A cytoplasmically transmissible hypovirulence phenotype associated with mitochondrial DNA mutations in the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica.

Mutations causing mitochondrial defects were induced in a virulent strain of the chestnut blight fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murr.) Barr. Virulence on apples and chestnut trees was reduced in four of six extensively characterized mutants. Relative to the virulent progenitor, the attenuated mutants had reduced growth rates, abnormal colony morphologies, and few asexual spores, and they resembled virus-infected strains. The respiratory defects and attenuated virulence phenotypes (hypovirulence) were transmitted from two mutants to a virulent strain by hyphal contact. The infectious transmission of hypovirulence occurred independently of the transfer of nuclei, did not involve a virus, and dynamically reflects fungal diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations. In these mutants, mitochondrial mutations are further implicated in generation of the attenuated state by (i) uniparental (maternal) inheritance of the trait, (ii) presence of high levels of cyanide-insensitive mitochondrial alternative oxidase activity, (iii) cytochrome deficiencies, and (iv) structural abnormalities in the mtDNA. Hence, cytoplasmically transmissible hypovirulence phenotypes found in virus-free strains of C. parasitica from recovering trees may be caused by mutant forms of mtDNA.

Ledger for the Classes of 1650-1663, 1649-1660

The leather-bound volume contains accounts for the Classes of 1650-1663 and Fellows. Many of the student bills were settled with payment in kind, often in the form of grain, apples, or livestock. The Steward's accounts with the College from 1656-1659 were entered on pages 295-303 and listed as "The steward is Creditor" and "The steward is Debitor." Credit entries include food, fuel, corn, and wages; debit entries list purchases and often identify the sellers.

Diary of Elias Mann, 1796-1800

Elias Mann kept this diary during his undergraduate years at Harvard College. The diary begins August 17, 1796 and ends in August of 1800 and also includes several undated sheets filled with excerpts of poems. The daily entries describe many aspects of Mann's life, including not only his experiences at Harvard but also his involvement in the larger community. Entries related to life at Harvard describe club meetings (coffee club, Hasty Pudding Club and Phi Beta Kappa); trips to the theater; dinners at taverns; games and recreation, including a card game called "Loo," cribbage, backgammon, bowling, playing ball, fishing, skating and going for sleigh rides; gathering, and sometimes taking from others' gardens, food (most often plums, peaches, nuts and apples); what he ate (including one breakfast of three raw eggs and two glasses of wine); what he read (including Tristram Shandy and one of "Mrs. Ratcliffe's novels"); his friends, often mentioned by name; and academic work and formalities. In one entry he mentions the theft of several possessions from his room, and there are several entries about trips to Fresh Pond.

Recursos hídricos superficiais vs subterrâneos na Várzea da Nazaré : implicações na qualidade da água

Tese de doutoramento, Geologia (Hidrogeologia), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2016

[Culinary ephemera : gelatin and tapioca].

Corporate contributors include: Genesee Pure Food Company; Jell-O-Co. Inc.

The apple situation in New York State, a preliminary report

Cover title.

A wonder book for boys and girls,

The Gorgon's head.--The golden touch.--The paradise of children.--The three golden apples.--The miraculous pitcher.--The Chimaera.

Orchard practice for the control of blister canker of apple trees /

Cover title.

The fruiting habit of the apple tree.

Thesis (M. S. in Agr.) - Cornell Univ., June 1918.

Ni︠e︡kotoryi︠a︡ dannyi︠a︡ iz morfologii i biologii i︠a︡blonnoĭ plodozhorki (Carpocapsa pomonella L.) i slivovoĭ plodozhorki (Carpocapsa funebrana Tr.). Predvaritelʹnoe soobshchenie. Zur morphologie und biologie des apfelwicklers (Carpocapsa pomonella L.) und pflaumenwicklers (Carpocapsa funebrana Tr.) ... Zavi︠e︡dyvani︠u︡shchiĭ stantsieĭ I. M. Krasilʹshchik. Pomoshnik zavi︠e︡dyvai︠u︡shchago N. N. Vitkovskiĭ.

German summary: p. 5-6.

Insect and mite pests of apple in California /

Mode of access: Internet.

Preliminary benefit analysis of Endrin use on apple orchards /

Bibliography: leaves [86]-91.

A series of bulletins on orchard technique /

The nature and use of certain insecticides / J.L. Phillips and H.L. Price -- Orchard technique. I. The fruit soils of Virginia. II. Fruit list for Virginia / Wm. B. Alwood -- Orchard technique. III. Growing the apple orchard / Wm. B. Alwood -- Orchard Technique. IV. Spraying the orchard / Wm. B. Alwood -- Orchard technique. V. Apple production in Virginia / Wm. B. Alwood.

Studies in apple storage /

"Fourth report. February, 1923."

Les ennemis de nos jardins, procédés de lutte contre les parasites du poirier & du pommier,

Mode of access: Internet.