A spatial modelling framework for assessing climate change impacts on freshwater ecosystems: Response of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) biomass to warming water temperature

Mountain regions worldwide are particularly sensitive to on-going climate change. Specifically in the Alps in Switzerland, the temperature has increased twice as fast than in the rest of the Northern hemisphere. Water temperature closely follows the annual air temperature cycle, severely impacting streams and freshwater ecosystems. In the last 20 years, brown trout (Salmo trutta L) catch has declined by approximately 40-50% in many rivers in Switzerland. Increasing water temperature has been suggested as one of the most likely cause of this decline. Temperature has a direct effect on trout population dynamics through developmental and disease control but can also indirectly impact dynamics via food-web interactions such as resource availability. We developed a spatially explicit modelling framework that allows spatial and temporal projections of trout biomass using the Aare river catchment as a model system, in order to assess the spatial and seasonal patterns of trout biomass variation. Given that biomass has a seasonal variation depending on trout life history stage, we developed seasonal biomass variation models for three periods of the year (Autumn-Winter, Spring and Summer). Because stream water temperature is a critical parameter for brown trout development, we first calibrated a model to predict water temperature as a function of air temperature to be able to further apply climate change scenarios. We then built a model of trout biomass variation by linking water temperature to trout biomass measurements collected by electro-fishing in 21 stations from 2009 to 2011. The different modelling components of our framework had overall a good predictive ability and we could show a seasonal effect of water temperature affecting trout biomass variation. Our statistical framework uses a minimum set of input variables that make it easily transferable to other study areas or fish species but could be improved by including effects of the biotic environment and the evolution of demographical parameters over time. However, our framework still remains informative to spatially highlight where potential changes of water temperature could affect trout biomass. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.-

Dr. Richard Brown

Dr. Brown, Professor of Philosophy, speaking with a student.

Bandleader Les Brown with Trustee Jack Duddy at the dedication of the Hutton Sports Center, Chapman College, Orange, California

Bandleader Les Brown with Trustee Jack Duddy at the dedication of the Hutton Sports Center, 219 E. Sycamore St., Chapman College, Orange, California, November 10, 1979. The Harold Hutton Sports Center, completed in 1978, is named in honor of this former trustee, and made possible by a gift from his wife, Betty Hutton Williams.

Welland Canal Survey of Lands Robert Brown, 1827

Survey map and description of Robert Brown's land created by The Welland Canal Company. Included is a two page written description of the land along with a drawing of the land. Noteable features include; line between Grantham and Louth townships, bed of the 12 mile creek. Surveyor notes are seen in pencil on the map, including notes about the deed to the land.

Welland Canal Survey of Lands Robert Brown 1827, land description #2

Survey map and description of Robert Brown's land created by The Welland Canal Company. Included is a two page written description of the land along with a drawing of the land. Noteable features include; line between Grantham and Louth townships, bed of the 12 mile creek. Surveyor notes are seen in pencil on the map, including notes about the deed to the land.

Welland Canal Survey of Lands John Brown, 1827

Survey map and description of John Brown's land created by The Welland Canal Company. Included is a written description of the land along with a drawing of the land. Noteable features include; Welland river, towpath, canal, lock, side line between Broan and Carl. The land totals 6 acres, 3 roads and 33 perches. The deed for the land is dated April 2, 1827. Surveyor notes are seen in pencil on the map.

Brown Bess Socket Mount Bayonet

This original Brown Bess socket mount bayonet is vintage War of 1812. It was purchased in the Niagara area and likely has a long local provenance.

Brown Bess Musket

This original Brown Bess musket is an East India Pattern musket (3rd model) as it has a 39 inch barrel, a brass side plate on the opposite side of the lock and has no tail to it. The tang on the butt plate is also short. The lock mechanism reveals that this musket has been converted to a percussion cap musket, which became popular in the 1820s. It was assembled at the Tower of London and is engraved with a crown, "GR" and an "X", on the top of the barrel. There is also a ".W. Reg.t" marking on the side of the barrel. This rare musket is typical of the muskets carried by British and Canadian soldiers during the War of 1812 and the Rebellion of 1837.

Letter - Julian Porter to R.A. Brown 12 July 1967

A letter from Mr. Julian Porter to R.A. Brown of Longmans Green Publishing Company. The letter indicates that Mr. Porter was introduced to Sean O'Sullivan during a political function. Mr. O'Sullivan mentioned that he had written a manuscript about Mr. J. Diefenbaker. Mr. Porter suggests that Longmans Green Publishing Company take interest in the manuscript. The company eventually rejects the book due to it being "so highly personal". The publishing company also remarks "I am personally most impressed with Mr. O'Sullivan's sincerity. I can't imagine anything will stop him from eventually going into politics."

Indenture of Land Sold by David Secord to George Shaw, Richard Woodruff, Timothy Street, Josiah Brown, Henry Pope

Indenture regarding land sold by David Secord of St. Davids to George Shaw, Richard Woodruff, Timothy Street and Josiah Brown, all of Niagara Township and Reverend Henry Pope of York. The land includes part of Lot no. 90 in the Township of Niagara. September 5, 1820.