attained.

[Topografičeskaâ karta 1:42000]. XV-51, XV-52, XIV-51, XIV-52, Vyborgsk. gub., Âskis" uězda / snimal" Nikandrov" i rekognoscir. Bykov", čertil" Kremp".

[1:42000].

[Topografičeskaâ karta 1:42000]. XI-51, XI-52, X-51, X-52, Vyborg. gub., Èurâpâ uĕzd.

1:42000.

[Topografičeskaâ karta 1:42000]. IX-51, IX-52, VIII-51, VIII-52, Vyb. gub., Strandsk. i Èurâp. uĕzd. / snimali S̆estakov" i Habarov" ; c̆ertil" S̆...kov".

[1:42000].

[Topografičeskaâ karta 1:42000]. VII-51, VII-52, VI-51, VI-52, Vyb. gub., Strandsk. uĕzd.

1:42000.

[Topografičeskaâ karta 1:42000]. XIII-51, XIII-52, XII-51, XII-52, Vyborg. gub., Âskis" uězd / snimal" i c̆ertil" Gûbìev".

1:42000.

Meditationes sanctarum epistolarum 51

Variantti A.