The power of taxation under the indian constitution

The Power Of Taxation Under The lndian Constitution, the subject of the present thesis has a wide ambit covering the entire federal field end deep constitutional significance traversing many of the principles like pith and substance, colourability, severebility etc. However, considerations of time, space and areas already investigated have indicated that the present study may be confined to the fundamental constitutional limitations end the federal problem. Thus the effect of fundamental rights, the commerce clause, immunity of instrumentalitis and the principle limiting the power of legislative delegation on the power of taxation has been studied. The distribution of taxes between the Union and units of the Indian federation leans so much over to the former and that part of this study has been directed to discover what devices can help the units to gain economic viability

The Right to Water in the Case-Law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights

The human right to water is nowadays more broadly recognised, mainly due to the essential societal function that this resource plays; likewise, because of the present water scarcity is generating conflicts between its different uses. Thus, this right aims at protecting human beings by guaranteeing access to clean water that is essential to satisfy vital human needs. Similarly, access to clean water is an important element to guarantee other rights including the right to life and health. The recognition of the right to water is mainly achieved in two ways: as a new and independent right and as a subordinate or derivative right. Concerning the latter, the right to water can emanate from civil and political rights, such as the right to life; or can be derived from economic, social and cultural rights, including the right to health, the right to an adequate standard of living, and the right to housing. This contribution explores the position of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights regarding the right to water, and analyses whether the Court has recognised the right to water and, if so, in which manner.

Some elements for the construction of a definition of human rights

This article seeks to demystify the foundations of rights. It looks at the search for some systemic differentiation. It emphasizes effectiveness, legitimacy, the importance of convention and of political participation as common elements of the different theoretical approaches to human rights. By analysing these elements it is possible to build the term “human rights” as a concept capable of being measured accurately by studying the effectiveness of legal rules as applied to human rights in specific contexts.

El derecho a la educación como derecho social fundamental en sus tres dimensiones: educación primaria, secundaria y superior

En este artículo, se plantea el problema de si puede considerarse a la educación como un derechofundamental. Se analizan las implicaciones que ha tenido su no inclusión como tal derechoen la Constitución en el capítulo de los derechos fundamentales. Se estudian dos grandes tradicionessobre los derechos fundamentales: el neoliberalismo afirma que los derechos fundamentalesson únicamente los derechos liberales civiles y políticos. Y el liberalismo social concibe quelos derechos fundamentales son, además de los derechos liberales civiles y políticos, los económicosy sociales. En la parte final, se hace una reconstrucción del desarrollo del derechoa la educación en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Constitucional; termina con unas críticas alproyecto de reforma de la educación superior y unas sugerencias con miras a proponer a laeducación como un derecho fundamental.

Social participation and protagonism: Reflections fron the Conference of the Rights of Children’s and adolescent in Brazil

This paper examines the children and young people's participation and protagonism rights based on the Conferences on Children and Adolescents Rights' experience in Brazil, based on childhood sociology. Conferences' documents were consulted on the Brazilian government websites. These study findings revealed that young people's participation has increased in the last conferences. However, it is necessary to promote a systematic and genuine participation through democratic relations construction in all development contexts where childrenand adolescent live in order to modify their life and society participative practices.

A construção da União Europeia : um olhar sobre a dimensão social do projeto

O Tratado de Roma de 1957 priorizou o setor económico em detrimento do social. Em consequência, cada Estado-membro manteve o seu modelo de assistência social e , deste modo, a diversidade de Estados-providência. Mais tarde, o princípio da subsidariedade legitimou-os no contexto do processo de construção da Comunidade Económica/União Europeia e, por consequinte, a coexistência dos mesmos, particularmente os submodelos de assistência social escandinavo, anglo-saxónico, continental e dos países da Europa do sul. Hoje, graças ao Ato Único Europeu e ao Tratado de Amesterdão de 1997, foi adotada por todos os Estados-membros a Carta dos Direitos Sociais Fundamentais no Conselho de Estrasburgo de 1989, assim como valorizada a dimensão social e o incentivo à negociação coletiva entre parceiros, respetivamente. Assim, sendo, e na sequência do exposto anteriormente, constata-se, nessa nova EUropa em transformação permanente, a emergência de um novo modelo de Estado-providência, centrado essencialmente na compilação, complementariedade e/ou «fusão» do que existe de melhor no conjunto dos quatro submodelos existentes, de acordo com o princípio da unidade a partir da diversidade.

Compensatory signal processing for profoundly hearing-impaired listeners: the transmission of fundamental frequency

This paper reviews a study to determine the usefulness of signal processing along with lipreading in improving speech perception of profoundly hearing impaired persons.

On defining base units in terms of fundamental constants

The definitions of the base units of the international system of units have been revised many times since the idea of such an international system was first conceived at the time of the French revolution. The objective today is to define all our units in terms of 'invariants of nature', i.e. by referencing our units to the fundamental constants of physics, or the properties of atoms, rather than the characteristics of our planet or of artefacts. This situation is reviewed, particularly in regard to finding a new definition of the kilogram to replace its present definition in terms of a prototype material artefact.

Exploring the feasibility of farmers' rights

In many developing countries, there is concern that a conventional system of plant breeders' rights provides no rewards to farmers for their role in the conservation and enhancement of agro-biodiversity. To redress this imbalance, developing countries are incorporating farmers' rights provisions in their plant variety protection legislation. This article examines the feasibility of farmers' rights provisions based on intellectual property rights. It argues that the farmers' rights provisions crafted by some developing countries will involve enormous operational difficulties, while IPR-based farmers' rights are unlikely to provide significant economic returns to farmers or farming communities. At the same time, farmers' rights provisions, as currently conceived, are likely significantly to dilute the incentives for innovation provided to institutional plant breeders.

On defining base units in terms of fundamental constants

The definitions of the base units of the international system of units have been revised many times since the idea of such an international system was first conceived at the time of the French revolution. The objective today is to define all our units in terms of 'invariants of nature', i.e. by referencing our units to the fundamental constants of physics, or the properties of atoms, rather than the characteristics of our planet or of artefacts. This situation is reviewed, particularly in regard to finding a new definition of the kilogram to replace its present definition in terms of a prototype material artefact.