An address to the inhabitants of Great Britain on the dangerous and destructive tendency of the French system of liberty and equality, with an historical account of the French revolution, the imprisonment and sufferings of the royal family, and the deliberate murder of the unfortunate king of France ...

Mode of access: Internet.

The chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft, in French verse from the earliest period to the death of King Edward I.

In 3 parts: the 1st an abridgment of Geoffrey of Monmouth's "Historia Britonum": the 2d, a history of the Anglo-Saxon and Norman kings to the death of Henry III; the 3d, a history of the reign of Edward I. The language is a specimen of the French of Yorkshire. cf. Introd.

The bolshevist publications and French policy (Black book and yellow book)

Translation of Livre noir et livre jaune.

Inter arma; being essays written in time of war,

Reprinted from the Edinburgh review.

The Germans and the small nations; an interview with Lord French.

Interview by E. P. Bell.

La Commission du muséum et la création du Musée du Louvre (1792-1793)

Mode of access: Internet.

No pain, no gain? Torture and ethics in the war on terror

Is the use of torture ever justified? This article argues that torture cannot be justified, even in so called ticking bomb cases, but that in such extreme situations it may be necessary. In those situations, judgements about whether the use of torture is legitimate must balance the imminence and gravity of the threat with the need to prevent future occurrences of torture and maintain a normative environment that is hostile to its use. The article begins by observing that the use of torture and/or cruel and degrading treatment has become a core component of the global war on terror. It tests the claim that the use of coercive interrogation techniques does not constitute torture, showing that similar arguments were levelled by both the British and French governments in relation to Northern Ireland and Algeria respectively and found wanting. It then evaluates and rejects Dershowitz's claim for the legalization of torture and the more limited claim that torture may be permissible in ticking bomb scenarios. In the final section, the article questions how we might maintain the prohibition on torture while acknowledging that it may be necessary in some hypothetical cases.

The French Confederation Generale du Travail and the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres (1900-1914):French syndicalist attitudes towards internationalism and the International Labour Movement

This thesis examines relations between the French Confederation Generale du Travail (CGT) and the labour movements of other countries in the years leading up to the First World War. The aim of the study is to examine the CGT's policy of internationalism in practice, both in relations with other labour movements and in its membership of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres (between 1900 and 1914). In particular, the relationship between the French and German labour movements is explored in the light of the events of August 1914. This study shows that the relationship was a reflection of the respective positions of the French and German labour movements in the international movement. It also subjects to close scrutiny the assumption, widely made before 1914, that workers had more in common with each other than with the ruling classes of their own country, by analysing the extent of, and the reasons for internationalism and international cooperation in the labour movement. As a study of the International Secretariat of National Trade Union Centres, an organisation about which very little has previously been written, this thesis complements existing work on the international labour movement prior to 1914. It also provides new insights into the French CGT by concentrating on the fundamental areas of internationalism and opposition to war, and offers fresh contributions to the continuing debate on the international labour movement and its response to the outbreak of war.

Freemasonary in France during the Nazi occupation and it's rehabilitation after the end of the Second World War

This thesis examines the involvement of the French Freemason movement in the Resistance during the Occupation of France by the Germans 1939-1945, its relationship with the Vichy government and the effect the 'Nouvelle Révolution' had on the lives of individual Masons. To set the scene and to put the role of Freemasonry into perspective in the life of France and the French political system, the origins of French Freemasonry are examined and explained. The main French Masonic obediences are discussed and the differences between them emphasised. The particular attributes of a Freemason are described and the ideals and ethos of the Order is discussed. From its earliest days, Freemasonry has often been persecuted by the Roman Catholic Church or by extreme Right-wing movements. The history of this persecution is reviewed and the reasons for its persistence noted, with especial emphasis on the treatment of Freemasons under the fascist regimes of Italy and Germany. The fate of Freemasonry in countries under German control is also briefly examined. With the occupation of France by the Germans, the differences and similarities of the treatment of French and German Freemasons are discussed. The processes and legislation of this ban are closely examined and the part played by the Vichy government in the persecution of French Freemasonry is discussed. The effects of this persecution and the consequences for individuals are examined and the Freemason's role in the emerging Resistance movement is reviewed. The contribution of many lodges to the Resistance movement is examined and the sacrifice of many Freemasons for their ideals is emphasised.

Translating Nietzsche, mediating literature: Alexander Tille and the limits of Anglo-German intercultural transfer

Dr. Alexander Tille (1866–1912) was one of the key-figures in Anglo-German intercultural transfer towards the end of the 19th century. As a lecturer in German at Glasgow University he was the first to translate and edit Nietzsche’s work into English. Writers such as W. B. Yeats were influenced by Nietzsche and used Tille’s translations. Tille’s social Darwinist reading of the philosopher’s oeuvre, however, had a narrowing impact on the reception of Nietzsche in the Anglo-Saxon world for decades. Through numerous publications Tille disseminated knowledge about British authors (e.g., Robert Louis Stevenson, William Wordsworth) in Germany and about German authors (e.g., Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) in Britain. His role as mediator also extended into areas such as history, religion, and industry. During the Boer war, however, Tille’s outspoken pro-German nationalism brought him in conflict with his British host society. After being physically attacked by his students he returned to Germany and published a highly anglophobic monograph. Tille personifies the paradox of Anglo-German relations in the pre-war years, which deteriorated despite an increase in intercultural transfer and knowledge about the respective Other.

The Romanian Orthodox Church

At first glance, the nationalist ideology of the French Revolution seems to have had little impact on the Orthodox Church in Romanian-speaking territories. Romanians were the predominant inhabitants of the principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia and the neighboring territories of Transylvania (including Crişana, Maramureş and Banat), Bukovina, Bessarabia, and Dobrudja. The majority of ethnic Romanians belonged to the Orthodox faith while their communities were at the intersection of geopo liti cal interests of the Rus sian, Ottoman, and Habsburg empires. In 1859 the Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia (known as the Old Kingdom between 1866 and 1918) united into a single state under the rule of a local prince. The term "Romania" began to be used by the new state in its of cial documents in 1862. Two years later, the state supported the declaration of a Romanian autocephalous (in de pen dent) church that was recognized by the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1885. As an integrative part of the Orthodox commonwealth, the church was situated between the competing jurisdictions of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and the Rus sian Orthodox Church, while its declaration of autocephaly followed a pattern in the spread of national churches in Southeastern Europe. From the Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji of 1774 to the beginning of the Greek War for In de pen dence in 1821, the Romanian principalities were under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire, which had full control of their po liti cal and economic affairs. The sultan appointed princes, and the Porte determined their po liti cal and judicial status. The princes were drawn from the "Phanariots," and were directly appointed by the Porte from preponderantly Greek elite rather than the Romanian local elite, the boyars (boieri).1 In each principality, the church was headed by a metropolitan who was under the direct jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate. That religion mattered to local population as a means of social cohesion was suggestively depicted by Anatole de Demidoff, an En glish traveler in the region in 1837. Arriving in Bucharest, the capital of Wallachia, he claimed that: I know of no city in Europe in which it is possible to find more agreeable society, or in which there is a better tone, united with the most charming gaiety⋯. Religion, which is here of the schismatic Greek creed, does not, properly speaking, hold any great empire over the minds of the Wallachian people, but they observe its outward forms, and particularly the austerities of fasting, with scrupulous exactitude. The people are seen to attend divine ser vice with every sign of respect, and the great number of churches existing in Wallachia, bear witness to the ardent zeal with which outward worship is honored.2 The Romanian Orthodox Church was a national institution, closely linked to social, economic, and po liti cal structures. In most cases, Orthodox hierarchs were appointed from the families of boyars, thus ensuring a close relationship with the state authorities and its policies. As one of the largest landowners in the principalities, the church had a prime role in administrating healthcare and education. Although the majority of the clergy was uneducated, it dispensed both ecclesiastical and civil justice and in many cases worked closely with boyars in local administration.3 The lower clergy not only contributed directly to the economy but also benefited from tax privileges. Some small villages had an unusually high proportion of clergy in comparison to the overall population. For example, in 1810, Stənisləveşti, a village in the south of Wallachia, was composed of eleven houses and had two priests, five deacons, and three cantors; similarly, the Frəsinet village of nineteen houses had two priests and five deacons.4 Although these cases were exceptional, they indicate both the economic value of being a member of the clergy and the wider canonical dimension of church jurisdiction. The special status of the clergy was reflected not only at lower but also at higher levels. Bishops and metropolitans engaged with state policy and in many cases opposition to the authorities led to the loss of a spiritual seat. The metropolitan of each principality worked with the prince and was president of the divan, the gathering of all boyars. He held the right to be the first person to comment on state policy and to make recommendations when the prince was absent. The metropolitan replaced the prince when the principality had no political ruler, such as in the cases of Metropolitan Veniamin Costachi of Moldavia in 1806 and Metropolitan Dositei Filitti of Wallachia, while the bishops of Buzəu and Argeş were members of the provisional government during the Rus sian occupation of the principalities in 1808. The higher clergy had both religious and political prerogatives in relation to foreign powers as evident in their heading of the boyars' delegation to peace negotiation between the Rus sian and Ottoman empires at Focşani in 1772 and addressing memoranda to the Austrian and Rus sian governments in 1802.5 The primary role of the church in the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia was paralleled by the national mobilization of Orthodox communities in the neighboring territories that had Romanian inhabitants. Although throughout the region Orthodox communities were incorporated into church structures as part of the Habsburg, Austrian or Rus sian empires, the nineteenth century was characterized by the leadership's search for political autonomy and the building of a Romanian national identity. The Orthodox communities outside the Old Kingdom maintained relations with the faithful in principalities across the Carpathian Mountains and the Dniester River and sought support in their struggle for political and religious rights.

"Serve Canada with Men Like These": Masculinity, "Peacekeeping," and National Identity in Cold War Canada, 1956-1959

This paper explores the ways in which the construction of militarized masculinities in Cold War Canadian media reflected the hegemonic masculinities and broader social trends of the period. This paper focuses specifically on the recruiting materials produced for and by the Canadian Army between 1956 and 1959, the time of the Suez Canal Crisis and the beginnings of “Canadian peacekeeping.” Through the mobilization of modern and anti-modern masculine identities attached to hegemonic and idealized Cold War Canadian masculinities, the Army created the image of the “Modern Warrior” to portray itself as an occupation and culture for “real Canadian men.” This identity simultaneously corresponded with Canada’s new “peacekeeping” identity. By presenting certain images of Canadian manhood as the “ideal” Canadian identity and by associating this “ideal” masculinity with military service, the Army’s recruitment advertisements conflated Cold War rhetoric of service, defence, national citizenship, cultural belonging, and “ideal” ethnicity with a Canadian identity available only to a specific (and often exclusive) segment of society. Because military service has long been considered the crux of citizenship, these advertisements (re)entrenched patterns of middle-class, heterosexual, Anglo- Saxon masculine power and dominance in a time of social uncertainty and cultural anxiety through the reaffirmation of this group’s “privilege” to serve the nation.

Studying French-Origin Middle English Lexis Using the Bilingual Thesaurus of Medieval England: A Comparison of the Vocabulary of Two Occupational Domains

This paper investigates how far it is possible to assess the degree of penetration of French-origin lexis into Middle English by means of the structures and data of the Bilingual Thesaurus of Medieval England. It begins with an outline of the aim and scope of the project, describing some of the methodological decisions behind the creation of the Bilingual Thesaurus, such as the use of the Middle English Dictionary and the Anglo Norman Dictionary as sources. Some provisional findings relating to Middle English words of French-origin in the semantic domains of Manufacture, in particular the sub-domains of Metal-working and Woodworking, and Travel by Water are then presented.

From individualism to social solidarity – the philosophy of war in the works of Simone de Beauvoir

The horrors and suffering of World War II directly affected Simone de Beauvoir. Exposed to destruction and pervasive death, and haunted by the separation from her beloved, she is bound to conclude that an individual—especially an intellectual—is powerless when confronted with extreme violence. In this context, the writer becomes increasingly aware that action must be taken to defend both the common good and those whose lives are under threat. The restrained existentialist—an independent woman focused on her personal development and happiness—thus undergoes a kind of evolution, and becomes an author sincerely concerned with other people and their basic needs— especially with those suffering harm or afflicted by violence. The drama of war enables Beauvoir to adopt a broader view of the misery of human existence and to deal with subjects hitherto unbeknownst to her.

The romances of Alexandre Dumas.

4. The count of Monte Cristo / illustrated by Edmund H. Garrett -- 5. Agénor de Mauléon : a romance of the reign of Charles V. of France / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 6. Agénor de Mauléon : a romance of the reign of Charles V. of France / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 7. The Brigand : a romance of the reign of Don Carlos and Black the story of a dog / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 8. Ascanio : a romance of the reign of Francis First / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 9. The two Dianas : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 10. The two Dianas : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 11. The page of the Duke of Savoy : a romance of the reign of Henry ll. / illustrated by Frank T. Merrill -- 12. The horoscope : a romance of the reign of Francois ll. and tales of the caucasus / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 13. Marguerite de Valois : a romance of the reign of Charles lX. / illustrated by Félix Oudart -- 14. La Dame de Monsoreau : a romance of the reign of Henry lll. / illustrated by Eugéne Courboin -- 15. The fourty-five : a romance of the reign of Henri lll. / illustrated by Eugéne Courboin -- 16. The Three Musketeers : a romance of the reign of Louis Xlll. / illustrated by E. Abot, Gustave Doré, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 17. The Three Musketeers : a romance of the reign of Louis Xlll. / illustrated by E. Abot, Gustave Doré, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 20. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 21. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 22. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett --23. The Vicomte de Bragelonne or, Ten years later : a romance of the reign of Louis XlV. in which are included the stories of "Louise de La Valliére" and "The Iron Mask" / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 24. Sylvandire : a romance of the time of Louis XlV. and The Woman with the Velvet Necklace : a romance of the Revolution / illustrated by J. Wagrez -- 25. The war of women : a romance of the Fronde / illustrated by Eugéne Grivaz -- 26. Le Chevalier D'Harmental : a romance of the regency of Philippe, Duc D'Orléans / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 27. The Regents daughter and the black tulip / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 28. Olympe de Cléves and Chauvelin's will : romances of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 29. Olympe de Cléves and Chauvelin's will : romances of the reign of Louis XV. illustrated by Evert Van Muyden -- 30. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 31. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 32. Memoirs of a physician : a romance of the reign of Louis XV. / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Evert Van Muyden and Eugéne Courbion -- 33. The Queens necklace : a romance of the reign of Louis XVl. / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion, Félix Oudart and Evert Van Muyden -- 34. The Queens necklace : a romance of the reign of Louis XVl. / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion, Félix Oudart and Evert Van Muyden -- 35. Ange Pitou and Blanche de Beaulieu : romances of the French Revolution / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 36. Ange Pitou and Blanche de Beaulieu : romances of the French Revolution / illustrated by Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 37. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 38. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 39. La Comtesse de Charny : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 40. The Chevalier de Maison-Rouge : a romance of the French Revolution / illustrated by E. Abot -- 41. The companions of Jehu : a romance of the consulate under Napoleon / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden and F. T. Merrill -- 42. The whites and the blues : a romance of the directory / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 43.The whites and the blues : a romance of the directory / illustrated by Félix Oudart, Eugéne Courbion and Evert Van Muyden -- 44. The She-Wolves of Machecoul : a romance of the Last Vendée to which are added The Corsican Brothers / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett -- 45. The She-Wolves of Machecoul : a romance of the Last Vendée to which are added The Corsican Brothers / illustrated by Evert Van Muyden, Félix Oudart and Edmund H. Garrett.