883 resultados para Ast-8440


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Letter to Samuel Keefer, engineer on the Welland Canal from Charles H. French. He says that he has no extra bills for work on his contract, Sept. 12, 1848.

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UANL

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L’œdème cérébral est une complication associée à l’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) lors d’une insuffisance hépatique chronique (cirrhose du foie). Présentement, l’origine de sa pathogenèse, vasogénique (rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE)) ou cytotoxique (prise anormale d’ions), n’a pas encore été déterminée. Il a été démontré que le co-transporteur Na-K-Cl (NKCC1) du côté luminal des microvaisseaux sanguins cérébraux (CMV) joue un rôle dans le développement de l’œdème cérébral dans des modèles d’ischémie où la bumetanide, un inhibiteur de NKCC, atténue l’œdème cérébral. Deux modèles d’EH ont été utilisés pour cette étude i) la ligature de la voie biliaire (BDL) qui présente l’hyperammoniémie chronique, l’œdème cérébral et le stress oxydatif systémique ; ii) l’anastomose portocave (PCA) qui présente de l’hyperammoniémie chronique seulement. Les buts du projet étaient de: i) définir l’origine du développement de l’œdème chez les rats BDL en étudiant l’extravasation de macromolécules, les jonctions serrées et l’activation des métalloprotéinases matricielles de la BHE; ii) observer les effets de l’hyperammoniémie chronique indépendamment sur la BHE chez les rats PCA; iii) évaluer le rôle de l’hyperammoniémie et du stress oxydatif et iv) étudier le rôle du NKCC1 dans les CMV dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème cérébral. Les résultats du projet démontrent que l’œdème est d’origine cytotoxique chez les rats BDL et que l’intégrité de la BHE est conservée chez les rats PCA malgré l’hyperammoniémie. L’expression génique du NKCC1 est associée à l’œdème mais pas son expression protéique et sa phosphorylation. Enfin, l’étude démontre que l’hyperammoniémie et le stress oxydatif indépendant ne jouent pas un rôle dans la pathogenèse de l’œdème mais suggère qu’ils y aient un effet synergique.

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Le problème d'intersection d'automates consiste à vérifier si plusieurs automates finis déterministes acceptent un mot en commun. Celui-ci est connu PSPACE-complet (resp. NL-complet) lorsque le nombre d'automates n'est pas borné (resp. borné par une constante). Dans ce mémoire, nous étudions la complexité du problème d'intersection d'automates pour plusieurs types de langages et d'automates tels les langages unaires, les automates à groupe (abélien), les langages commutatifs et les langages finis. Nous considérons plus particulièrement le cas où chacun des automates possède au plus un ou deux états finaux. Ces restrictions permettent d'établir des liens avec certains problèmes algébriques et d'obtenir une classification intéressante de problèmes d'intersection d'automates à l'intérieur de la classe P. Nous terminons notre étude en considérant brièvement le cas où le nombre d'automates est fixé.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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Le carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC) est un cancer au pronostic sombre, car il est souvent diagnostiqué trop tardivement pour entreprendre un traitement curatif. Il se développe dans 80-90% des cas sur fond de cirrhose. On connait mal comment la fibrose, étape préliminaire à la cirrhose, et son principal constituant, le collagène de type 1 (COL1), peuvent jouer un rôle dans le processus du CHC. Nous avons tout d’abord étudié le développement de la fibrose dans un modèle utilisant la souris nue. Nous avons déterminé qu’après 16 semaines d’administration de thioacétamide dans l’eau de boisson, il est possible d’obtenir une fibrose suffisante pour induire une hépatoprotection en présence de différents hépatotoxiques (AST dans le sérum de souris fibrotiques vs non-fibrotiques : Anti-Fas JO2 (4665 ± 2596 vs. 13953 ± 2260 U/L; P<0.05), acétaminophène (292 ± 66 vs. 4087 ± 2205 U/L; P<0.01) et CCL4 (888 ± 268 vs. 15673 ± 2782 U/L; P<0.001)). Ces résultats confirment que la présence de COL1 et de fibrose favorise la survie des hépatocytes normaux tel qu’observé précédemment au laboratoire. Par la suite, nous avons sélectionné in vivo, par injection intrasplénique de la lignée de CHC Hepa1-6, une lignée à forte tumorigénicité nommée dt-Hepa1-6 (28±12 lésions vs. 0±0 lésions à 21 jours). Cette lignée était composée d’une sous-population cellulaire arborant la protéine de surface EpCAM (34.0±0.1%). Par tri cellulaire, nous avons démontré que ces cellules étaient partiellement responsables de la tumorigénicité accrue (EpCAM + (86.7±2.3%) :1093±74 lésions vs. EpCAM- (15.3±1.0%) :473±100 lésions; P<0.01). Nous avons alors démontré que la présence de fibrose favorise le développement de la lignée dt-Hepa1-6 in vivo (604±242 vs 22±9 lésions; P<0.05). De plus, la présence de fibrose réduit l’efficacité du traitement au cisplatin in vivo (44.5±4.9 vs. 78.7±6.9%; P<0.01) confirmant les résultats obtenus in vitro (Apoptose : COL1 13.75±0.44% vs. plastique 31.45±1.37%; P<0.001). En conclusion, la présence de fibrose et de son principal constituant, le COL1, favorise la survie et la progression du CHC.

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The pathogenesis of brain edema in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains undefined. This study evaluated the role of brain lactate, glutamine and organic osmolytes, including myo-inositol and taurine, in the development of brain edema in a rat model of cirrhosis.Six-week bile-duct ligated (BDL) rats were injected with (13)C-glucose and de novo synthesis of lactate, and glutamine in the brain was quantified using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Total brain lactate, glutamine, and osmolytes were measured using (1)H NMR or high performance liquid chromatography. To further define the interplay between lactate, glutamine and brain edema, BDL rats were treated with AST-120 (engineered activated carbon microspheres) and dichloroacetate (DCA: lactate synthesis inhibitor).Significant increases in de novo synthesis of lactate (1.6-fold, p<0.001) and glutamine (2.2-fold, p<0.01) were demonstrated in the brains of BDL rats vs. SHAM-operated controls. Moreover, a decrease in cerebral myo-inositol (p<0.001), with no change in taurine, was found in the presence of brain edema in BDL rats vs. controls. BDL rats treated with either AST-120 or DCA showed attenuation in brain edema and brain lactate. These two treatments did not lead to similar reductions in brain glutamine.Increased brain lactate, and not glutamine, is a primary player in the pathogenesis of brain edema in CLD. In addition, alterations in the osmoregulatory response may also be contributing factors. Our results suggest that inhibiting lactate synthesis is a new potential target for the treatment of HE.

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L’encéphalopathie hépatique (EH) est un syndrome neuropsychiatrique découlant des complications de l'insuffisance hépatique. Les patients souffrant d'une insuffisance hépatique chronique (IHC) présentent fréquemment une EH minimale (EHM) caractérisée par des dysfonctions cognitives subtiles qui affectent leur qualité de vie. L'insuffisance hépatique entraîne une hyperammoniémie, le facteur central dans la pathogenèse de l'EH. Pourtant, les taux d'ammoniaque sérique ne sont pas corrélés avec la sévérité de l'EH lors d'une IHC, suggérant que d'autres facteurs y contribuent. L'oedème cérébral est une caractéristique neuropathologique décrite chez les patients souffrant d'une EHM et plusieurs facteurs dont le stress oxydatif, les altérations du métabolisme énergétique et l'augmentation de la glutamine cérébrale pourraient contribuer à la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. Les mécanismes sous-jacents exacts ainsi que les relations entre ces facteurs et l'ammoniaque ne sont pas connus. Présentement, le seul traitement efficace de l'IHC est la transplantation hépatique, une option thérapeutique très limitée. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à l'avancement des connaissances sur les mécanismes sous-jacents liés au rôle du stress oxydatif, de la glutamine et du lactate dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC afin d'envisager de nouvelles options thérapeutiques. Les objectifs précis étaient: 1. Établir le rôle de l’ammoniaque et sa relation avec le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC. 2. Établir le rôle du stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral, sa relation avec l'ammoniaque et l'effet du traitement avec des antioxydants. 3. Confirmer l'effet synergique entre l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral. 4. Établir le rôle du lactate et de la glutamine dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral et leur relation avec l’ammoniaque. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, 2 modèles animaux d'EHM obtenus par microchirurgie chez le rat ont été utilisés: 1) la ligature de voie biliaire, un modèle d'IHC et 2) l'anastomose porto-cave, un modèle d'hyperammoniémie induite par la dérivation portosystémique. Nos résultats démontrent que l'ammoniaque et le stress oxydatif indépendamment n'induisent pas l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM. Pourtant, lorsque les 2 facteurs agissent ensemble ils présentent ii un effet synergique qui entraîne le développement de l'oedème cérébral, le stress oxydatif étant une première insulte, qui est suivie par l'hyperammoniémie comme deuxième insulte. En plus, le stress oxydatif a été mis en évidence seulement au niveau systémique, et non au niveau central dans notre modèle d'IHC en association avec l'oedème cérébral, suggérant que le stress oxydatif systémique est une conséquence de la dysfonction hépatique et que l'hyperammoniémie n’induit pas le stress oxydatif ni systémique ni central. Nous avons démontré qu’une augmentation du lactate cérébral est une conséquence directe de l'hyperammoniémie et joue un rôle important dans la pathogenèse de l'oedème cérébral lors d'une EHM induite par une IHC, tandis qu’une augmentation de la glutamine au niveau cérébral n'est pas un facteur clé. La compréhension de ces mécanismes a entraîné la proposition de 3 nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques potentielles pour l'EHM. Elles ciblent la diminution de l'ammoniaque sérique, la réduction du stress oxydatif et l'inhibition de la synthèse du lactate.

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Methylparathion (MP) is an organophosphorus insecticide used world wide in agriculture due to its high activity against a broad spectrum of insect pests. The aim of the study is to understand the effect of methylparathion on the lipid peroxidation, detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes namely catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione Stransferase (GST), total reduced glutathione (GSH), lipid peroxidation (LPO), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and disease diagnostic marker enzymes in liver, sarcoplasmic (SP) and myofirbirllar (MF) proteins in muscles, lipids and histopathlogical changes in various organs of Labeo rohita of size 75 i 6g at lethal and sublethal level of exposure. The probit analysis showed that the lethal concentration (LC 50%) for 24, 48, 72 and 96h were 15.5mg/L, 12.3mg/L, 11.4mg/L and 10.2mg/L respectively which is much higher compared to the LC50 for juvenile fish. The LPO level and GST activity increased five folds and two folds respectively on exposure to methylparathion at 10.2 mg/L and the level of the enzymes increased, on sub lethal exposure beyond 0.25mg/L. AChE activity was inhibited by 74% at a concentration of 1.8mg/L and 90% at 5.4mg/L. The disease diagnostic marker enzymes AST, ALT, ALP and LDH increased by about 2, 3 ,3 and 2 folds respectively at pesticide concentration of 10.2mg/L when compared to control. On sub lethal exposure, however the enzymes did not show any significant changes up to 0.5mg/L. At a concentration of 10.2 mg/L, there was a three fold increase in myofibrillar proteins while the increase in sarcoplasmic protein was above 1.5 fold. On sub lethal exposure, significant alteration was noticed up to 30 days up to 1mg/L of methylparathion concentration. Further exposure up to 45 days increased sarcoplasmic proteins (upto 0.5mg/L). ln the case of myofibrillar proteins, noticeable changes were observed at 1mg/L concentration right from 15th day. The cholesterol content in brain tissues increased by about 27% at methylparathion concentration of 5.4 mglL. However at 0.25mg/L sub lethal concentration, no significant alteration was observed in enzyme activity, muscle proteins, lipids and histopathology of the tissues. The results suggest that methylparathion has the potential to induce oxidative stress in fish, and that liver, muscle and brains are more sensitive organs of Labeo rohita, with poor antioxidant potentials at higher concentrations of the pesticide. The various parameters studied in this investigation can also be used as biomarkers of methylparathion exposure.

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Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous aquatic organisms, associated with multitude of diseases in several species of animals, including fishes and humans. In the present study, water samples from two ornamental fish culture systems were analyzed for the presence of Aeromonas. Nutrient agar was used for Aeromonas isolation, and colonies (60 No) were identified through biochemical characterization. Seven clusters could be generated based on phenotypic characters, analyzed by the programme NTSYSpc, Version 2.02i, and identified as: Aeromonas caviae (33.3%), A. jandaei (38.3%) and A. veronii biovar sobria (28.3%). The strains isolated produced highly active hydrolytic enzymes, haemolytic activity and slime formation in varying proportions. The isolates were also tested for the enterotoxin genes (act, alt and ast), haemolytic toxins (hlyA and aerA), involved in type 3 secretion system (TTSS: ascV, aexT, aopP, aopO, ascF–ascG, and aopH), and glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase (gcat). All isolates were found to be associated with at least one virulent gene. Moreover, they were resistant to frequently used antibiotics for human infections. The study demonstrates the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas, associated with ornamental fish culture systems suggesting the emerging threat to public health

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Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances in carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. Currently there are 387 million people with diabetes worldwide and is expected to affect 592 million people by 2035. Insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cell dysfunction are the major challenges in the pathophysiology of diabetes. Diabetic secondary complications (like liver cirrhosis, retinopathy, microvascular and macrovascular complications) arise from persistent hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia can be disabling or even life threatening. Current medications are effective for control and management of hyperglycemia but undesirable effects, inefficiency against secondary complications and high cost are still serious issues in the present prognosis of this disorder. Hence the search for more effective and safer therapeutic agents of natural origin has been found to be highly demanding and attract attention in the present drug discovery research. The data available from Ayurveda on various medicinal plants for treatment of diabetes can efficiently yield potential new lead as antidiabetic agents. For wider acceptability and popularity of herbal remedies available in Ayurveda scientific validation by the elucidation of mechanism of action is very much essential. Modern biological techniques are available now to elucidate the biochemical basis of the effectiveness of these medicinal plants. Keeping this idea the research programme under this thesis has been planned to evaluate the molecular mechanism responsible for the antidiabetic property of Symplocos cochinchinensis, the main ingredient of Nishakathakadi Kashayam, a wellknown Ayurvedic antidiabetic preparation. A general introduction of diabetes, its pathophysiology, secondary complications and current treatment options, innovative solutions based on phytomedicine etc has been described in Chapter 1. The effect of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SC), on various in vitro biochemical targets relevant to diabetes is depicted in Chapter 2 including the preparation of plant extract. Since diabetes is a multifactorial disease, ethanolic extract of the bark of SC (SCE) and its fractions (hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and 90 % ethanol) were evaluated by in vitro methods against multiple targets such as control of postprandial hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, pancreatic beta cell proliferation, inhibition of protein glycation, protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP-1B) and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPPxxi IV). Among the extracts, SCE exhibited comparatively better activity like alpha glucosidase inhibition, insulin dependent glucose uptake (3 fold increase) in L6 myotubes, pancreatic beta cell regeneration in RIN-m5F and reduced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells, protection from hyperglycemia induced generation of reactive oxygen species in HepG2 cells with moderate antiglycation and PTP-1B inhibition. Chemical characterization by HPLC revealed the superiority of SCE over other extracts due to presence of bioactives (beta-sitosterol, phloretin 2’glucoside, oleanolic acid) in addition to minerals like magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, zinc and manganese. So SCE has been subjected to oral sucrose tolerance test (OGTT) to evaluate its antihyperglycemic property in mild diabetic and diabetic animal models. SCE showed significant antihyperglycemic activity in in vivo diabetic models. Chapter 3 highlights the beneficial effects of hydroethanol extract of Symplocos cochinchinensis (SCE) against hyperglycemia associated secondary complications in streptozotocin (60 mg/kg body weight) induced diabetic rat model. Proper sanction had been obtained for all the animal experiments from CSIR-CDRI institutional animal ethics committee. The experimental groups consist of normal control (NC), N + SCE 500 mg/kg bwd, diabetic control (DC), D + metformin 100 mg/kg bwd, D + SCE 250 and D + SCE 500. SCEs and metformin were administered daily for 21 days and sacrificed on day 22. Oral glucose tolerance test, plasma insulin, % HbA1c, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin, total protein etc. were analysed. Aldose reductase (AR) activity in the eye lens was also checked. On day 21, DC rats showed significantly abnormal glucose response, HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, decreased activity of antioxidant enzymes and GSH, elevated AR activity, hepatic and renal oxidative stress markers compared to NC. DC rats also exhibited increased level of plasma urea and creatinine. Treatment with SCE protected from the deleterious alterations of biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner including histopathological alterations in pancreas. SCE 500 exhibited significant glucose lowering effect and decreased HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, lens AR activity, and hepatic, renal oxidative stress and function markers compared to DC group. Considerable amount of liver and muscle glycogen was replenished by SCE treatment in diabetic animals. Although metformin showed better effect, the activity of SCE was very much comparable with this drug. xxii The possible molecular mechanism behind the protective property of S. cochinchinensis against the insulin resistance in peripheral tissue as well as dyslipidemia in in vivo high fructose saturated fat diet model is described in Chapter 4. Initially animal were fed a high fructose saturated fat (HFS) diet for a period of 8 weeks to develop insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. The normal diet control (ND), ND + SCE 500 mg/kg bwd, high fructose saturated fat diet control (HFS), HFS + metformin 100 mg/kg bwd, HFS + SCE 250 and HFS + SCE 500 were the experimental groups. SCEs and metformin were administered daily for the next 3 weeks and sacrificed at the end of 11th week. At the end of week 11, HFS rats showed significantly abnormal glucose and insulin tolerance, HOMA-IR, % HbA1c, adiponectin, lipid profile, liver glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzyme activities, liver and muscle triglyceride accumulation compared to ND. HFS rats also exhibited increased level of plasma inflammatory cytokines, upregulated mRNA level of gluconeogenic and lipogenic genes in liver. HFS exhibited the increased expression of GLUT-2 in liver and decreased expression of GLUT-4 in muscle and adipose. SCE treatment also preserved the architecture of pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. Treatment with SCE reversed the alterations of biochemical parameters, improved insulin sensitivity by modifying gene expression in liver, muscle and adipose tissues. Overall results suggest that SC mediates the antidiabetic activity mainly via alpha glucosidase inhibition, improved insulin sensitivity, with antiglycation and antioxidant activities.

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Mit ansteigenden Jahresmilchleistungen werden die Kühe einer hohen metabolischen Belastung ausgesetzt, die bei einer suboptimalen Gestaltung der Lebensbedingungen mit einer Erhöhung der Inzidenzrate von Faktorenkrankheiten einhergehen kann. Im Vordergrund der Untersuchungen stand die Frage, inwieweit metabolische Belastungszustände von Milchkühen in der Phase des Puerperiums und in Abhängigkeit von der Milchleistung sowie Belastungen durch eine klinische Erkrankung zu Beginn der Laktation mit Hilfe von Parametern der immunologischen Abwehr und der Reaktion des Immunsystems auf eine Challenge dargestellt werden können. In die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 68 klinisch gesunde sowie 20 klinisch erkrankte Milchkühe der Rasse Holstein Friesian einbezogen. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten in den Zeiträumen 10-21 Tage sowie 14-15 Wochen nach der Kalbung. Dazu wurden an jeweils drei Untersuchungstagen (Tag 0, 2, 7) Blutproben aus der Vena jugularis entnommen. Zur Stimulierung des unspezifischen Immunsystems wurde in beiden Versuchszeiträumen an den Untersuchungstagen 0 und 2 der Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® appliziert. Ferner wurde den Kühen zu Beginn der Laktation der Tollwutimpfstoff Rabisin® verabreicht. Für die Auswertung wurden die untersuchten Milchkühe in Gruppen unterteilt. Die klinisch gesunden Kühe wurden anhand der nach Fett und Eiweiß korrigierten 305-Tage-Leistung in die Gruppe M = mittleres Leistungsniveau (Milchmengenleistung 6.500-8.990 kg) und die Gruppe H = hohes Leistungsniveau (Milchmengenleistung 9.000-12.500 kg) aufgeteilt. Die klinisch erkrankten Kühe wurden in der Gruppe K zusammengefasst. Zur Beurteilung der Immunabwehr wurden die Parameter Phagozytoseaktivität der isolierten Neutrophilen Granulozyten, die Vollblutbakterizidie, die Lymphozytenproliferation mit den Mitogenen ConA, PHA und PWM sowie die spezifische Antikörperbildung gegen Tollwut untersucht. Anhand der Parameter Phagozytoseaktivität, Vollblutbakterizidie und Lymphozytenproliferation wurde zusätzlich die Reaktion auf die Challenge mit dem Paramunitätsinducer Zylexis® überprüft. Zur Erfassung der metabolischen Belastungszustände wurden verschiedene Stoffwechselparameter und hämatologische Parameter erfasst. Zu Beginn der Laktation konnten bei den Kühen in der mittleren und hohen Leistungsgruppe signifikant höhere Konzentrationen an ß-Hydroxybuttersäure und Freien Fettsäuren im Vergleich zu der Laktationsmitte festgestellt werden. Die Kühe mit einem hohen Leistungsniveau zeigten darüber hinaus eine signifikant höhere Bilirubinkonzentration am Laktationsanfang gegenüber der Laktationsmitte. Die mittlere Konzentration der freien Fettsäuren lag bei den Kühen in beiden Leistungsgruppen oberhalb des Referenzbereiches und wies auf eine negative Energiebilanz zu Laktationsbeginn hin. Die mittleren Konzentrationen bzw. Enzymaktivitäten der Parameter Cholesterol, Harnstoff, AST, GLDH, γ-GT, Gesamtprotein, Kalzium und Phosphor wiesen in der Laktationsmitte signifikant höhere Werte als am Laktationsanfang auf. Dabei lagen die mittleren Enzymaktivitäten von AST und GLDH sowie die Konzentrationen von Harnstoff und Gesamtprotein in der Laktationsmitte oberhalb des Referenzbereiches. Die untersuchten Stoffwechselparameter wurden durch die Challenge mit einem Paramunitätsinducer nicht signifikant beeinflusst. Hinsichtlich der Immunparameter zeigten die Milchkühe mit einem mittleren Leistungsniveau in Abhängigkeit vom Laktationszeitpunkt zu Beginn der Laktation eine signifikant höhere Phagozytoseaktivität gegenüber der Laktationsmitte (p < 0,05). Die Gruppe mit einem hohen Leistungsniveau wies dagegen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der Phagozytoseaktivität zwischen den beiden Untersuchungszeiträumen auf. Bei den Immunparametern Vollblutbakterizidie und Lymphozytenproliferation konnten bei den Kühen beider Gruppen keine signifikanten Unterschiede in Abhängigkeit vom Laktationszeitpunkt festgestellt werden. Im Hinblick auf die Milchleistung wiesen die Kühe in den beiden Leistungsgruppen am Untersuchungstag 0 weder zu Beginn noch in der Mitte der Laktation signifikante Unterschiede bezüglich der untersuchten Immunparameter auf. Nach der Challenge durch den Paramunitätsinducer reagierten einzig die Kühe mit einer mittleren Leistung zu Beginn der Laktation auf die Challenge mit einer signifikanten Reduzierung der mittleren Phagozytoseaktivität von Tag 0 zu Tag 2 (p < 0,05). Bei den weiteren untersuchten Immunparametern konnten weder bei den Kühen mit einer mittleren noch mit einer hohen Leistung eine signifikante Reaktion auf die Challenge nachgewiesen werden. Die klinisch erkrankten Kühe zeigten im Vergleich zu den klinisch gesunden Kühen keine unterschiedlichen Konzentrationen bzw. Aktivitäten der untersuchten Stoffwechselparameter. Auch konnten anhand der immunologischen Parameter und der Reaktion auf die Challenge keine Unterschiede zwischen den klinisch gesunden Kühen festgestellt werden. Die in der vorliegenden Untersuchung geprüften metabolischen Belastungen konnten weder anhand der Immunparameter noch durch die Reaktion der Immunparameter auf eine Challenge dargestellt werden. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass das immunologische Reaktionsvermögen nicht geeignet ist, um als Indikator für Belastungszustände bei der Milchkuh herangezogen zu werden.

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Familiale Bewegungssozialisation – Zum Einfluss der Herkunftsfamilie auf die Bewegungssozialisation von Grundschulkindern. Die zentrale Fragestellung der Schrift ist, welchen Einfluss die soziale Herkunft auf die Bewegungssozialisation und Bewegungsentwicklung von Kindern im Grundschulalter hat. Die Auswirkungen sozialer Ungleichheit auf die Bewegungssozialisation, insbesondere die motorische Entwicklung, wurden in der Sportwissenschaft noch unzureichend untersucht. Der Arbeit liegt die Sozialisationstheorie von Witte (1994) zugrunde; mit ihrer Hilfe wird versucht die motorische Entwicklung theoriegeleitet zu erklären. Dafür werden Merkmale der Bewegungssozialisation und der motorischen Entwicklung in das theoretische Rahmenkonzept von Witte (1994) eingesetzt. Zu Beginn (Kapitel 1) erklärt die Arbeit den Begriff der sozialen Herkunft. Es werden der soziale Status, die Familienform und der Migrationshintergrund als Bestandteile der sozialen Herkunft definiert. Im weiteren Verlauf (Kapitel 2) wird die Sozialisationsinstanz Familie und die verschiedenen Familienformen vor dem Hintergrund sozialer Ungleichheit dargelegt. Das dritte Kapitel widmet sich dem sozialisationstheoretischen Konzept. Es werden die Sozialisationstheorie von Hurrelmann, die Körper- und Bewegungskarriere von Baur und das theoretische Rahmenkonzept der Sozialisation von Witte erklärt. Kapitel 4 beschreibt den Forschungsstand und Kapitel 5 stellt die Modellbildung und die Herleitung der Hypothesen dar. Die empirische Untersuchung fand an ausgewählten Grundschulen der Stadt Kassel statt. Insgesamt wurden 251 Kinder im Alter von 7-10 Jahren mit dem AST 6-11 untersucht und deren Eltern mit einem eigens entwickelten Fragebogen befragt. Die Daten wurden mit Hilfe von multivariaten Verfahren in Beziehung zueinander gesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Grundschulkinder hinsichtlich ihrer motorischen Entwicklung nicht in Abhängigkeit der sozialen Herkunft unterscheiden. Jedoch ist das Sportklima der Familien sehr stark abhängig von der sozialen Herkunft. Es wird deutlich, dass Kinder aus sozial benachteiligten Familien, aus Ein-Eltern-Familien und mit Migrationshintergrund schlechtere Möglichkeiten haben sich in ihrer Bewegungssozialisation zu entfalten. Die Prüfung des Sozialisationsmodells zeigt, neben der guten Operationalisierbarkeit des Modells, dass die Modellvariable „Orientierung“ (Orientierung der Familie hinsichtlich der Bedeutung von Bewegung und Sport) den größten Einfluss auf die Bewegungssozialisation von Kindern hat.

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Energy production from biomass and the conservation of ecologically valuable grassland habitats are two important issues of agriculture today. The combination of a bioenergy production, which minimises environmental impacts and competition with food production for land with a conversion of semi-natural grasslands through new utilization alternatives for the biomass, led to the development of the IFBB process. Its basic principle is the separation of biomass into a liquid fraction (press fluid, PF) for the production of electric and thermal energy after anaerobic digestion to biogas and a solid fraction (press cake, PC) for the production of thermal energy through combustion. This study was undertaken to explore mass and energy flows as well as quality aspects of energy carriers within the IFBB process and determine their dependency on biomass-related and technical parameters. Two experiments were conducted, in which biomass from semi-natural grassland was conserved as silage and subjected to a hydrothermal conditioning and a subsequent mechanical dehydration with a screw press. Methane yield of the PF and the untreated silage was determined in anaerobic digestion experiments in batch fermenters at 37°C with a fermentation time of 13-15 and 27-35 days for the PF and the silage, respectively. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent ligning (ADL) and elements (K, Mg, Ca, Cl, N, S, P, C, H, N) were determined in the untreated biomass and the PC. Higher heating value (HHV) and ash softening temperature (AST) were calculated based on elemental concentration. Chemical composition of the PF and mass flows of all plant compounds into the PF were calculated. In the first experiment, biomass from five different semi-natural grassland swards (Arrhenaterion I and II, Caricion fuscae, Filipendulion ulmariae, Polygono-Trisetion) was harvested at one late sampling (19 July or 31 August) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to three different temperature treatments (5°C, 60°C, 80°C) during hydrothermal conditioning. Based on observed methane yields and HHV as energy output parameters as well as literature-based and observed energy input parameters, energy and green house gas (GHG) balances were calculated for IFBB and two reference conversion processes, whole-crop digestion of untreated silage (WCD) and combustion of hay (CH). In the second experiment, biomass from one single semi-natural grassland sward (Arrhenaterion) was harvested at eight consecutive dates (27/04, 02/05, 09/05, 16/05, 24/05, 31/05, 11/06, 21/06) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to six different treatments (no hydrothermal conditioning and hydrothermal conditioning at 10°C, 30°C, 50°C, 70°C, 90°C). Energy balance was calculated for IFBB and WCD. Multiple regression models were developed to predict mass flows, concentrations of elements in the PC, concentration of organic compounds in the PF and energy conversion efficiency of the IFBB process from temperature of hydrothermal conditioning as well as NDF and DM concentration in the silage. Results showed a relative reduction of ash and all elements detrimental for combustion in the PC compared to the untreated biomass of 20-90%. Reduction was highest for K and Cl and lowest for N. HHV of PC and untreated biomass were in a comparable range (17.8-19.5 MJ kg-1 DM), but AST of PC was higher (1156-1254°C). Methane yields of PF were higher compared to those of WCD when the biomass was harvested late (end of May and later) and in a comparable range when the biomass was harvested early and ranged from 332 to 458 LN kg-1 VS. Regarding energy and GHG balances, IFBB, with a net energy yield of 11.9-14.1 MWh ha-1, a conversion efficiency of 0.43-0.51, and GHG mitigation of 3.6-4.4 t CO2eq ha-1, performed better than WCD, but worse than CH. WCD produces thermal and electric energy with low efficiency, CH produces only thermal energy with a low quality solid fuel with high efficiency, IFBB produces thermal and electric energy with a solid fuel of high quality with medium efficiency. Regression models were able to predict target parameters with high accuracy (R2=0.70-0.99). The influence of increasing temperature of hydrothermal conditioning was an increase of mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and a differing effect on energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing NDF concentration of the silage was a differing effect on mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing DM concentration of the silage was a decrease of mass flows, an increase of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. Based on the models an optimised IFBB process would be obtained with a medium temperature of hydrothermal conditioning (50°C), high NDF concentrations in the silage and medium DM concentrations of the silage.

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Extensive grassland biomass for bioenergy production has long been subject of scientific research. The possibility of combining nature conservation goals with a profitable management while reducing competition with food production has created a strong interest in this topic. However, the botanical composition will play a key role for solid fuel quality of grassland biomass and will have effects on the combustion process by potentially causing corrosion, emission and slagging. On the other hand, botanical composition will affect anaerobic digestibility and thereby the biogas potential. In this thesis aboveground biomass from the Jena-Experiment plots was harvested in 2008 and 2009 and analysed for the most relevant chemical constituents effecting fuel quality and anaerobic digestibility. Regarding combustion, the following parameters were of main focus: higher heating value (HHV), gross energy yield (GE), ash content, ash softening temperature (AST), K, Ca, Mg, N, Cl and S content. For biogas production the following parameters were investigated: substrate specific methane yield (CH4 sub), area specific methane yield (CH4 area), crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), crude lipid (CL) and nitrogen-free extract (NfE). Furthermore, an improvement of the fuel quality was investigated through applying the Integrated generation of solid Fuel and Biogas from Biomass (IFBB) procedure. Through the specific setup of the Jena-Experiment it was possible to outline the changes of these parameters along two diversity gradients: (i) species richness (SR; 1 to 60 species) and (ii) functional group (grasses, legumes, small herbs and tall herbs) presence. This was a novel approach on investigating the bioenergy characteristic of extensive grassland biomass and gave detailed insight in the sward-composition¬ - bioenergy relations such as: (i) the most relevant SR effect was the increase of energy yield for both combustion (annual GE increased by 26% from SR8→16 and by 65% from SR8→60) and anaerobic digestion (annual CH4 area increased by 22% from SR8→16 and by 49% from SR8→60) through a strong interaction of SR with biomass yield; (ii) legumes play a key role for the utilization of grassland biomass for energy production as they increase the energy content of the substrate (HHV and CH4 sub) and the energy yield (GE and CH4 area); (iii) combustion is the conversion technique that will yield the highest energy output but requires an improvement of the solid fuel quality in order to reduce the risk of corrosion, emission and slagging related problems. This was achieved through applying the IFBB-procedure, with reductions in ash (by 23%), N (28%), K (85%), Cl (56%) and S (59%) and equal levels of concentrations along the SR gradient.