The 1452 or 1453 A.D. Kuwae Eruption Signal Derived from Multiple Ice Core Records: Greatest Volcanic Sulfate Event of the Past 700 Years

We combined 33 ice core records, 13 from the Northern Hemisphere and 20 from the Southern Hemisphere, to determine the timing and magnitude of the great Kuwae eruption in the mid-15th century. We extracted volcanic deposition signals by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31 year running median absolute deviation. By accounting for the dating uncertainties associated with each record, these ice core records together reveal a large volcanogenic acid deposition event during 1453 - 1457 A. D. The results suggest only one major stratospheric injection from the Kuwae eruption and confirm previous findings that the Kuwae eruption took place in late 1452 or early 1453, which may serve as a reference to evaluate and improve the dating of ice core records. The average total sulfate deposition from the Kuwae eruption was 93 kg SO4/km(2) in Antarctica and 25 kg SO4/km(2) in Greenland. The deposition in Greenland was probably underestimated since it was the average value of only two northern Greenland sites with very low accumulation rates. After taking the spatial variation into consideration, the average Kuwae deposition in Greenland was estimated to be 45 kg SO4/km(2). By applying the same technique to the other major eruptions of the past 700 years our result suggests that the Kuwae eruption was the largest stratospheric sulfate event of that period, probably surpassing the total sulfate deposition of the Tambora eruption of 1815, which produced 59 kg SO4/km(2) in Antarctica and 50 kg SO4/km(2) in Greenland.

Expectations and effects of a single yoga session on pain perception

BACKGROUND Several studies show yoga may benefit chronic pain management. We investigated the effect of a single yoga session on the perception of pain, measured by a standardized pain provocation test in healthy yoga participants while also comparing pain perception to participants' own expectations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety yoga participants were recruited at hatha yoga schools in Switzerland. Pain perception was measured with a standardized algometric pain provocation test; i.e., a calibrated peg was applied for 10 seconds after which the participant rated pain intensity on a 0-10 numerical rating scale. The test was applied to the middle finger, ear lobe, and second toe before and after a 60-minute yoga session. RESULTS Sixty out of 90 (66.7%) yoga participants expected a reduced pain perception after the yoga session. However, 36 (40%) participants actually experienced less pain after compared to before the yoga session. But overall, pain perception statistically did not significantly change from before to after the yoga session at any of the three body locations assessed. The expectations and also the previous yoga experience did not significantly influence the participants' pain perception. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the high positive expectations on the influence of yoga on pain, a single yoga session does not significantly influence pain perception induced by a pain provocation test. Hypoalgesic effects of yoga should be explained otherwise.

Na 1 Nachlass Max Horkheimer, 32 - Korrespondenzen mit Familie Lehmann (p. I 16, 236-480)

6 Briefe zwischen E. Lederer und Max Horkheimer, 1936-1939; 1 Brief von Theodor W. Adorno an Minna Ledermann, 26.04.1941; 1 Brief von W. W. Lee an Max Horkheimer, 15.11.1938; 69 Brief zwischen Berta Lehmann, Flora Lehmann an Max Horkheimer, 1939-1944; 2 Briefe von Berta Lehmann, Flora Lehmann an Juliette Favez, März 1939; 1 Brief vom Reisebüro Anselm Stuttgart an Max Horkheimer, 02.04.1941; 4 Briefe zwischen der Auswandererstelle Marx Stuttgart und Max Horkheimer, 28.11.1940, 1941; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an Karl Adler, 24.01.1941; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an Walter C. Louchheim, 1940; 5 Briefe zwischen dem American Consul General Stuttgart und Max Horkheimer, 1939-23.11.1940; 4 Brief zwischen der Auswandererstelle Adler Stuttgart und Max Horkheimer, 1940; 2 Briefe zwischen der Auswandererstelle Stuttgart und Max Horkheimer, 20.02.1940; 5 Briefe zwischen N. C. Leites und Max Horkheimer, 17.05.1937, 1937; 4 Briefe zwischen Irmgard Lenel und Max Horkheimer, 1941, 1942; 3 Briefe zwischen Heidi Lenssen und Max Horkheimer, 01.02.1937, 1937; 3 Briefe zwischen Theo F. Lentz und Max Horkheimer, 05.07.1945, 1945; 11 Briefe zwischen Jella Lepman und Max Horkheimer,1939-1941; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an das American Consul General London, 1941; 1 Brief von R. Leppla an Max Horkheimer, 21.06.1948; 7 Briefe zwischen Max Lerner und Max Horkheimer, 1941, 1942; 5 Briefe und Beilagen zwischen Adolf Laschnitzer und Max Horkheimer, 1939-1940; 2 Briefe ziwschen dem The Emergency Committee in Aid of Displaced Foreign Scholars, New York und Max Horkheimer, 23.110.1940, 07.11.1940; 3 Briefe und 1 Beilage zwischen Andrée Lespiaut und Max Horkheimer, 13.11.1948; 1 Brief von Max Horkheimer an A. Lesser, 21.05.1935; 1 Brief von Bobby Level und Frank Level an Max Horkheimer, 20.07.1949; 1 Brief von Julius Walter Levi an Max Horkheimer, 15.05.1940; 1 Brief von Bernhard W. Levmore an Leo Löwenthal, 13.08.1940; 3 Briefe von Margot von Mendelssohn an Bernhard W. Levmore, 1940; 3 Briefe zwischen Ernst Levy und Max Horkheimer, 21.05.1927, 1937; 1 Brief von Erwin Levy an Max Horkheimer, 23.03.1935; 17 Briefe zwsichen Hanna Levy und Max Horkheimer, Friedrich Pollock, 1936-1937; 6 Briefe zwischen Herbert Levy und Friedichpollock, 1939-1940; 1 Brief von Friedrich Pollock an Heinz Langerhans, 11.08.1939; 2 Briefe von Max Horkheimer an die Society of the Protection of Science and Learning, The Scott Polar Research Institut, Cambridge, England, 24.11.1939; 2 Briefe zwischen Marie Levy und Max Horkheimer, 18.12.1938, 03.08.1939; 10 Briefe und 1 Beilage zwischen Max Lexandrowitz, Magarete Lexandrowitz und Max Horkheimer, 1940; 1 Brief vom National Refugee Service New York an Max Horkheimer, 19.03.1940; 1 Rechnung vom Librairie Generale de Droit & de Jurisprudence Paris an Max Horkheimer, 18.05.1938; 2 Briefe zwsichen L. Lichtwitz und Max Horkheimer, 16.04.1936, 25.07.1938;

Chemical measurements from the EPICA Dome C core

Sea ice and dust flux increased greatly in the Southern Ocean during the last glacial period. Palaeorecords provide contradictory evidence about marine productivity in this region, but beyond one glacial cycle, data were sparse. Here we present continuous chemical proxy data spanning the last eight glacial cycles (740,000 years) from the Dome C Antarctic ice core. These data constrain winter sea-ice extent in the Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean biogenic productivity and Patagonian climatic conditions. We found that maximum sea-ice extent is closely tied to Antarctic temperature on multi-millennial timescales, but less so on shorter timescales. Biological dimethylsulphide emissions south of the polar front seem to have changed little with climate, suggesting that sulphur compounds were not active in climate regulation. We observe large glacial-interglacial contrasts in iron deposition, which we infer reflects strongly changing Patagonian conditions. During glacial terminations, changes in Patagonia apparently preceded sea-ice reduction, indicating that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for different phases of CO2 increase during glacial terminations. We observe no changes in internal climatic feedbacks that could have caused the change in amplitude of Antarctic temperature variations observed 440,000 years ago.

Chemical concentrations and fluxes from EPICA ice cores EDML and EDC

Continuous sea salt and mineral dust aerosol records have been studied on the two EPICA (European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) deep ice cores. The joint use of these records from opposite sides of the East Antarctic plateau allows for an estimate of changes in dust transport and emission intensity as well as for the identification of regional differences in the sea salt aerosol source. The mineral dust flux records at both sites show a strong coherency over the last 150 kyr related to dust emission changes in the glacial Patagonian dust source with three times higher dust fluxes in the Atlantic compared to the Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean (SO). Using a simple conceptual transport model this indicates that transport can explain only 40% of the atmospheric dust concentration changes in Antarctica, while factor 5-10 changes occurred. Accordingly, the main cause for the strong glacial dust flux changes in Antarctica must lie in environmental changes in Patagonia. Dust emissions, hence environmental conditions in Patagonia, were very similar during the last two glacials and interglacials, respectively, despite 2-4 °C warmer temperatures recorded in Antarctica during the penultimate interglacial than today. 2-3 times higher sea salt fluxes found in both ice cores in the glacial compared to the Holocene are difficult to reconcile with a largely unchanged transport intensity and the distant open ocean source. The substantial glacial enhancements in sea salt aerosol fluxes can be readily explained assuming sea ice formation as the main sea salt aerosol source with a significantly larger expansion of (summer) sea ice in the Weddell Sea than in the Indian Ocean sector. During the penultimate interglacial, our sea salt records point to a 50% reduction of winter sea ice coverage compared to the Holocene both in the Indian and Atlantic Ocean sector of the SO. However, from 20 to 80 ka before present sea salt fluxes show only very subdued millennial changes despite pronounced temperature fluctuations, likely due to the large distance of the sea ice salt source to our drill sites.