Le règne animal distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée.

[v.7] Insectes, pt.2 (text)

Analysis of animal models of neurodegenerative diseases with protein deposits

Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften, Univ., Dissertation, 2016

Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres : présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s'y rapportent : précédée d'une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l'animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels, enfin, l'exposition des principes fondamentaux de la zoologie /

t.4 (1835)

Investigações sobre doenças de Psittacideos

The present paper colligates the notions acquired in previous investigations, already published, and new observations upon diseases of the psittacidae, liable to be confused with psittacosis of parrots. The author calls attention to the indifference with regard to this question shown by investigators, even by those who dealt with the study of this disease on the occasion of the latest outbreak of psittacosis, in flagrant contrast with the researches upon the alterations induced by pathogenic agents of other diseases transmissible to man, when these agents pass through animals or when the latter are depositaries of the virus. This remark considerably enhances the importance of the presence paper from a hygienic and epidemiologic point of view, representing moreover a contribution to general knowledge and to veterinary medicine. The researches carried out since the appearance of the latest outbreak of psittacosis,-which occurred simultaneously with an epizooty in parrots lodged in aviary of the park of Agua Branca (Directory of Animal Industry of the State São Paulo)-led to the verification of the frequent existence in these animals of various diseases liable to be confused with psittacosis. These diseases are due to two kinds of pathogenic agents: virus and bacteria. In the first group there are to be found the diseases occasioned by the virus of human psittacosis, discovered by Western, Bedson and Simpson, and the disease me with in parrots coming from traders in S. Paulo. The infections by bacteria of the genus Salmonella and by those of other genera belong to the second group. As differential characters of the two infections due to virus, delineated on the strength of notions drawn from a detailed experimental study and from the literature on this subject, the following are given: ¹ Samples of our virus were sent, for comparison, to various investigators of psittacosis. Amongst them, Prof. M. Rivers acceded to our request; he found its nature to be different from that of the virus of psittacosis studiedby him. We are very much obliged to him for the attention he paid to this verification. Virus of psittacosis - Infectiousness: man, monkey, rabbit, mouse, hen, canary. Neurotropic affinity. Inclusions: small, protoplasmic. Exsiccation: the virus has good power of preservation. Symptoms: inactivity, drowsiness, frequent diarrhoea, oculo-nasal discharge and cough, coma. Duration: 4 to 5 days. Bodily lesions: congestion of intestines, splenomegaly. Virus of S. Paulo - Infects only psittacidae, particularly those of the genus Amazona. No localization in the nervous system. Large, nuclear. Is rapidly destroyed. Inactivity, inappetency, adynamia (drooping of the wings, indifference, leaning its beak against the bars of the cage in order not to fall down); profuse diarrhoea, of whitish stools, at times enterorrhagia; prolonged coma. 2 to 8 days. Foci of yellowish necrosis in liver, spleen and lung. At times, congestion of intestines. Characteristic features common to the two viruses.-They act in great dilutions, filter through tight candles though being partly retained, are preserved under glycerine or Bedson's solution, are stable at 55°C. heat and are destroyed by physical and chemical agents. Both virus diseases are very seldom met with in psittacidae: only once, amongst numberless sick parrots, the author met with a disease of the virus differring from that of psittacosis. This disease, greatly transmissible to man, ought to be more frequent, if it were common in parrots. On the contrary, bacteria cause diseases in these animals with great frequency, presenting variable characters, from a severe epizootic form, rapidly mortal, to ambulatory or silent forms, for the most part developing towards a cure or assuming a chronic character. Amongst the bacteria which cause the infection of this group the salmonellae predominate and amongst them the bacterium discovered by Nocard, as well as a species which in the course of this study is characterized under the name of Salmonella nocardi. The author believes that in the epizooty from which Nocard isolated his bacterium there was association of the virus-disease inducing the epizooty of that epoch in Paris with the bacterial disease, as must have happened in Argentina, where the disease was transmitted to man, and Santillan, according to Barros, isolated from the sick parrots bacteria of the genus Salmonella. The diseases of the two groups, that due to virus and that due to bacteria, are differentiated: Virus-diseases - Evolution: rapid, nearly always followed by death. Symptoms: sadness, profuse diarrhoea, of whitish stools, at times enterorrhagia, complete inappetency, adynamia, indifference, prolonged coma. Clinical forms: acute and subacute. Lesions: Foci of necrosis in liver and spleen without cellular reaction around the focus, yellow liver, multiple serositis. Presence of protoplasmic or nuclear granulations. Bacteriology: Complete lack or inconstant presence of bacteria in the organs and blood. Infectiousness of the organs and blood after filtration: positive. Bacterial diseases - Varies from one week to a month or more, not always fatal. Sadness, partial inappetency, tremblings, intensive thirst, mucous or mucosanguineous diarrhoea, lack of adynamia (reacts to stimulations and moves well at any time of the disease, though showing little disposition to locomotion), soiling of feathers. Frustrate, acute, subacute and chronic. Hepatic and intestinal cogestion, foci of necrosis in liver, spleen and lung with cellular reaction around the focus. Lack of granulations. Constant presence of bacteria in the organs and blood. Negative. The analysis of the litterature shows that the characteristic features of the diseases in parrots referred to parrot psittacosis, more frequently approach the bacterial diseases here described of these animals, a hypothesis which is reinforced by the observation of the greater frequency of infections...

The life history of Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Lesage, 1908) Pessoa, 1970: a parasite of the common laboratory animal: the frog of the genus Leptodactylus

The main object of the present paper is to furnish a brief account to the knowledgement of Protozoa parasitic in common Brazilian frog of the genus Leptodactylus for general students in Zoology and for investigators that use this frog as a laboratory animal. Hepatozoon leptodactyli (Haemogregarina leptodactyli) was found in two species of frogs - Leptodactylus ocellatus and L. pentadactylus - in which develop schizogony whereas sporogony occurs in the leech Haementeria lutzi as was obtainded in experimental conditions. Intracellular forms have been found in peripheral circulation, chiefly in erythrocytes, but we have found them in leukocytes too. Tissue stages were found in frog, liver, lungs, spleen, gut, brain and heart. The occurence of hemogregarine in the Central Nervous System was recorded by Costa & al,(13) and Ball (2). Some cytochemical methods were employed in attempt to differentiate gametocytes from trophozoites in the peripheral blood and to characterize the cystic membrane as well. The speorogonic cycle was developed in only one specie of leech. A brief description of the parasite is given.

Efectos del gen halotano sobre el bienestar animal, la calidad de carne y la productividad en porcinos

El Centro de Tecnología de la Carne fue responsable de tres de los objetivos fundamentales de este proyecto. Los experimentos consistieron en el sacrificio de dos lotes de cerdos que se diferenciaban en su genotipo halotano y en la línea paterna, que fueron sometidos a distintos tratamientos ante-mortem (transporte y espera largos versus transporte y espera cortos). En el primer lote, se compararon animales libres del gen con heterocigotos que procedían de una línea paterna Pietrain o una línea híbrida Large White x Pietrain. En el segundo lote, se comparó la descendencia heterocigota (Nn) de un macho Pietrain positivo al halotano (nn) con la descendencia libre del gen (NN) de dos machos Pietrain también libres del gen. Las hembras utilizadas en ambos lotes fueron las mismas, todas ellas libres del gen halotano

Suplementación de tranquilizantes naturales en la dieta de cerdos con diferente genotipo al estrés: sobre el bienestar animal y la calidad tecnológica y sensorial de la carne

El objetivo principal del proyecto era estudiar el efecto de tranquilizantes naturales sobre el bienestar de los animales y la calidad de la carne desde un punto de vista tecnológico y sensorial. Este objetivo se desglosaba en dos: OBJETIVO 1 – Evaluar la eficacia de tranquilizantes naturales (Magnesio, triptófano) en la disminución del nivel de estrés en cerdos de tres genotipos diferentes respecto del gen Hal, homocigotos dominantes NN, o portadores (Nn y nn) en el período anterior al sacrificio. OBJETIVO 2 – Estudiar el efecto de los tranquilizantes en la calidad tecnológica y sensorial de la carne (pH, capacidad de retención de agua, color, textura, olor sexual, …). Para ello se planteaban dos experimentos, el primero utilizando animales extremos, libres del gen, NN, y Hal +, nn, y el segundo con animales libres, NN, y portadores, Nn.

Valoración del bienestar animal del cerdo. Parámetros evaluados en el matadero

La preocupación por el bienestar animal es creciente en toda Europa, tanto por parte del consumidor como por parte del poder legislativo. La información que se facilite a los consumidores sobre los sistemas de producción y un etiquetado adecuado de las condiciones de producción de los productos de origen animal pueden constituir dos elementos esenciales de la cadena alimentaria europea en los próximos años. Es en este contexto que la Comisión Europea financia desde el año 2004 un proyecto europeo integrado, conocido con el acrónimo de “Welfare Quality®”. Uno de los objetivos principales del proyecto es obtener un sistema de valoración del bienestar de los animales de abasto que sea aplicable en granjas y mataderos, y que pueda convertirse en un sistema estandarizado para toda Europa. Además, el sistema de valoración, debe proporcionar información sobre el bienestar de los animales de una forma sencilla y entendible por el público y, a su vez, identificar de forma inequívoca los productos procedentes de estos estándares de bienestar animal. El sistema de valoración utilizado priorizará las medidas basadas en los propios animales sobre aquellas basadas en el ambiente o el manejo de estos. La inclusión de parámetros en el protocolo final de valoración del bienestar del porcino en el matadero depende de factores tales como su validez como indicador del bienestar animal, la facilidad con la que pueda ser valorado por distintos observadores en distintos entornos y condiciones con un error mínimo, que precise de poco tiempo para ser valorada y que combinada con otras medidas dé un resultado final óptimo. A modo de ejemplo, se presentan algunos de los parámetros que serán incluidos en el sistema de valoración del bienestar del porcino en matadero, tales como la valoración del miedo, resbalones, caídas, cojeras, presencia de heridas o índice de mortalidad y eficiencia del aturdimiento previo al sacrificio. Para más información se puede consultar la dirección www.welfarequality.net.

Novetats que afecten a la nutrició animal a Europa. Nou model europeu de producció animal

La nutrició animal a la Unió Europea (UE) ha estat afectada per vàries crisis, com la de les vaques boges (encefalopatia bovina espongiforme) (BSE), les hormones a la carn, la contaminació per les dioxines, els Organismes Genèticament Modificats (GMO) i l’ús d’antibiòtics com a promotors de creixement (AMGP). Des dels anys 70, la producció animal a la UE ha estat encaminada a buscar regulacions legals per a millorar la seva seguretat i eficàcia. Si més no, durant els últims cinc anys, casos com la BSE i d’altres han col·locat al sector en primera línia de les notícies, la qual cosa ha trencat la confiança dels consumidors en el consum de carn. Aquesta presentació intentarà explicar per què i com la UE està tractant aquests temes i què és el que el sector està fent per recobrar la confiança dels consumidors. La intenció és respondre a algunes qüestions que preocupen al sector, com per exemple: La producció animal europea, és menys segura que les altres? Per què les regulacions legals són més exigents per a nutrició animal que per als humans? El sector s’està preguntant si aquesta crisi pot produir un nou model europeu de producció animal. Finalment, l’actual sistema de ramaderia s’haurà de discutir: quantitat o qualitat.