An Introduction to parametric and non-parametric models for bivariate positive insurance claim severity distributions

We present a real data set of claims amounts where costs related to damage are recorded separately from those related to medical expenses. Only claims with positive costs are considered here. Two approaches to density estimation are presented: a classical parametric and a semi-parametric method, based on transformation kernel density estimation. We explore the data set with standard univariate methods. We also propose ways to select the bandwidth and transformation parameters in the univariate case based on Bayesian methods. We indicate how to compare the results of alternative methods both looking at the shape of the overall density domain and exploring the density estimates in the right tail.

An introduction to model-independent diffusion magnetic resonance imaging.

ABSTRACT: q-Space-based techniques such as diffusion spectrum imaging, q-ball imaging, and their variations have been used extensively in research for their desired capability to delineate complex neuronal architectures such as multiple fiber crossings in each of the image voxels. The purpose of this article was to provide an introduction to the q-space formalism and the principles of basic q-space techniques together with the discussion on the advantages as well as challenges in translating these techniques into the clinical environment. A review of the currently used q-space-based protocols in clinical research is also provided.

Obesity and the environment briefing: Increasing physical activity and active travel

This briefing has been written in conjunction with the Local Government Association (LGA). It is aimed at those who work in or represent local authorities. It addresses the issue of taking action to create environments where people are more likely to walk or cycle for short journeys. It summarises the importance of action on obesity and a specific focus on active travel, and outlines the regulatory and policy approaches that can be taken.

The biochemistry of drug metabolism--an introduction: part 5. Metabolism and bioactivity.

This review continues a general presentation of the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics begun in five recent issues of Chemistry & Biodiversity. The present Part is dedicated to the pharmacological and toxicological consequences of drug and xenobiotic metabolism. In other words, the key concepts here are activation vs. deactivation, toxification vs. detoxification, and their interplay. These concepts are illustrated with a number of medicinally, toxicologically, and environmentally relevant examples. But, far from being concerned only with individual cases, the review is based on broad classifications, global rationalizations, and synthetic hypotheses.

An introduction to Mediterranean deep-sea biology

This chapter presents the state of the art concerning the deep-sea Mediterranean environment: geology, hydrology, biology and fisheries. These are the fields of study dealt with in the scientific papers of this volume. The authors are specialists who have addressed their research to the Mediterranean deep-sea environment during the last years. This introduction is an overview but not an exhaustive review.

Strategy selection: An introduction to the modeling challenge

Modeling the mechanisms that determine how humans and other agents choose among different behavioral and cognitive processes-be they strategies, routines, actions, or operators-represents a paramount theoretical stumbling block across disciplines, ranging from the cognitive and decision sciences to economics, biology, and machine learning. By using the cognitive and decision sciences as a case study, we provide an introduction to what is also known as the strategy selection problem. First, we explain why many researchers assume humans and other animals to come equipped with a repertoire of behavioral and cognitive processes. Second, we expose three descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive challenges that are common to all disciplines which aim to model the choice among these processes. Third, we give an overview of different approaches to strategy selection. These include cost‐benefit, ecological, learning, memory, unified, connectionist, sequential sampling, and maximization approaches. We conclude by pointing to opportunities for future research and by stressing that the selection problem is far from being resolved.

Steroid hormones interrelationships in the metabolic syndrome: an introduction to the ponderostat hypothesis

Sexual dimorphism in the metabolic syndrome. The clairvoyant early implication of sex hormones in the characterization of the metabolic syndrome (MS) was detected early, and in accordance with the well-known sex-related main patterns of fat deposition in obesity: gynoid and android. The differences point to a direct implication of androgens and estrogens in the development, properties and maintenance of obesity and, by extension, to the cumulus of diseases grouped in the MS. For a long time, the key issue of the MS, i.e. the metabolic event explaining (and justifying) most of the derangements of the MS, has been considered to be insulin resistance (...)

The hypotensive effect of exercise on IOP : an interaction of physical fitness and parasympathetic efficacy

RÉSUMÉ Suite à une centaine de publications sur la réduction de la PIO post-exercice, il est connu que parmi un grand nombre de programme d'exercices de différentes durées et intensités, les effets hypotenseurs de l'exercice sur la PIO sont atténués chez les sujets en bonne condition physique. Le mécanisme proposé est l'augmentation potentielle de l'efficacité du système parasympathique avec l'activité physique. Le principal objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les facteurs contribuants à la réduction de la PIO post-exercice et d'élucider les différents mécanismes possibles. L'étude 1, une méta-analyse, a été menée afin de quantifier les contributions relatives de l'intensité et de la durée de l'effet de l'exercice sur la PIO et la mesure dans laquelle ces variables affectent les sujets sédentaires et normalement actifs. La tendance ressortant des résultats est que la diminution de la PIO suite à de l'exercice aérobie est plus élevée chez les sujets sédentaires que les sujets en bonne condition physique. (ES = -4.198 mm Hg et -2.340 mm Hg, respectivement). L'absence d'un contrôle des liquides ingérés avant l'activité physique est à souligné dans cette étude. L'hyperosmolarité (un effet secondaire de la déshydratation) est l'un des mécanismes proposés influant l'effet hypotenseur de l'exercice. L'étude 2 comparait la réduction de la PIO dans deux conditions, soit hypohydraté et hyperhydraté, avant, pendant et après un effort de 90 minutes sur un ergocycle. Après une diminution initiale pour les deux conditions, la PIO revient aux valeurs de départ pour la condition hypohydratée malgré une perte de poids significative et elle augmente pour la condition hyperhydratée (résultat du protocole d'hydratation). Étant donné le niveau élevé de participants en bonne condition physique dans l'étude 2, la troisième étude a été conçue afin de etude la relation entre la PIO et la condition physique. À l'aide d'analyses corrélationnelles il a été possible d'observer la relation entre le test de vo2max et la moyenne des mesures de PIO prises sur un intervalle de huit semaines. Une relation significative n'existait que pour les participants se situant dans la portion supérieure du continuum de la condition physique. Conclusion: Les résultats de la présente étude suggèrent que l'effet hypotenseur de l'exercice sur la PIO est probablement une réponse homéostatique à la dérégulation de l'humeur aqueuse causée par l'initiation de l'exercice et le protocole d'ingestion de fluides pré-exercice.

An introduction to Technology Enhanced Learning at the University of Southampton

This short (10 minute) video provides students with an overview of the ways in which computers and the internet are used to support their learning. It introduces some really useful resources and shows you where to find help if you need it.

An introduction to the Blackboard Resources for the Health Sciences Pre-registration Healthcare Programmes

This 10-minute video provides a guided tour of the Blackboard courses used by pre-ref healthcare programmes.