Desenvolvimento de um painel sanduíche com carga de particulado oriundo de resíduo lignocelulósico para aplicação em produtos na área de equipamentos de proteção

This work aims to study and investigate the use of a hybrid composite polymer formed with blanket aramid (Kevlar 29) fiber blanket flax fiber and particulate dry endocarp of coconut (Cocos nucifera Linn), using as matrix an epoxy resin based thermoset for use in areas of protective equipment. Besides such material is used an aluminum plate, joined to the composite by means of glue based on epoxy and araldite commercial. The manufacturing process adopted was manual lamination (Hand Lay Up) to manufacture the hybrid composite. After the composite is prepared, an aluminum plate is subjected to pressure and glued to cure the adhesive. Layers of veil will also be used to separate the particulate from the linen blanket layer without disturbing the alignment of the fibers of the blankets. To characterize the mechanical and physical behavior was manufactured a plate of 800 x 600 mm of the hybrid composite, which were removed specimens for tests of water absorption to saturation; density; impact test (Charpy) and two test specimens for ballistic testing 220 mm x 200 mm to make a comparative study between the dry state and saturated water absorption and thus see the ballistic performance of these two conditions. The test was applied to make a comparative study of fracture in these two conditions, caused by penetrating ballistic missile (38 and 380). To test the impact (Charpy) will analyze the absorbed energy, fracture appearance and lateral contraction, also in dry condition and saturation of absorbed water, thereby analyzing situations where the impact load is relevant, such as bumps and shocks produced by stone, metal or wooden bars among others. The proposed configuration, along with the tests, has the purpose, application in the fields of equipment against ballistic impact, such as helmets; bullet proof vests; shields; protective packaging and other items to be identified in this research.

Sistema de carga bidirecional para veículo elétrico

As preocupações com o elevado consumo de combustíveis fósseis e a crescente poluição atmosférica conduziram ao desenvolvimento dos veículos elétricos e dos veículos elétricos híbridos. O crescimento do parque automóvel elétrico levou à necessidade de considerar a sua integração na rede eléctrica, ao nível dos impactos estimados, mas também na sua potencial contribuição para uma gestão inteligente do sistema, funcionando como um buffer da energia produzida, permitindo desacoplar a produção do consumo, e assim melhor a eficiência global. Neste trabalho foi efetuado um estudo relacionado com a ligação bidirecional entre os veículos eléctricos e a rede eléctrica que permitirá o uso das baterias instaladas nos veículos participar nesse apoio à rede, debruçando-se primeiramente sobre o desenvolvimento das baterias que permanecem como elos mais fracos. Utilizando diferentes ferramentas de simulação e de análise de resultados foi depois efetuado um estudo sobre dois sistemas alternativos capazes de implementar o conceito V2G respeitando as restrições do ponto de vista normativo. Os resultados obtidos a partir de uma simulação coordenada entre os programas Simulink/Matlab e PSIM permitiram demostram o bom funcionamento dos 2 sistemas propostos, permitindo ficar com a convicção que o conversor multinível será capaz de proporcionar os resultados desejados com um menor tempo de resposta.

Controladores repetitivos aplicados a filtros ativos de potência sob variações de carga e de frequência da rede

This work presents the development and modification of techniques to reduce the effects of load variation and mains frequency deviation in repetitive controllers applied to active power filters. To minimize the effects of aperiodic signals resulting from the connection or disconnection of non-linear loads is developed a technique which recognizes linear and nonlinear loads, and operates to reset the controller only when the error due to the transition of considerable value, and the transition is from non-linear to linear load. An algorithm to adapt the gain of the repetitive controller, based on a sigmoid function adaptation, in order to minimize the effects caused by random noise in the measurement system is also used. This work also analyzes the effects of frequency variation and presents the main methods to cope with this situation. Some solutions are the change in the number of samples per period and the variation of the sampling rate. The first has the advantage of using linear design techniques and results in a time invariant system. The second method changes the sampling frequency and leads to a time variant system that demands a difficult analysis of stability. The proposed algorithms were tested using the methods of truncation of the number of samples and the method of changing the sampling rate of the system to compensate possible frequency variations of the grid. Experimental results are presented to validate the proposal.

Eutrofização e capacidade de carga de fósforo de seis reservatórios a bacia do Rio Seridó, região semi-árida do Estado do RN

The eutrofization is a natural process of accumulation of nutrients in aquatic´s body that it has been accelerated for the human´s actives, mainly the related with the activities of camp, industrial and the inadequate disposition of the domestic sewage. The enrichment of the aquatic´s body with nutrients, mainly the nitrogen and the phosphorus, and the consequent proliferation of algae and Cyanobacteria can commit the quality of the water for the public provisioning, for the fish farming and for other ends. The problem becomes more critical when there is a shortage of water naturally as in the semi-arid area of the Brazilian northeast. Before that problem this work had as objective evaluates the trophic state of six reservoirs of the basin of River Seridó of Rio Grande of Norte and also estimate the capacity of load of match of the reservoir and risk probabilities based on the established limits by the resolution Conama 357/05. The results demonstrate that the six reservoirs are eutrofization, with concentration of total phosphorus and cloro a in the water upster to 50 e 12 μg l-1. The results show that space homogeneity exists in the state trophic of the reservoirs, but a significant variation interanual in function of the increase of the concentrations of nutrients and decrease of the transparency of the water with the reduction of the body of water accumulated in the reservoirs.The results of the simulation risk estocastic show that the reservoirs could receive annually from 72 to 216 Kg of P, assuming a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 30 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total match in the water of these reservoirs. This load could be high in until 360 kg of P a year in case the managers assume a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 50 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total phosphorus in the waters of these reservoirs

Avaliação biomecânica de prótese de joelho sob influência de carga assimétrica

O trabalho foca-se no estudo biomecânico de próteses do joelho. Através de modelos computacionais pretendeu-se obter o melhor desempenho da prótese, variando as geometrias e os materiais. Os modelos foram submetidos à compressão com carga assimétrica para avaliação do comportamento da prótese e zonas de maior desgaste ósseo.

Avaliação biomecânica de prótese do joelho sob influência de carga

A artroplastia é a solução para diversos problemas que destabilizam a articulação do joelho. Os profissionais de saúde tem ao seu dispor várias próteses, variando essencialmente a geometria e o material. O trabalho foca-se no estudo biomecânico de próteses do joelho. Através de um modelo aproximado pretendeu-se obter o melhor desempenho de uma prótese, variando geometrias e materiais. O modelo biomecânico foi submetido a um carregamento à compressão permitindo avaliar as zonas de maior desgaste ósseo.

Análise da produção de carga líquida e sólida na bacia do ribeirão do Gama- DF através do modelo SWAT

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de Geografia, 2016.

Análise da carga polínica de Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em três tipos de meloeiro na região de Mossoró-RN.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi coletar espécimes de Apis melífera em três tipos de meloeiro em diferentes horários, buscando identificar os horários de coleta de pólen.

Estudo da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo De drenagem gravitacional assistida por vapor (SAGD)

The oil companies in the area in general are looking for new technologies that can increase the recovery factor of oil contained in reservoirs. These investments are mainly aimed at reducing the costs of projects which are high. Steam injection is one of these special methods of recovery in which steam is injected into the reservoir in order to reduce the viscosity of the oil and make it more mobile. The process assisted gravity drainage steam (SAGD) using steam injection in its mechanism, as well as two parallel horizontal wells. In this process steam is injected through the horizontal injection well, then a vapor chamber is formed by heating the oil in the reservoir and, by the action of gravitational forces, this oil is drained down to where the production well. This study aims to analyze the influence of pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the SAGD process. Numerical simulations were performed using the thermal simulator STARS of CMG (Computer Modeling Group). The parameters studied were the thermal conductivity of the formation, the flow of steam injection, the inner diameter of the column, the steam quality and temperature. A factorial design was used to verify the influence of the parameters studied in the recovery factor. We also analyzed different injection flow rates for the model with pressure drop and no pressure drop, as well as different maximum flow rates of oil production. Finally, we performed an economic analysis of the two models in order to check the profitability of the projects studied. The results showed that the pressure drop in injection well have a significant influence on the SAGD process.

Efeito da perda de carga e calor no poço injetor no processo de drenagem gravitacional assistido com vapor e solvente

Nowadays, most of the hydrocarbon reserves in the world are in the form of heavy oil, ultra - heavy or bitumen. For the extraction and production of this resource is required to implement new technologies. One of the promising processes for the recovery of this oil is the Expanding Solvent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (ES-SAGD) which uses two parallel horizontal wells, where the injection well is situated vertically above the production well. The completion of the process occurs upon injection of a hydrocarbon additive at low concentration in conjunction with steam. The steam adds heat to reduce the viscosity of the oil and solvent aids in reducing the interfacial tension between oil/ solvent. The main force acting in this process is the gravitational and the heat transfer takes place by conduction, convection and latent heat of steam. In this study was used the discretized wellbore model, where the well is discretized in the same way that the reservoir and each section of the well treated as a block of grid, with interblock connection with the reservoir. This study aims to analyze the influence of the pressure drop and heat along the injection well in the ES-SAGD process. The model used for the study is a homogeneous reservoir, semi synthetic with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast and numerical simulations were performed using the STARS thermal simulator from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The operational parameters analyzed were: percentage of solvent injected, the flow of steam injection, vertical distance between the wells and steam quality. All of them were significant in oil recovery factor positively influencing this. The results showed that, for all cases analyzed, the model considers the pressure drop has cumulative production of oil below its respective model that disregards such loss. This difference is more pronounced the lower the value of the flow of steam injection

Eutrofização e capacidade de carga de fósforo de seis reservatórios a bacia do Rio Seridó, região semi-árida do Estado do RN

The eutrofization is a natural process of accumulation of nutrients in aquatic´s body that it has been accelerated for the human´s actives, mainly the related with the activities of camp, industrial and the inadequate disposition of the domestic sewage. The enrichment of the aquatic´s body with nutrients, mainly the nitrogen and the phosphorus, and the consequent proliferation of algae and Cyanobacteria can commit the quality of the water for the public provisioning, for the fish farming and for other ends. The problem becomes more critical when there is a shortage of water naturally as in the semi-arid area of the Brazilian northeast. Before that problem this work had as objective evaluates the trophic state of six reservoirs of the basin of River Seridó of Rio Grande of Norte and also estimate the capacity of load of match of the reservoir and risk probabilities based on the established limits by the resolution Conama 357/05. The results demonstrate that the six reservoirs are eutrofization, with concentration of total phosphorus and cloro a in the water upster to 50 e 12 μg l-1. The results show that space homogeneity exists in the state trophic of the reservoirs, but a significant variation interanual in function of the increase of the concentrations of nutrients and decrease of the transparency of the water with the reduction of the body of water accumulated in the reservoirs.The results of the simulation risk estocastic show that the reservoirs could receive annually from 72 to 216 Kg of P, assuming a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 30 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total match in the water of these reservoirs. This load could be high in until 360 kg of P a year in case the managers assume a risk of 10% of increasing in more than 50 μg l-1 the annual medium concentrations of total phosphorus in the waters of these reservoirs

Manejo da carga de frutos de macieira da cultivar Gala através da poda de precisão.

A poda de precisão para manejar a carga de frutos é um conceito que visa determinar o número de frutos suficiente para obter uma boa produção, objetivando frutos de melhor qualidade e maior massa e tamanho. Além disso, a poda de precisão objetiva reduzir o tempo dispendido com o raleio de frutos. Este processo engloba três etapas: realização da poda de precisão para deixar uma carga de gemas predefinida na planta; raleio químico para reduzir o número inicial de flores; raleio manual para ajustar o número de frutos ao estimado para a colheita. Reduzindo o número de gemas floríferas da planta precocemente, através da poda, pode-se reduzir a competição entre flor e fruto resultando em maior disponibilidade de fotoassimilados para os frutos remanescentes, com tamanho e qualidade. Para determinar o número apropriado de gemas por planta deve-se levar em consideração a produção e a massa média dos frutos desejadas. É importante trabalhar com um número maior de gemas floríferas do que o necessário, já que podem ocorrer fatores naturais que impossibilitam a formação da gema, como geada, má polinização e pouca viabilidade de flor. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo implementar o sistema de poda de precisão na cultivar Gala, em pomar comercial no município de Vacaria, RS.

Comparación de zeranol tixotrópico1% vs zeranol 1% más ivermectina 3.15%, y sus efectos sobre la ganancia media diaria y carga parasitaria en terneros de la raza Reyna, finca Santa Rosa, Managua

El propósito del presente trabajo fue comparar el efecto de Zeranol tixotrópico 1% y Zeranol + ivermectina 3.15% sobre la ganancia de peso y carga parasitaria en terneros de la raza Reyna. Se utilizaron 21 terneros con peso de 86.3 ± 0.8 kg y edad de 12.24 ± 2.0 m, agrupados en un diseño completamente al azar (DCA), distribuidos en tres tratamientos T1: Ivermectina, T2: Zeranol tixotrópico 1%, T3: Zeranol + ivermectina 3.15% con 7 repeticiones por tratamiento. Las variables productivas estudiadas fueron: Ganancia media diaria (GMD), Peso final (PF), Ganancia total de peso (GTP); y medidas zoométricas: Perímetro toráxico (PT), Perímetro abdominal (PA), altura a la cruz (AC) y longitud corporal (LC). Los datos fueron analizados por PROC: GLM del paquete estadístico SAS® Ver. 9.1.2. y la comparación de medias por la prueba de Tuckey. Los resultados demuestran que el T1 obtuvo una GMD de 277.95 g, superando a T2 y T3 (222.83g y 265.53g, respectivamente); el T1 obtuvo mayor peso final que el T2 (112.7 kg vs 104.80 kg), pero fue ligeramente superior al T3 (112.7 kg vs 112.00 kg); para GTP el T1 (25.57 kg) y T3 (24.43 kg) fueron superiores al T2 (20.50 kg). Respecto a las medidas zoométricas PT, PA, AC, LC, los mayores valores fueron para el T1 seguido del T3 y T2. Para control de cargas parasitarias, el T3 fue efectivo para Trichuris y Strongylus, el T1 ejerció mejor control para Trichuris, en cambio el T2 fue el de menor control. El análisis financiero favorece al tratamiento T1 por ser de menor costo, sin embargo el T3 manifestó mejor comportamiento en la ganancia de peso a lo largo del estudio, por lo cual este puede ser utilizado a pesar de tener un mayor costo en relación al T1.

Estimación de la capacidad de carga turística de la Reserva Natural Volcán Mombacho, Granada, Nicaragua

Este estudio identifica los principales factores que inciden en la determinación de la CCT de los senderos El Cráter, El Puma y El Cafetal de la Reserva Natural Volcán Mombacho. La Capacidad de carga turística se consideró tal y como propone Cifuentes en su metodología, en tres niveles: Capacidad de Carga Física (CCF), Capacidad de Carga Real (CCR) y Capacidad de Carga Efectiva (CCE) (Cifuentes, M. 1999). Se estimó la Capacidad de Manejo (CM) de la RNVM, en 74.24%, obteniendo en el sendero El Cráter una CCE de 442 visitas/día, en el sendero El Puma de 93 visitas/día, y en el sendero El Cafetal de 753 visitas/día. Si se lograse un incremento de la CM en un 80%; el sendero El Cráter in crementaría su CCE a 476 visitas/día; el sendero El Puma a 101 visitas/día; y el sendero El Cafetal a 811 visitas/día. Este escenario está calculado para visitantes con propósitos eco turísticos. Debido a que las visitas de estudiantes de colegio, muestran un comportamiento diferente, se realizó el cálculo considerando dichos elementos en los factores de corrección para los Sendero El Cráter y El Cafetal (El Puma no es frecuentado por estudiantes de colegio). La CCE para estudiantes en el sendero El Cráter fue de 236 visitas/día, con una CM del 74.24%, y para un escenario del 80% de CM se calcula en 255 visitas/día; para el sendero El Cafetal se calculó en 403 visitas/día a un 74.24% de CM y 434 visitas/día a una CM del 80%. Las visitas máximas reportadas para el año 2003 fueron en los meses de Enero y Junio, con 298 y 305 visitas/día; en el año 2002 se reportan los meses de Marzo y Mayo con 366 y 298 visitas/día; la visitación al Sendero El Cráter no excede aún la CCE calculada, no así si los visitantes fueran estudian tes de colegio. Si la tendencia de la visitación continua incrementándose con los años, se requerirá que la administración de la RNVM restringa el número de visitas en los períodos picos de las mismas.

La excesiva carga burocrática genera informalidad laboral

El principal factor que condiciona a la recomposición social en Argentina es la informalidad laboral. Entre los determinantes de este fenómeno se encuentran las complejidades administrativas que surgen de las regulaciones impositivas, laborales y de la seguridad social. Los datos disponibles indican que Argentina es uno de los países en los que le resulta más difícil a las empresas cumplir con los requerimientos legales y administrativos que impone el Estado. A partir de estas evidencias, en este número de Empleo y Desarrollo se propone que para disminuir la informalidad resulta imprescindible avanzar hacia un entorno regulatorio e impositivo más simple y “amigable” para las pequeñas empresas