Results of the IEA round robin on viscosity and stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oils

An international round robin study of the stability of fast pyrolysis bio-oil was undertaken. Fifteen laboratories in five different countries contributed. Two bio-oil samples were distributed to the laboratories for stability testing and further analysis. The stability test was defined in a method provided with the bio-oil samples. Viscosity measurement was a key input. The change in viscosity of a sealed sample of bio-oil held for 24 h at 80 °C was the defining element of stability. Subsequent analyses included ultimate analysis, density, moisture, ash, filterable solids, and TAN/pH determination, and gel permeation chromatography. The results showed that kinematic viscosity measurement was more generally conducted and more reproducibly performed versus dynamic viscosity measurement. The variation in the results of the stability test was great and a number of reasons for the variation were identified. The subsequent analyses proved to be at the level of reproducibility, as found in earlier round robins on bio-oil analysis. Clearly, the analyses were more straightforward and reproducible with a bio-oil sample low in filterable solids (0.2%), compared to one with a higher (2%) solids loading. These results can be helpful in setting standards for use of bio-oil, which is just coming into the marketplace. © 2012 American Chemical Society.

Gospel according to Luke : in Nepalese.

Title in Nepalese at head of title.

Address delivered before the literary societies of Erskine College, Abbeville district, S.C., at the appointment, and by the request of the Euphemian society, on the fourth anniversary, September 20, 1843.

Mode of access: Internet.

Catalogue of the subjects of natural history in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society, also of the antiquities, &c.

1813

A new and exact map of Sweden and Norway corrected from the best observations communicated to the Royal Society at London & the Royal Academy at Paris &c.

Kartta leikattu karttakuvaa reunastavan kehyksen ulkorajaa pitkin.

C. Wright Mils revisited: Society and Power

C. Wright Mills has been forgotten by sociological theories however there is no doubt about how much he contributed to the field of Epistemology. He successfully participated in the American Sociology of Knowledge and, at the same time, he  upheld the tradition of the Conflict Theory, including the sociological dimension into one of the most questioned political subjects of his period. Undoubtedly,  Wright Mills was morally committed to the value of reason and freedom. His central issue was to analyse the real possibilities for a particular individual within  a particular social order to become a free man capable of reasoning. He wondered how someone could be able to transcend his daily nature through reason and  experience and to act accordingly to his power. The power and political processes were constant in his works, since he claimed that any political process was a  struggle for power and prestige, for authoritative positions, both within each nation  and among the different states. On the other hand, he  bserved that the social  structure in the United States of America was not completely democratic, since the  course of action depended on the decision of a small group of wealthy, powerful individuals. These concentrating spaces of power amongst some economic, military  and political corporations were supported by their underlying ideology, a fact that became clearer when referring to international affairs. Nowadays, in a world of  structural antagonisms, wars and rebellions, the need for looking at the work  of intellectuals like Mills re-emerges. Mills showed us a way in which a complex entity as power can be understood, and, at the same time, the need to consider the  course of history, its mechanics and process.

Edexcel GCSE history A : the making of the modern world. Unit 3A : war and the transformation of british society c. 1903-28. Student book.

Es una de las cuatro unidades del curso de preparación para los exámenes del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE). Esta unidad 3 es diferente de las dos unidades anteriores pues sus temas se basan en comprender la importancia de las fuentes en el estudio de la historia y como pueden ser interpretadas de varias maneras, lo que lleva a los historiadores a emitir juicios sobre la utilidad y fiabilidad de la información que proporcionan. Asimismo, se explica que en esta parte del examen del GCSE se conjugan los conocimientos y la información sobre los hechos con los juicios sobre las fuentes históricas.

Edexcel GCSE history A : the making of the modern world. Unit 3B : war and the transformation of british society c. 1931-51. Student book.

Es una de las cuatro unidades del curso de preparación para los exámenes del General Certificate Secondary Education (GCSE). Esta unidad 3 es diferente de las dos unidades anteriores pues sus temas se basan en comprender la importancia de las fuentes en el estudio de la historia y como pueden ser interpretadas de varias maneras, lo que lleva a los historiadores a emitir juicios sobre la utilidad y fiabilidad de la información que proporcionan. Asimismo, se explica que en esta parte del examen del GCSE se conjugan los conocimientos y la información sobre los hechos con los juicios sobre las fuentes históricas.