Comparación del efecto del manejo convencional versus manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) sobre la entomofauna, crecimiento, rendimiento y rentabilidad del cultivo del maíz (Zea mayz L)

El presente estudio se realizó en la finca el plantel propiedad de la universidad nacional agraria, está ubicada en el km.30 carretera Tipitapa- Masaya en junio del 2014. El estudio consistió en la. Comparación del efecto de manejo convencional versus manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas (BPA) sobre la entomofauna, desarrollo, rendimiento, rentabilidad del cultivo de maíz(Zea mayz L). Los tratamientos a evaluar fueron manejo convencional y manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas. Se realizaron muestreos dos veces por semana iniciando de la segunda semana después de la germinación, donde se seleccionaron cinco puntos para un total de 50 plantas muestreadas para cada uno de los sistemas de manejo, se contabilizaba el número de larvas por plantas encontrados y el % de plantas dañadas por el gusano cogollero (Spodoptera frugiperda Smith).También se identificaron 31 familias y 11 órdenes de insectos en el manejo con (BPA) y 26 familias y 9 órdenes en el manejo convencional. Las larvas por plantas de gusano cogollero y su daño al cultivo de maíz se presentó más en el sistema de manejo convencional con un 84 % de daño a los 35 dds, también se encontró un nivel alto poblacional de larvas de cogollero a los 65 dds, mientras que en manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas el % de plantas dañadas y el porcentaje de plantas con larva de gusano cogollero fue menor. Según los resultados obtenidos de los dos tratamientos en estudio sobre las variables agronómicas, altura, área foliar, numero de hojas y diámetro del tallo, indican que no se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ellas, pero que sí se mostró que en el manejo convencional las plantas tendieron a crecer un poco más que el sistema de manejo de (BPA). Con respecto al rendimiento el tratamiento que presentó el mejor rendimiento fue el sistema de manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas con 6,134. 40 kg/h, y con un menor rendimiento el tratamiento de manejo convencional con 3,855.28 kg/h. logrando obtener un beneficio neto mayor en el sistema de manejo con buenas prácticas agrícolas, $ 1,285.86.

Preliminary studies on food and feeding habits of Polypterus endlicheri and Polypterus senegalus in Lake Chad

The food and feeding habits of Polyprerus cncllicheri and Polypterus senegalus was carried out in the months of September to October. The food of 33 Polypierus endlicheri as observed include Tilapia species (89.3%), Eutropius niloticus (28.6%), Mayfly nymph (39.3%), Dragon fly larva (56.6%) fish remains (21.4%) and detritus (7.1%). The food of27 Polypterus senegalus as observed include Tilapia sp (88.4%), Eutropius niloticus (27.9%), may fly nymph (23.3%), Dragonfly nymph (34.9%) remains (21.1%) detritus (23.3%). (9 page document) The percentage occurrence of food item found in the stomach of Polypterus endlieheri is 93.3% while that of Polyprerus senegalus is 67.4%. The dominance of Tilapia sp was establish in the study, and there is no significant difference between the feeding habit of Polypterus endlicheri and Polyprerus senegalus.

Identification of larval sea basses (Centropristis spp.) using ribosomal DNA-specific molecular assays

The identification of sea bass (Centropristis) larvae to species is difficult because of similar morphological characters, spawning times, and overlapping species ranges. Black sea bass (Centropristis striata) is an important fishery species and is currently considered to be overfished south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. We describe methods for identifying three species of sea bass larvae using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assays based on species-specific amplification of rDNA internal transcribed spacer regions. The assays were tested against DNA of ten other co-occurring reef fish species to ensure the assay's specificity. Centropristis larvae were collected on three cruises during cross-shelf transects and were used to validate the assays. Seventy-six Centropristis larva were assayed and 69 (91%) were identified successfully. DNA was not amplified from 5% of the larvae and identification was inconclusive for 3% of the larvae. Those assays can be used to identify sea bass eggs and larvae and will help to assess spawning locations, spawning times, and larval dispersal.

Chronica do muito alto, e muito esclarecido Principe D. Affonso Henriques Primeiro Rey de Portugal composta por Duarte Galvão, Fidalgo da Casa Real, e Chronista Mor do Reyno, Fielmente Copiada do seu Original, Que Se Conserva no Archivo Real da Torre do Tombo; offerecida a magestade sempre augusta delrey D. João V. nosso senhor por Miguel Lopes Ferreyra

Duarte Galvão nasceu em Évora, por volta de 1445, e morreu na Ilha de Camarão, em 1517. Alguns biógrafos atribuem-lhe o cargo de cronista-mor do reino, nomeado por D. Afonso V. Foi secretário de D. João II e embaixador de D. Manuel I junto ao Papa Alexandre VI, ao Imperador Maximiliano I, e ao Rei Luís XII, de França. Embora preparada na segunda metade do século XV, Chronica del muito alto... conservou-se em forma de manuscrito até 1726, quando foi impressa pela primeira vez. Pertence à Chronica geral del reyno e foi elaborada por ordem de D. Manuel, para completar a sequencia das crônicas reais. O exemplar que a Biblioteca da Câmara possui traz os capítulos XXI e XXII, XXIII e XXIV, cortados pela Inquisição, na edição de 1726. É considerado, por isso, não só um exemplar raro, mas raríssimo, a julgar pelo testemunho do Cavalheiro Francisco Xavier de Oliveira, que afirma, em artigo publicado no “Popular”, impresso em Londres, no ano de 1825, haver apenas dois exemplares desta edição em que figuram os citados capítulos.

Historia das lutas com os hollandezes no Brazil : desde 1624 a 1654

Blake, Sacramento. Diccionario bibliographico brazileiro. Rio de Janeiro: Typ. Nacional, 1883-1902.v. 2, p. 377

Distribution and abundance of ichthyoplankton in Florida Bay

Ichthyoplankton was sampled at 14 stations with 60 cm bongo nets fitted with 0.333 mm mesh in basins throughout Florida Bay in 1994-1995. In addition, I compared collections made using an epibenthic sled to those made with standard ichthyoplankton bongo nets at four stations during July 1997-November,1999 to determine ifthe two types of gear are complementary. In 1994-1995, in descending order of abundance, Clupeiformes, Gobiidae, Callionymidae, Sciaenidae, Labrisomidae, Soleidae and Blenniidae dominated the ichthyoplankton. Densities of clupeiforms were generally very high (> 100 larvae 100 m-3) or high (10.0 - 99.9 larvae 100 m-3). Gobiid larvae were ubiquitous with highest densities occurring in waters in close proximity to the Gulf of Mexico (109.7 larvae 100 m-3), lowest in two ofthree eastern Florida Bay stations (<1.0 larva 100 m-3). Spotted seatrout, Cynoscion nebulosus, dominated larval sciaenid collections and the only other sciaenid identified to species was the sand seatrout, Cynoscion arenarius. Taxa differed markedly between collections taken by epibenthic sled and standard ichthyoplankton bongo nets. Taxa collected with standard ichthyoplankton gear were those that spawn in Florida Bay and have pelagic larvae (i.e., engraulids and gobiids). Taxa collected with the sled were small resident species that have benthic larvae (i.e., syngnathids and cyprinodonts) or taxa that spawn outside the bay, but use the bay as a nursery area (i.e., gerreids and haemulids). Recently-settled red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus, were collected with the epibenthic sled in November 1999, although juveniles of this important gamefish are rare in the bay.

The Effects of Salinity, Temperature, and Food on the Growth and Reproductive Output of Polydora nuchalis Woodick, 1953

Polydora nuchalis Woodwick, 1953 (Polychaeta: Spionidae) is a protandric hermaphrodite commonly inhabiting intertidal mud flats in southern California. The species exhibits lecithotrophic larval development and adelphophagia. Reproduction of P. nuchalis was monitored for a year at four sites: Catalina Harbor, San Gabriel River, Huntington Harbour, and Malibu Lagoon. Females deposited from 11 to 31 egg capsules in their tubes, with up to 230 eggs per capsule. An average of 3% of the eggs developed into larvae: the remaining were nurse eggs serving as food for the developing larvae. Reproductive output was quantified by determining the number and size of larvae and nurse eggs for individual capsules. Significant differences among the four populations were found for all the quantified variables. In addition, two size classes of nurse eggs were found to exist in capsules from all of the sites. Egg capsules were found throughout the year at San Gabriel River, but none were found during the winter months at the remaining three sites. Size/frequency data for juveniles and adults of the Catalina Harbor population indicate an annual cycle of recruitment. The laboratory experiment consisted of a 3 x 3 x 2 £actor1al design with replication testing the effects of temperature, salinity, and food supply on growth and reproduction of P. nuchalis. Increasing temperature resulted in significantly increased survivorship, growth rates, and percentage reproduction. It also produced a significant decrease in the size of the nurse eggs and the volume of food per larva. The number of egg capsules was maximum at the intermediate temperature. Increasing the salinity resulted in significant increases in survivorship and Class I nurse egg size. Increaaing food availability produced a significant increase in the percentage of worms reproducing. The interactive effect of salinity and £ood level produced significant changes in the number of larvae per capsule and the number of nurse eggs per capsule. However, the number of nurse eggs per larva did not differ significantly among the experimental treatment groups. (PDF contains 129 pages)

Embryonic development in Clarias gariepinus under laboratory conditions

The embryonic development in Clarias gariepinus was studied under laboratory conditions. The developmental stages of eggs starting from first cleavage were examined microscopically. Photomicroscope was used to take important stages of segmentation, blastulation, differentiation of embryo and hatching. The films of the photograph were developed and printed for each stage produced. The accurate timing and detailed description of each stage was done. The results show that the blastodisc (Polar cap) appeared about 35 minutes after fertilization and the first cleavage dividing the blastodisc into two blastomeres occurs 15 minutes after polar cap formation. Details of the developmental stages of embryos and the timing from one stage to the other were described. The larva shook off the shell and emerged completely from the egg case about 22 hours after fertilization at a water temperature of 25.1 degree C. The accurate determination of the time of initiation of first mitosis is of great importance in fish culture and breeding especially in the production of tetraploids

Embryogenesis of Heterobranchus longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840)

Studies on development of H. longifilis (Curvier and Valenciennes, 1840) were conducted at a temperature of 25EC ( 1Ec) in aquaria tanks continuous development were monitored with the use of wild Heerbrugy photomacroscope and length of yolk and larva were monitored using Stereo Olympus microscope with ocular micrometer. The division into animal and vegetal poles was observed 22 minutes after activation. The first cleavage occurred 65 minutes after activation while the second division which was perpendicular to the first line of division occurred 74 minutes after activation. This was quickly followed by the third and fourth cleavage at 80th and 82nd minutes after activation respectively. Morular stage was reached at 4 hours 20 minutes with formation of optic bud at 14 hours 35 minutes. (DBO) Developing embryo hatched after 27 hours of activation at a mean length of 6.63 and mean yolk length of 2.17. Yolk size decrease at an average rate of 38.5 % till the 5th day of total absorption. Growth of larvae proceeded faster in tail-anus region than in anus-snout portion of the body. The rate of yolk absorption and larva development (survival) as monitored in this work gives important information in Research and development programme for H. longifilis larva - an important aspect of Research development and implementation of appropriate technologies in small scale fisheries

The impact of varying nutrient regimes in earthen freshwater ponds on the comparative ecology of diurnally occurring candidate live feeds

The daytime composition and relative abundance of zooplankton species were studied in three treatments of two replicate earthen ponds each with nutrient sources and water replenishment regimes. Treatment -A (200m super(2) surface area supplied 900kgha super(-1) pig manure only). Treatment -B (200m super(2) surface area supplied 70kgha super(-1) month super(-1) pig manure, 50kgha super(-1) month super(-1) N.P.K. [15:15:15] and 30kgha super(-1) month super(-1) Urea) and Treatment-C (1500m2 surface area supplied 1150kgha super(-1) month super(-1) commercial grade 40% crude protein compounded feed). Water replenishment for Treatment A was daily tidal deluge from the New Calabar River while that for treatment B and C was from column-well and occasional rains. No zooplankton species were recovered from the pig-manure only treatment (A) while only Diffugia constricta and Difflugia urceolata were the two protozoans that occurred together in treatments B (combined fertilization) and C (compounded feed only) in contrast, Difflugia acuminate and three rotifers, Collurella uncinata, Diurella stylata and Keratella quadrata occurred only treatment B. similarly, Arcella arenaria, Arcella costata, Centropyxis aculeate, Difflugia pyriformis, Branchionus calyciflorus, Lepadella patella, Polyarthra trigla and Onchocanmptus mohammedi were recovered from treatment C. Arcella costata was the most abundant zooplankton in the entire experiment, while Arcella arenaria was very abundant in treatment C, Collurella uncinata was very abundant in treatment B. The inference is that combined fertilization of earthen freshwater ponds tend to be more suitable for the culture of rotifers such as Brachionus calyciflorus, popular in fish larva nursery, while those supplied compounded feed could be used to produce protozoans where desirable

Some abundant Tendipedid species (Diptera, Tendipedidae) of the Amu-Darya drainage basin. Acalcarella shilova, gen.n. only [Translation from: Ent.Obozr. 34 313-322, 1955]

This document is a partial translation of taxonomic notes on two Diptera species (Acalcarella Shilova, Acalcarrella nucus) which were abundant in a survey of Tendipedid species (Diptera, Tendipedidae) of the Amu Darya drainage basin. These taxonomic notes of the larva, pupa and adults include drawings of the Acalcarella nucus larva.

Controles da produção primária em um Córrego de Mata Atlântica

Esta dissertação consiste de dois capítulos, cada um correspondendo a um estudo realizado de modo independente. Em um córrego de Mata Atlântica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram estudados efeitos de herbívoros e de controles ambientais no perifíton. No primeiro trabalho foram testados os efeitos do camarão Potimirim glabra, um engenheiro do ecossistema, nos parâmetros metabólicos de comunidades perifíticas (Produção, Respiração, Metabolismo Líquido da Comunidade e razão Produção:Respiração). O tratamento de inclusão de Potimirim produziu resultados inversos aos esperados, com aumento da clorofila e massa seca das comunidades perifíticas, levantando dúvida com relação à eficácia dos tratamentos. Nenhuma das variáveis metabólicas esteve relacionada aos tratamentos. Considera-se que efeitos artefato da gaiola utilizada na inclusão dos camarões podem ter prejudicado o efeito esperado de remoção de material pelos camarões. Os resultados podem indicar, entretanto, que para o efeito de herbívoros os parâmetros clorofila e massa seca sejam mais sensíveis e variáveis que os metabólicos para as comunidades estudadas. São recomendados futuros trabalhos com metodologias que reduzam os efeitos artefato, tais como exclusão de herbívoros com cercas elétricas. No segundo trabalho, foram estudados os estoques, a distribuição e os controles da biomassa perifítica para o córrego. Entre os substratos estudados, a areia apresentou os maiores estoques, com 5 vezes mais clorofila e 20 vezes mais massa seca que os substratos pedra e folha. Diferenças entre trechos com diferentes densidades do camarão herbívoro Potimirim glabra revelaram para o substrato pedra menores valores de massa seca para os locais onde o camarão é mais numeroso. Entre as variáveis ambientais, apenas a profundidade esteve relacionada aos dados de biomassa nos substratos pedra e areia. A comparação dos dados deste estudo com trabalhos anteriores pode indicar que distúrbios provocados por enchentes podem alterar os estoques e os padrões de distribuição para este córrego.

Advantages of using crest nets to sample presettlement larvae of reef fishes in the Caribbean Sea

Identifying the spatial and temporal patterns of larval fish supply and settlement is a key step in understanding the connectivity of meta-populations (Sale et al., 2005). Because of the potentially dispersive nature of the pelagic larval phase of most reef fishes, tracking cohorts from hatching to settlement is extremely difficult (but see Jones et al., 1999). However, for many studies it is sufficient to sample larvae immediately before settlement. Many coral reef fish species use mangrove and seagrass beds as nursery habitats (Nagelkerken et al., 2001; Mumby et al., 2004) and larvae of these species must pass over the reef crest in order to arrive at their preferred settlement habitats. The ability to sample this new cohort of larval fishes provides opportunities for researchers to explore the intricacies of the transition from larva to juvenile (Searcy and Sponaugle, 2001). Quantifying the potential settlers also provides valuable information about the spatial and temporal supply of presettlement larvae (Victor, 1986). Therefore a number of larval sampling methods were developed, one of which is the use of crest nets (Dufour and Galzin, 1993).

Antibacterial marine bacterium deter luminous vibriosis in shrimp larvae

Inhibitory activity of a marine pigmented bacterium - Alteromonas sp. - isolated from Penaeus monodon Fabricius larva against pathogenic and environmental isolates of Vibrio harveyi was studied. All the isolates were inhibited to varying degrees by Alteromonas sp. in vitro. The antibacterial substance produced by the Alteromonas sp. was soluble in organic solvent and closely bound to the external surface of bacterial cells. The antibacterial Alteromonas sp., when allowed to colonize on shrimp larvae, suppressed the activity of V. harveyi M3 and reduced mortality of P. monodon larvae in vivo.

Soro-reatividade para hidatidose policística e análise sócio-epidemiológica em Sena Madureira, Acre - Brasil

Hidatidose policística é uma zoonose negligenciada causada pela larva do cestóide, Echinococcus vogeli, em habitantes de florestas úmidas da região neotropical. Caçar e alimentar cães com vísceras da caça são hábitos relatados nos indivíduos suspeitos ou com esta parasitose comprovada. O diagnóstico é baseado em dados clínicos, resultado de análise de imagens e detecção de anticorpos pelo teste de Immunoblot o que tem sido descrito para pacientes com a forma crônica da doença. Apenas nesta fase, os pacientes procuram por assistência médica. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a reatividade sorológica para hidatidose policística, caracterizar os aspectos epidemiológicos e avaliar a presença de enteroparasitoses nos indivíduos moradores de duas regiões de floresta em Sena Madureira (Acre). Os indivíduos concordaram em participar após apreciação do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Por meio de questionário foram obtidas informações sobre identificação, endereço, sexo, idade e hábitos de caça. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue em 125 habitantes da unidade de conservação (Floresta Estadual do Antimary) e outra unidade de não conservação ambiental em Sena Madureira, onde foram obtidas 207 amostras de sangue. Os soros foram processados pelo teste de Immunoblot para a pesquisa de IgG, nas diluições 1:100 e 1:10, no Serviço de Referência Nacional em Hidatidose-IOC-Fiocruz. Na Unidade de conservação, 39,2% dos indivíduos apresentaram sorologia positiva e 17,4% na outra área. Demonstrou-se que existe diferença significativa entre as áreas, embora a correlação seja baixa. A maioria dos indivíduos reativos em ambas as áreas apresentou as bandas de 40kDA e 28kDa. Nas duas áreas de estudo não houve diferença significativa na reatividade em relação a faixa etária. O hábito de caçar entre os reativos foi de 100% dos indivíduos praticantes da caça na Unidade de conservação e na Unidade de não conservação foi de 88,9% dos indivíduos. A presença de um a três cães foi predominante nas duas áreas. A prática da caça e a presença de cães não teve associação significativa com a reatividade sorológica em ambas as áreas. A ocupação dos indivíduos reativos nas duas regiões foi predominantemente agricultores e estudantes. Em relação ao exame parasitológico não foi encontrado nenhum parasito nos indivíduos reativos que pudesse ter reação cruzada no teste imunológico. Conclui-se que existe diferença de reatividade entre as áreas, sendo que a Unidade de conservação tem maior número de indivíduos reativos. Não foi verificada associação entre a reatividade, o gênero, a faixa etária, prática de caça e presença de cães. Os indivíduos reativos também possuíam enteroparasitoses, porém estas não estão relacionadas com a possível reação cruzada no teste de Immunoblot. A presença das bandas de 40kDa e 28kDa no teste de Immunoblot podem ser uma característica do perfil sorológico de indivíduos de área endêmica que já entraram em contato com o parasito.