Viabilidade celular de Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultivada em associação com bactérias contaminantes da fermentação alcoólica

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência de bactérias dos gêneros Bacillus e Lactobacillus, bem como de seus produtos metabólicos, na redução da viabilidade celular de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As bactérias Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Lactobacillus fermentum e Lactobacillus plantarum foram cultivadas em associação com a levedura S. cerevisiae (cepa Y-904) por 72 horas a 32 °C, sob agitação. A viabilidade celular, a taxa de brotamento e a população de células de S. cerevisiae e a acidez total, a acidez volátil e o pH dos meios de cultivos foram determinados às 0, 24, 48 e 72 horas do cultivo misto. As culturas de bactérias foram tratadas através do calor, de agente antimicrobiano e de irradiação. Os resultados mostraram que apenas os meios de cultivo mais acidificados, contaminados com as bactérias ativas L. fermentum e B. subtilis, provocaram redução na viabilidade celular de S. cerevisiae. Excetuando a bactéria B. subtilis tratada com radiação gama, as demais bactérias tratadas pelos diferentes processos (calor, irradiação e antimicrobiano) não causaram diminuição da viabilidade celular e da população de S. cerevisiae, indicando que a presença isolada dos metabólitos celulares dessas bactérias não foi suficiente para reduzir a porcentagem de células vivas de S. cerevisiae.

Sugarcane starch: quantitative determination and characterization

Starch is found in sugarcane as a storage polysaccharide. Starch concentrations vary widely depending on the country, variety, developmental stage, and growth conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the starch content in different varieties of sugarcane, between May and November 2007, and some characteristics of sugarcane starch such as structure and granules size; gelatinization temperature; starch solution filterability; and susceptibility to glucoamylase, pullulanase, and commercial bacterial and fungal α-amylase enzymes. Susceptibility to debranching amylolytic isoamylase enzyme from Flavobacterium sp. was also tested. Sugarcane starch had spherical shape with a diameter of 1-3 µm. Sugarcane starch formed complexes with iodine, which showed greater absorption in the range of 540 to 620 nm. Sugarcane starch showed higher susceptibility to glucoamylase compared to that of waxy maize, cassava, and potato starch. Sugarcane starch also showed susceptibility to debranching amylolytic pullulanases similar to that of waxy rice starch. It also showed susceptibility to α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Aspergillus oryzae similar to that of the other tested starches producing glucose, maltose, maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentose and limit α- dextrin.

Efeito do tratamento de sementes e da profundidade de semeadura no desenvolvimento de plantas de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.) e a microflora da rizosfera e do rizoplano

O estado do Paraná é um dos maiores produtores nacionais de grãos de aveia-branca (Avena sativa L.), com expressivo aumento na área cultivada a cada ano. O presente estudo foi realizado no município de Londrina, PR, onde foram desenvolvidos ensaios de laboratório e campo. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes e a profundidade de semeadura, na emergência das plântulas, no desenvolvimento das plantas, na população de microrganismos da rizosfera e rizoplano da área de desenvolvimento das plantas e na produção de grãos de aveia. As sementes de aveia-branca, cultivar OR-11, foram semeadas nas profundidades de 3cm, 5cm e 8cm. Foram utilizados os seguintes fungicidas nas doses (g.i.a./100kg de sementes), carboxim+thiram (93,7g+93,7g), thiram (210g) e triadimenol (50g) e o produto biológico kodiak C (Bacillus subtilis) (60g). Os tratamentos com os fungicidas e o produto biológico, controlaram os fungos presentes nas sementes, como: Fusarium avenae, Colletotrichum graminicola e Helminthosporium avenae e melhoram o desenvolvimento das plantas e a microbiota do solo, sendo esse variável com a profundidade de semeadura e o tratamento.

Caractérisation moléculaire du rôle de facteurs accessoires ArgR et PepA au niveau de la recombinaison spécifique sur le site cer

Mon projet de recherche avait pour but de caractériser le rôle de deux protéines, ArgR et PepA, qui agissent en tant que facteurs accessoires de la recombinaison au niveau de deux sites cer du plasmide ColE1 présent dans la bactérie Escherichia coli. Ces deux protéines, couplées aux deux recombinases à tyrosine XerC et XerD, permettent la catalyse de la recombinaison site spécifique au niveau de la séquence cer, convertissant les multimères instables de ColE1 en monomères stables. Cette étude a principalement porté sur la région C-terminale de la protéine ArgR. Cette région de la protéine ArgR possède une séquence en acides-aminés et une structure similaire à celle de la protéine AhrC de Bacillus subtilis. De plus, AhrC, le répresseur de l’arginine de cette bactérie, est capable de complémenter des Escherichia coli mutantes déficientes en ArgR. Les régions C-terminales de ces protéines, montrent une forte similarité. De précédents travaux dans notre laboratoire ont démontré que des mutants d’ArgR comprenant des mutations dans cette région, en particulier les mutants ArgR149, une version tronquée d’ArgR de 149 acides-aminés, et ArgR5aa, une version comprenant une insertion de cinq acides-aminés dans la partie C-terminale, perdaient la capacité de permettre la recombinaison au niveau de deux sites cer présents dans le plasmide pCS210. Malgré cette incapacité à promouvoir la réaction de recombinaison en cer, ces deux mutants étaient toujours capables de se lier spécifiquement à l’ADN et de réprimer une fusion argA :: lacZ. Dans ce travail, les versions mutantes et sauvages d’ArgR furent surexprimées en tant que protéines de fusion 6-histidine. Des analyses crosslinking ont montré que la version sauvage et ArgR5aa pouvaient former des hexamères in-vitro de manière efficace, alors qu’ArgR149 formait des multimères de plus faible poids moléculaire. Des formes tronquées d’ArgR qui comportaient 150 acides-aminés ou plus, étaient encore capables de permettre la recombinaison en cer. Les mutants par substitution ArgRL149A et ArgRL151A ont tous montré que les substitutions d’un seul acide-aminé au sein de cette région avaient peu d’effets sur la recombinaison en cer. Les expériences de crosslinking protéine-à-protéine ont montré que le type sauvage et les formes mutantes d’ArgR étaient capables d’interagir avec la protéine accessoire PepA, également impliquée dans la recombinaison en cer. Les expériences de recombinaison in-vitro utilisant la forme sauvage et les formes mutantes d’ArgR combinées avec les protéines PepA, XerC et XerD purifiées, ont montré que le mutant ArgR149 ne soutenait pas la recombinaison, mais que le mutant ArgR5aa permettait la formation d’une jonction d’Holliday. Des expériences de topologie ont montré que PepA était capable de protéger l’ADN de la topoisomérase 1, et d’empêcher ArgRWt de se lier à l’ADN. Les deux mutants ArgR149 et ArgR5aa protègent aussi l’ADN avec plus de surenroulements. Quand on ajoute PepA, les profils de migration montrent un problème de liaison des deux mutants avec PepA. D’autres expériences impliquant le triplet LEL (leucine-acide glutamique-leucine) et les acides-aminés alentour devraient être réalisés dans le but de connaitre l’existence d’un site de liaison potentiel pour PepA.

Les systèmes Xer à une seule recombinase

Les dimères chromosomiques se produisant lors de la réparation de chromosomes circulaires peuvent être dommageables pour les bactéries en bloquant la ségrégation des chromosomes et le bon déroulement de la division cellulaire. Pour remédier à ce problème, les bactéries utilisent le système Xer de monomérisation des chromosomes. Celui-ci est composé de deux tyrosine recombinases, XerC et XerD, qui vont agir au niveau du site dif et procéder à une recombinaison qui aura pour effet de séparer les deux copies de l’ADN. Le site dif est une séquence d’ADN où deux répétitions inversées imparfaites séparées par six paires de bases permettent la liaison de chacune des recombinases. Cette recombinaison est régulée à l’aide de FtsK, une protéine essentielle de l’appareil de division. Ce système a été étudié en profondeur chez Escherichia coli et a aussi été caractérisée dans une multitude d’espèces variées, par exemple Bacillus subtilis. Mais dans certaines espèces du groupe des Streptococcus, des études ont été en mesure d’identifier une seule recombinase, XerS, agissant au niveau d’un site atypique nommée difSL. Peu de temps après, un second système utilisant une seule recombinase a été identifié chez un groupe des epsilon-protéobactéries. La recombinase fut nommée XerH et le site de recombinaison, plus similaire à difSL qu’au site dif classique, difH. Dans cette thèse, des résultats d’expériences in vitro sur les deux systèmes sont présentés, ainsi que certains résultats in vivo. Il est démontré que XerS est en mesure de se lier de façon coopérative à difSL et que cette liaison est asymétrique, puisque XerS est capable de se lier à la moitié gauche du site prise individuellement mais non à la moitié droite. Le clivage par XerS est aussi asymétrique, étant plus efficace au niveau du brin inférieur. Pour ce qui est de XerH, la liaison à difH est beaucoup moins coopérative et n’a pas la même asymétrie. Par contre, le clivage est asymétrique lui aussi. La comparaison de ces deux systèmes montrent qu’ils ne sont pas homologues et que les systèmes Xer à seule recombinase existent sous plusieurs versions. Ces résultats représentent la première découverte d’un espaceur de 11 paires de bases chez les tyrosine recombinases ainsi que la première étude in vitro sur XerH.

Tuning mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 for the immobilization of α-amylase

The present work describes the immobilization of α-amylase over well ordered mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 with different pore diameters synthesized by post synthesis treatment (PST) hydrothermally after reaction at 40°C. The materials were characterized by N 2 adsorption–desorption studies, small angle X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Since α-amylase obtained from Bacillus subtilis has dimensions of 35 × 40 × 70 Å it is expected that the protein have access to the pore of SBA-15 (PST-120°C) with diameter 74 Å. The pore dimension is appropriate to prevent considerable leaching. The rate of adsorption of the enzyme on silica of various pore sizes revealed the influence of morphology, pore diameter, pore volume and pH.

Application of Fermentation Techniques in the Utilization of Prawn Shell Waste

The present study aimed at the utlisation of microbial organisms for the production of good quality chitin and chitosan. The three strains used for the study were Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacililus brevis and Bacillus subtilis. These strains were selected on the basis of their acid producing ability to reduce the pH of the fermenting substrates to prevent spoilage and thus caused demineralisation of the shell. Besides, the proteolytic enzymes in these strains acted on proteinaceous covering of shrimp and thus caused deprotenisation of shrimp shell waste. Thus the two processes involved in chitin production can be affected to certain extent using bacterial fermentation of shrimp shell.Optimization parameters like fermentation period, quantity of inoculum, type of sugar, concentration of sugar etc. for fermentation with three different strains were studied. For these, parameters like pH, Total titrable acidity (TTA), changes in sugar concentration, changes in microbial count, sensory changes etc. were studied.Fermentation study with Lactobacillus plantarum was continued with 20% w/v jaggery broth for 15 days. The inoculum prepared yislded a cell concentration of approximately 108 CFU/ml. In the present study, lactic acid and dilute hydrochloric acid were used for initial pH adjustment because; without adjusting the initial pH, it took more than 5 hours for the lactic acid bacteria to convert glucose to lactic acid and during this delay spoilage occurred due to putrefying enzymes active at neutral or higher pH. During the fermentation study, pH first decreased in correspondence with increase in TTA values. This showed a clear indication of acid production by the strain. This trend continued till their proteolytic activity showed an increasing trend. When the available sugar source started depleting, proteolytic activity also decreased and pH increased. This was clearly reflected in the sensory evaluation results. Lactic acid treated samples showed greater extent of demineralization and deprotenisation at the end of fermentation study than hydrochloric acid treated samples. It can be due to the effect of strong hydrochloric acid on the initial microbial count, which directly affects the fermentation process. At the end of fermentation, about 76.5% of ash was removed in lactic acid treated samples and 71.8% in hydrochloric acid treated samples; 72.8% of proteins in lactic acid treated samples and 70.6% in hydrochloric acid treated samples.The residual protein and ash in the fermented residue were reduced to permissible limit by treatment with 0.8N HCI and 1M NaOH. Characteristics of chitin like chitin content, ash content, protein content, % of N- acetylation etc. were studied. Quality characteristics like viscosity, degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of chitosan prepared were also compared. The chitosan samples prepared from lactic acid treated showed high viscosity than HCI treated samples. But degree of deacetylation is more in HCI treated samples than lactic acid treated ones. Characteristics of protein liquor obtained like its biogenic composition, amino acid composition, total volatile base nitrogen, alpha amino nitrogen etc. also were studied to find out its suitability as animal feed supplement.Optimization of fermentation parameters for Lactobacillus brevis fermentation study was also conducted and parameters were standardized. Then detailed fermentation study was done in 20%wlv jaggery broth for 17 days. Also the effect of two different acid treatments (mild HCI and lactic acid) used for initial pH adjustment on chitin production were also studied. In this study also trend of changes in pH. changes in sugar concentration ,microbial count changes were similar to Lactobacillus plantarum studies. At the end of fermentation, residual protein in the samples were only 32.48% in HCI treated samples and 31.85% in lactic acid treated samples. The residual ash content was about 33.68% in HCI treated ones and 32.52% in lactic acid treated ones. The fermented residue was converted to chitin with good characteristics by treatment with 1.2MNaOH and 1NHCI.Characteristics of chitin samples prepared were studied and extent of Nacetylation was about 84% in HCI treated chitin and 85%in lactic acid treated ones assessed from FTIR spectrum. Chitosan was prepared from these samples by usual chemical method and its extent of solubility, degree of deacetylation, viscosity and molecular weight etc were studied. The values of viscosity and molecular weight of the samples prepared were comparatively less than the chitosan prepared by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation. Characteristics of protein liquor obtained were analyzed to determine its quality and is suitability as animal feed supplement.Another strain used for the study was Bacillus subtilis and fermentation was carried out in 20%w/v jaggery broth for 15 days. It was found that Bacillus subtilis was more efficient than other Lactobacillus species for deprotenisation and demineralization. This was mainly due to the difference in the proteolytic nature of the strains. About 84% of protein and 72% of ash were removed at the end of fermentation. Considering the statistical significance (P

A further study of the recovery and purification of surfactin from fermentation broth by membrane filtration

Surfactin is a bacterial lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis and is a powerful surfactant, having also antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor properties. The recovery and purification of surfactin from complex fermentation broths is a major obstacle to its commercialization; therefore, a two-step membrane filtration process was developed using a lab scale tangential flow filtration (TFF) unit with 10 kDa MWCO regenerated cellulose (RC) and polyethersulfone (PES)membranes at three different transmembrane pressure (TMP) of 1.5 bar, 2.0 bar and 2.5 bar. Two modes of filtrations were studied, with and without cleaning of membranes prior to UF-2. In a first step of ultrafiltration (UF-1), surfactin was retained effectively by membranes at above its critical micelle concentration (CMC); subsequently in UF-2, the retentate micelles were disrupted by addition of 50% (v/v) methanol solution to allow recovery of surfactin in the permeate. Main protein contaminants were effectively retained by the membrane in UF-2. Flux of permeates, rejection coefficient (R) of surfactin and proteinwere measured during the filtrations. Overall the three different TMPs applied have no significant effect in the filtrations and PES is the more suitable membrane to selectively separate surfactin from fermentation broth, achieving high recovery and level of purity. In addition this two-step UF process is scalable for larger volume of samples without affecting the original functionality of surfactin, although membranes permeability can be affected due to exposure to methanolic solution used in UF-2.

Microbial relatives of the seed storage proteins of higher plants: conservation of structure and diversification of function during evolution of the cupin superfamily.

This review summarizes the recent discovery of the cupin superfamily (from the Latin term "cupa," a small barrel) of functionally diverse proteins that initially were limited to several higher plant proteins such as seed storage proteins, germin (an oxalate oxidase), germin-like proteins, and auxin-binding protein. Knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of two vicilins, seed proteins with a characteristic beta-barrel core, led to the identification of a small number of conserved residues and thence to the discovery of several microbial proteins which share these key amino acids. In particular, there is a highly conserved pattern of two histidine-containing motifs with a varied intermotif spacing. This cupin signature is found as a central component of many microbial proteins including certain types of phosphomannose isomerase, polyketide synthase, epimerase, and dioxygenase. In addition, the signature has been identified within the N-terminal effector domain in a subgroup of bacterial AraC transcription factors. As well as these single-domain cupins, this survey has identified other classes of two-domain bicupins including bacterial gentisate 1, 2-dioxygenases and 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoate dioxygenases, fungal oxalate decarboxylases, and legume sucrose-binding proteins. Cupin evolution is discussed from the perspective of the structure-function relationships, using data from the genomes of several prokaryotes, especially Bacillus subtilis. Many of these functions involve aspects of sugar metabolism and cell wall synthesis and are concerned with responses to abiotic stress such as heat, desiccation, or starvation. Particular emphasis is also given to the oxalate-degrading enzymes from microbes, their biological significance, and their value in a range of medical and other applications.

Characterization of an escherichia coli elaC deletion mutant

The elaC gene of Escherichia coli encodes a binuclear zinc phosphodiesterase (ZiPD). ZiPD homologs from various species act as 3' tRNA processing endoribonucleases, and although the homologous gene in Bacillus subtilis is essential for viability [EMBO J. 22 (2003) 4534], the physiological function of E. coli ZiPD has remained enigmatic. In order to investigate the function of E. coli ZiPD we generated and characterized an E. coli elaC deletion mutant. Surprisingly, the E. coli elaC deletion mutant was viable and had wild-type like growth properties. Micro array-based transcriptional analysis indicated expression of the E. coli elaC gene at basal levels during aerobic growth. The elaC gene deletion had no effect on the expression of genes coding for RNases or amino-acyl tRNA synthetases or any other gene among a total of > 1300 genes probed. 2D-PAGE analysis showed that the elaC mutation, likewise, had no effect on the proteome. These results strengthen doubts about the involvement of E. coli ZiPD in tRNA maturation and suggest functional diversity within the ZiPD/ElaCl protein family. In addition to these unexpected features of the E. coli elaC deletion mutant, a sequence comparison of ZiPD (ElaCl) proteins revealed specific regions for either enterobacterial or mammalian ZiPD (ElaCl) proteins. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effect of small, acid-soluble proteins on spore resistance and germination under a combination of pressure and heat treatment

To find the range of pressure required for effective high-pressure inactivation of bacterial spores and to investigate the role of alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) in spores under pressure treatment, mild heat was combined with pressure (room temperature to 65 degrees C and 100 to 500 MPa) and applied to wild-type and SASP-alpha(-/)beta(-) Bacillus subtilis spores. On the one hand, more than 4 log units of wild-type spores were reduced after pressurization at 100 to 500 MPa and 65 degrees C, On the other hand, the number of surviving mutant spores decreased by 2 log units at 100 MPa and by more than 5 log units at 500 MPa. At 500 MPa and 65 degrees C, both wild-type and mutant spore survivor counts were reduced by 5 log units. Interestingly, pressures of 100, 200, and 300 MPa at 65 degrees C inactivated wild-type SASP-alpha(+)/beta(+) spores more than mutant SASP-alpha(-)/beta(-) spores, and this was attributed to less pressure-induced germination in SASP-alpha(-)/beta(-) spores than in wild-type SASP-alpha(+)/beta(+) spores. However, there was no difference in the pressure resistance between SASP-alpha(+)/beta(+) and SASP-alpha(-)/beta(-) spores at 100 MPa and ambient temperature (approximately 22 degrees C) for 30 min. A combination of high pressure and high temperature is very effective for inducing spore germination, and then inactivation of the germinated spore occurs because of the heat treatment. This study showed that alpha/beta-type SASP play a role in spore inactivation by increasing spore germination under 100 to 300 MPa at high temperature.

Recovery and purification of surfactin from fermentation broth by a two-step ultrafiltration process

Surfactin is a bacterial lipopeptide produced by Bacillus subtilis and it is a powerful surfactant, having also antiviral, antibacterial and antitumor properties. The recovery and purification of surfactin from complex fermentation broths is a major obstacle to its commercialization; therefore, two-step membrane filtration processes were evaluated using centrifugal and stirred cell devices while the mechanisms of separation were investigated by particle size and surface charge measurements. In a first step of ultrafiltration (UF-1), surfactin was retained effectively by membranes at above its critical micelle concentration (CMC); subsequently in UF-2, the retentate micelles were disrupted by addition of 50% (v/v) methanol solution to allow recovery of surfactin in the permeate. Main protein contaminants were effective]), retained by the membrane in UF-2. Ultrafiltration was carried out either using centrifugal devices with 30 and 10 kDa MWCO regenerated cellulose membranes, or a stirred cell device with 10 kDa MWCO polyethersulfone (PES) and regenerated cellulose (RC) membranes. Total rejection of surfactin was consistently observed in UF-1, while in UF-2 PES membranes had the lowest rejection coefficient of 0.08 +/- 0.04. It was found that disruption of surfactin micelles, aggregation of protein contaminants and electrostatic interactions in UF-2 can further improve the selectivity of the membrane based purification technique. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Free-amino acid profiles of thua nao, a Thai fermented soybean

Thua nao, a rich source of free-amino acids, is a fermented soybean, usually used as seasoning or flavouring enhancer in northern Thailand. Free-amino acids (FAA) of unfermented/cooked soybeans, thua nao, fermented by pure Bacillus subtilis TN51 (TNB51), and a naturally fermented product (TNMX), were investigated by pre-column derivatisation with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate, followed by reversed-phase HPLC. Total FAA and essential amino acids were found at significantly higher concentrations in TNB51 thua nao than in TNMX thua nao (naturally fermented). Both fermented thua nao had much higher concentrations of FAA than had their unfermented counterparts. With respect to taste-enhancing FAA, typical bitter attributes of thua nao came mainly from hydrophobic and basic FAA, whereas an umami attribute came predominantly from acidic FAA.

Enhanced levels of cold shock proteins in Listeria monocytogenes LO28 upon exposure to low temperature and high hydrostatic pressure

Listeria monocytogenes is a psychrotrophic food-borne pathogen that is problematic for the food industry because of its ubiquitous distribution in nature and its ability to grow at low temperatures and in the presence of high salt concentrations. Here we demonstrate that the process of adaptation to low temperature after cold shock includes elevated levels of cold shock proteins (CSPs) and that the levels of CSPs are also elevated after treatment with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with Western blotting performed with anti-CspB of Bacillus subtilis was used to identify four 7-kDa proteins, designated Csp1, Csp2, Csp3, and Csp4. In addition, Southern blotting revealed four chromosomal DNA fragments that reacted with a csp probe, which also indicated that a CSP family is present in L. monocytogenes LO28. After a cold shock in which the temperature was decreased from 37°C to 10°C the levels of Csp1 and Csp3 increased 10- and 3.5-fold, respectively, but the levels of Csp2 and Csp4 were not elevated. Pressurization of L. monocytogenes LO28 cells resulted in 3.5- and 2-fold increases in the levels of Csp1 and Csp2, respectively. Strikingly, the level of survival after pressurization of cold-shocked cells was 100-fold higher than that of cells growing exponentially at 37°C. These findings imply that cold-shocked cells are protected from HHP treatment, which may affect the efficiency of combined preservation techniques.

Self-assembly of three bacterially-derived bioactive lipopeptides

The self-assembly in aqueous solution of three lipopeptides obtained from Bacillus subtilis has been investigated. The lipopeptides surfactin, plipastatin and mycosubtilin contain distinct cyclic peptide headgroups as well as differences in alkyl chain length, branching and chain length distribution. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and X-ray scattering reveal that surfactin and plipastatin aggregate into 2 nm-radius spherical micelles, whereas in complete contrast mycosubtilin self-assembles into extended nanotapes based on bilayer ordering of the lipopeptides. Circular dichroism and FTIR spectroscopy indicate the presence of turn structures in the cyclic peptide headgroup. The unexpected distinct mode of self-assembly of mycosubtilin compared to the other two lipopeptides is ascribed to differences in the surfactant packing parameter. This in turn is due to specific features of the conformation of the peptide headgroup and alkyl chain branching.