Effects of amygdala-hippocampal stimulation on interictal epileptic discharges.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of different nuclei is being evaluated as a treatment for epilepsy. While encouraging results have been reported, the effects of changes in stimulation parameters have been poorly studied. Here the effects of changes of pulse waveform in high frequency DBS (130Hz) of the amygdala-hippocampal complex (AH) are presented. These effects were studied on interictal epileptic discharge rates (IEDRs). AH-DBS was implemented with biphasic versus pseudo monophasic charge balanced pulses, in two groups of patients: six with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) associated with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and six with non lesional (NLES) temporal epilepsy. In patients with HS, IEDRs were significantly reduced with AH-DBS applied with biphasic pulses in comparison with monophasic pulse. IEDRs were significantly reduced in only two patients with NLES independently to stimulus waveform. Comparison to long-term seizure outcome suggests that IEDRs could be used as a neurophysiological marker of chronic AH-DBS and they suggest that the waveform of the electrical stimuli can play a major role in DBS. We concluded that biphasic stimuli are more efficient than pseudo monophasic pulses in AH-DBS in patients with HS. In patients with NLES epilepsy, other parameters relevant for efficacy of DBS remain to be determined.

Chronic deep brain stimulation in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency and the effects of changes in parameters of chronic amygdala-hippocampal deep brain stimulation (AH-DBS) in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Eight pharmacoresistant patients, not candidates for ablative surgery, received chronic AH-DBS (130 Hz, follow-up 12-24 months): two patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and six patients with non-lesional mesial TLE (NLES). The effects of stepwise increases in intensity (0-Off to 2 V) and stimulation configuration (quadripolar and bipolar), on seizure frequency and neuropsychological performance were studied. The two HS patients obtained a significant decrease (65-75%) in seizure frequency with high voltage bipolar DBS (≥1 V) or with quadripolar stimulation. Two out of six NLES patients became seizure-free, one of them without stimulation, suggesting a microlesional effect. Two NLES patients experienced reductions of seizure frequency (65-70%), whereas the remaining two showed no significant seizure reduction. Neuropsychological evaluations showed reversible memory impairments in two patients under strong stimulation only. AH-DBS showed long-term efficiency in most of the TLE patients. It is a valuable treatment option for patients who suffer from drug resistant epilepsy and who are not candidates for resective surgery. The effects of changes in the stimulation parameters suggest that a large zone of stimulation would be required in HS patients, while a limited zone of stimulation or even a microlesional effect could be sufficient in NLES patients, for whom the importance of the proximity of the electrode to the epileptogenic zone remains to be studied. Further studies are required to ascertain these latter observations.

Associação entre sintomas de insônia e artrite reumatóide em idosos

Esse estudo objetivou avaliar sintomas de insônia em idosos residentes na comunidade e sua associação com a artrite reumatóide. Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal, recorte do projeto multicêntrico Fragilidade em Idosos Brasileiros . Foram avaliados 689 idosos (68,9% mulheres, média de idade 72,2 anos) utilizando-se questionário sociodemográfico e sobre condições clínicas, questões sobre sintomas de insônia (Perfil de Saúde de Nottingham) e teste de rastreio para alterações cognitivas (Mini-exame do Estado Mental). Utilizou-se análise descritiva e análise de regressão logística múltipla, com nível de significância de 5%. A associação entre sintomas de insônia e artrite reumatóide manteve-se significativa na análise multivariada; outros fatores associados foram avaliação subjetiva da saúde muito ruim, não ser aposentado e apresentar depressão. Os profissionais da área da saúde devem investigar cuidadosamente a qualidade do sono noturno dos idosos acometidos por artrite reumatóide, dada sua elevada prevalência nessa população.

Insomnia Symptoms, Daytime Naps And Physical Leisure Activities In The Elderly: FIBRA Study Campinas

The practice of physical activities contributes to reducing the risk of chronic diseases and improves sleep patterns in the elderly. This research aimed to investigate the association between insomnia symptoms and daytime nap and the participation in physical leisure activities in elderly community residents. Data from the Studies Network of the Fragility in Brazilian Elderly (Campinas site), were used. Information from 689 elderly was analyzed, regarding sociodemographic characterization, physical leisure activity, occurrence of daytime napping and its duration, symptoms of insomnia and use of sleep medication. A significant association was found between the practice of walking and the daytime nap of short duration. Studies indicate that a short nap can benefit the quality of sleep and health of the elderly. Therefore, promoting the practice of walking can be a nursing intervention that favors the sleep patterns of the elderly.


Plano de Gestão - Parque Natural Serra Malagueta

A elaboração do Plano de Gestão do Parque Natural de Serra Malagueta insere-se no âmbito das exigências constantes do artigo 16º do Decreto-lei nº 3/2003, de 24 de Fevereiro, que diz expressamente “ 1. Os objectivos de conservação previstos no presente diploma podem ser materializados através de um plano de gestão das áreas protegidas onde se percebe tal necessidade e, em qualquer caso, nos Parques Naturais”. O Plano, enquanto instrumento de gestão fundamental de áreas protegidas, constitui uma valiosa ferramenta capaz de compatibilizar diferentes interesses em presença, como a conservação da biodiversidade, aspectos geológicos e geomorfológicos, a protecção de valores culturais, estéticos e científicos e a satisfação das necessidades básicas do Homem cabo-verdiano. Em termos de estrutura, o presente Plano de Gestão consta de: Documento Introdutório, Documento Informativo, Documento Normativo, Documento Económico-Financeiro, Anexos e Anexo Cartográfico. Do Documento Introdutório, consta a finalidade do Parque, um breve resumo sobre a metodologia utilizada na elaboração do Plano, objectivos do plano e as condicionantes do planeamento; Do Documento Informativo, consta uma síntese sobre informação ambiental e territorial do Parque, acompanhada por cartas temáticas correspondentes; uma avaliação das Unidades de Diagnóstico, seguida de cartas de qualidade e fragilidade dessas unidades; uma análise da situação actual, evolução previsível do sistema, potencialidades e condicionantes de gestão, estratégias de gestão e zoneamento. O Documento Normativo constitui o quadro jurídico-administrativo através do qual se regulam as actividades e acções previstas. Esse documento, para além de tratar numa primeira parte de questões gerais como a localização do Parque e antecedentes de protecção, aborda o zoneamento, regimes gerais e específicos de usos, normas, directrizes e critérios para a administração e organização da gestão do Parque, directrizes para a formulação de programas, vigência e revisão do Plano. Por último, o Documento Económico-Financeiro apresenta as acções de Conservação, Uso Público e Informação, Sócio-económica e de Investigação Monitorização, bem como os respectivos orçamentos, com vista a consecução dos objectivos do Plano.

A Informática na Educação Inclusiva em Cabo Verde: O uso do computador por pessoas cegas

Ao longo da história se verifica que as pessoas com deficiência têm sido alvos de preconceito, de discriminação, o que muitas das vezes faz com estas pessoas sejam colocadas à “margem da sociedade”. Do ponto de vista mundial, tem-se manifestado preocupações em torno da necessidade destas pessoas serem integradas socialmente. Assim, podemos identificar alguns documentos internacionais, os quais apresentam como abordagem a Educação Inclusiva. Estas manifestações se fazem também sentir em Cabo Verde, pois a década de 90 foi marcada por discursos, preocupações em relação à inclusão social das pessoas com deficiência. Apesar da Lei de Bases do Sistema Educativo (LBSE) – Lei n.º 103/III/90, fazer referência à Educação Especial, ela prevê que todos os indivíduos têm o direito e o dever à Educação e para tanto é necessário criar condições que garantam a Educação Inclusiva, tendo em vista a igualdade de oportunidades. Neste contexto, o uso dos equipamentos tecnológicos devem estar adaptados às necessidades educativas, de modo a permitir a transmissão e assimilação de conhecimentos para todos, independentemente das suas condições físicas, intelectuais, afectivas, sociais, linguísticas ou outras. Analisa-se, nesta monografia, em que medida as tecnologias de informação e comunicação contribuem para a implementação da Educação Inclusiva. Especificamente, investiga-se o acesso e a utilização dessas tecnologias por pessoas cegas no processo de escolarização em Cabo Verde. Ao analisar o uso e o acesso dos equipamentos informáticos por cegos no processo de escolarização, constata-se que há uma enorme necessidade de adaptação das tecnologias face ao uso dessas pessoas e formação de pessoas para trabalhar com elas.

The previously unknown pupa and adult male of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)

The previously unknown pupa and adult male of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). The pupa of Neobezzia fittkaui Wirth & Ratanaworabhan, 1972, collected from a mat of floating fern (Salvinia auriculata Aubl., Salviniaceae) in Ilha da Marchantaria near Manaus, Brazil and the reared adult male are described, photographed and illustrated for the first time. This is the first detailed pupal description for the genus Neobezzia Wirth & Ratanaworabhan.

A new species of Stilobezzia Kieffer from the neotropical region (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae)

A new species from the Neotropical Region, Stilobezzia (Stilobezzia) pseudopunctulata Cazorla & Ronderos, is described and illustrated based on male and female adults and pupal exuviae. Adults were collected in the Argentinian provinces of Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes and Buenos Aires, and in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The pupa was collected from mats of floating aquatic macrophytes in a lagoon in Ilha da Marchantería, in the vicinities of Manaus, Brazil. This new species is compared with its similar congener Stilobezzia punctulata Lane, from which it can be mainly distinguished by the wing with only two dark spots, the parameres longer and hook-shaped, the pupal respiratory organ with 11-12 pores and the very short apicolateral processes of the anal segment.

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Evidence of altered antioxidant systems and signs of elevated oxidative stress are reported in peripheral tissue and brain of schizophrenic patients, including low levels of glutathione (GSH), a major thiol antioxidant and redox buffer. Functional and genetic data indicate that an impaired regulation of GSH synthesis is a vulnerability factor for the disease. Impaired GSH synthesis from a genetic origin combined with environmental risk factors generating oxidative stress (e.g., malnutrition, exposure to toxins, maternai infection and diabetes, obstetrical complications, and psychological stress) could lead to redox dysregulation. This could subsequently perturb normal brain development and maturation with delayed functional consequences emerging in early adulthood. Depending on the nature and the time of occurrence of the environmental insults, the structural and functional delayed consequences could vary, giving rise to various endophenotypes. The use of animal models of GSH deficit represents a valuable approach to investigate how interactions between genetic and environmental factors lead to the emergence of pathologies found in the disease. Moreover, these models of GSH can be useful to investigate links between schizophrenia and comorbid somatic disorders, as dysregulation of the GSH system and elevated oxidative stress are also found in cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This chapter reviews pharmacological and genetic rodent models of GSH synthesis dysregulation used to address some of the aforementioned issues. Up to date, these models revealed that GSH deficits lead to morphological, physiological, and behavioral alterations that are quite analogous to pathologies observed in patients. This includes hypofunction of NMDA receptors, alteration of dopamine neurotransmission, anomalies in parvalbumin-immunoreactive fast-spiking interneurons, and reduced myelination. In addition, a GSH deficit affects the brain in a region-specific manner, the anterior cingulate cortex and the ventral hippocampus being the most vulnerable regions investigated. Interestingly, a GSH deficit during a limited period of postnatal development is sufficient to have long-lasting consequences on the integrity of PV-IR interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex and impairs cognitive functions in adulthood. Finally, these animal models of GSH deficit display behavioral impairments that could be related to schizophrenia. Altogether, current data strongly support a contributing role of a redox dysregulation on the development of pathologies associated with the illness and demonstrate the usefulness of these models to better understand the biological mechanisms leading to schizophrenia.

The yield of high-density electric source imaging in focal epilepsy

Background: EEG is the cornerstone of epilepsy diagnostics and mandatory to determine the underlying epilepsy syndrome (e.g. focal vs idiopathic generalized). However, its potential as imaging tool is still underrecognized. In the present study, we aim to determine the prerequisites of maximal benefit of electric source imaging (ESI) to localize the irritative zone in patients with focal epilepsy. Methods: 150 patients suffering from focal epilepsy and with minimum 1 year post-operative follow-up were studied prospectively by reviewers blinded to the underlying diagnosis and outcome. We evaluated the influence of two important factors on sensitivity and specificity of ESI: the number of electrodes (low resolution, LR-ESI: \30 vs. high resolution, HR-ESI: 128-256 electrodes), and the use of individual MRI (i-MRI) vs. template MRI (t-MRI) as head model.Results: ESI had a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 87% when HR-ESI with i-MRI was used. Using LR-ESI, sensitivity decreased to 68%, or even 57% when only t-MRI was available. The sensitivity of HR-ESI/i-MRI compared favorably with those of MRI (76%), PET (69%) and ictal/interictal SPECT (64%).Interpretation: This study on a large patient group shows excellent sensitivity and specificity of ESI if 128 EEG channels or more are used for ESI and if the results are co-registered to the patient's individual MRI. Localization precision is as high as or even higher than established brain imaging techniques, providing excellent costeffectiveness in epilepsy evaluation. HR-ESI appears to be a valuable additional imaging tool, given that larger electrode arrays are easily and rapidly applied with modern EEG equipment and that structural MRI is nearly always available for these patients.

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