1000 resultados para Algoritmos diagnósticos


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Classifier ensembles are systems composed of a set of individual classifiers and a combination module, which is responsible for providing the final output of the system. In the design of these systems, diversity is considered as one of the main aspects to be taken into account since there is no gain in combining identical classification methods. The ideal situation is a set of individual classifiers with uncorrelated errors. In other words, the individual classifiers should be diverse among themselves. One way of increasing diversity is to provide different datasets (patterns and/or attributes) for the individual classifiers. The diversity is increased because the individual classifiers will perform the same task (classification of the same input patterns) but they will be built using different subsets of patterns and/or attributes. The majority of the papers using feature selection for ensembles address the homogenous structures of ensemble, i.e., ensembles composed only of the same type of classifiers. In this investigation, two approaches of genetic algorithms (single and multi-objective) will be used to guide the distribution of the features among the classifiers in the context of homogenous and heterogeneous ensembles. The experiments will be divided into two phases that use a filter approach of feature selection guided by genetic algorithm

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The course of Algorithms and Programming reveals as real obstacle for many students during the computer courses. The students not familiar with new ways of thinking required by the courses as well as not having certain skills required for this, encounter difficulties that sometimes result in the repetition and dropout. Faced with this problem, that survey on the problems experienced by students was conducted as a way to understand the problem and to guide solutions in trying to solve or assuage the difficulties experienced by students. In this paper a methodology to be applied in a classroom based on the concepts of Meaningful Learning of David Ausubel was described. In addition to this theory, a tool developed at UFRN, named Takkou, was used with the intent to better motivate students in algorithms classes and to exercise logical reasoning. Finally a comparative evaluation of the suggested methodology and traditional methodology was carried out, and results were discussed

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In development of Synthetic Agents for Education, the doubt still resides about what would be a behavior that could be considered, in fact, plausible for this agent's type, which can be considered as effective on the transmission of the knowledge by the agent and the function of emotions this process. The purpose of this labor has an investigative nature in an attempt to discover what aspects are important for this behavior consistent and practical development of a chatterbot with the function of virtual tutor, within the context of learning algorithms. In this study, we explained the agents' basics, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, bots, chatterbots and how these systems need to provide credibility to report on their behavior. Models of emotions, personality and humor to computational agents are also covered, as well as previous studies by other researchers at the area. After that, the prototype is detailed, the research conducted, a summary of results achieved, the architectural model of the system, vision of computing and macro view of the features implemented.

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The Multiobjective Spanning Tree Problem is NP-hard and models applications in several areas. This research presents an experimental analysis of different strategies used in the literature to develop exact algorithms to solve the problem. Initially, the algorithms are classified according to the approaches used to solve the problem. Features of two or more approaches can be found in some of those algorithms. The approaches investigated here are: the two-stage method, branch-and-bound, k-best and the preference-based approach. The main contribution of this research lies in the fact that no research was presented to date reporting a systematic experimental analysis of exact algorithms for the Multiobjective Spanning Tree Problem. Therefore, this work can be a basis for other research that deal with the same problem. The computational experiments compare the performance of algorithms regarding processing time, efficiency based on the number of objectives and number of solutions found in a controlled time interval. The analysis of the algorithms was performed for known instances of the problem, as well as instances obtained from a generator commonly used in the literature

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Nonogram is a logical puzzle whose associated decision problem is NP-complete. It has applications in pattern recognition problems and data compression, among others. The puzzle consists in determining an assignment of colors to pixels distributed in a N  M matrix that satisfies line and column constraints. A Nonogram is encoded by a vector whose elements specify the number of pixels in each row and column of a figure without specifying their coordinates. This work presents exact and heuristic approaches to solve Nonograms. The depth first search was one of the chosen exact approaches because it is a typical example of brute search algorithm that is easy to implement. Another implemented exact approach was based on the Las Vegas algorithm, so that we intend to investigate whether the randomness introduce by the Las Vegas-based algorithm would be an advantage over the depth first search. The Nonogram is also transformed into a Constraint Satisfaction Problem. Three heuristics approaches are proposed: a Tabu Search and two memetic algorithms. A new function to calculate the objective function is proposed. The approaches are applied on 234 instances, the size of the instances ranging from 5 x 5 to 100 x 100 size, and including logical and random Nonograms

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The Scientific Algorithms are a new metaheuristics inspired in the scientific research process. The new method introduces the idea of theme to search the solution space of hard problems. The inspiration for this class of algorithms comes from the act of researching that comprises thinking, knowledge sharing and disclosing new ideas. The ideas of the new method are illustrated in the Traveling Salesman Problem. A computational experiment applies the proposed approach to a new variant of the Traveling Salesman Problem named Car Renter Salesman Problem. The results are compared to state-of-the-art algorithms for the latter problem

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Symbolic Data Analysis (SDA) main aims to provide tools for reducing large databases to extract knowledge and provide techniques to describe the unit of such data in complex units, as such, interval or histogram. The objective of this work is to extend classical clustering methods for symbolic interval data based on interval-based distance. The main advantage of using an interval-based distance for interval-based data lies on the fact that it preserves the underlying imprecision on intervals which is usually lost when real-valued distances are applied. This work includes an approach allow existing indices to be adapted to interval context. The proposed methods with interval-based distances are compared with distances punctual existing literature through experiments with simulated data and real data interval

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Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo transgenético híbrido para a solução de um Problema de Configuração de uma Rede de Distribuição de Gás Natural. O problema da configuração dessas redes requer a definição de um traçado por onde os dutos devem ser colocados para atender aos clientes. É estudada neste trabalho uma maneira de conectar os clientes em uma rede com arquitetura em forma de árvore. O objetivo é minimizar o custo de construção da rede, mesmo que para isso alguns clientes que não proporcionam lucros deixem de ser atendidos. Esse problema pode ser formulado computacionalmente através do Problema de Steiner com Prêmios. Este é um problema de otimização combinatória da classe dos NPÁrduos. Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo heurístico para a solução do problema. A abordagem utilizada é chamada de Algoritmos Transgenéticos, que se enquadram na categoria dos algoritmos evolucionários. Para a geração de soluções inicias é utilizado um algoritmo primaldual, e pathrelinking é usado como intensificador

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The use of Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) systems has permitted the recent evolution of wireless communication standards. The Spatial Multiplexing MIMO technique, in particular, provides a linear gain at the transmission capacity with the minimum between the numbers of transmit and receive antennas. To obtain a near capacity performance in SM-MIMO systems a soft decision Maximum A Posteriori Probability MIMO detector is necessary. However, such detector is too complex for practical solutions. Hence, the goal of a MIMO detector algorithm aimed for implementation is to get a good approximation of the ideal detector while keeping an acceptable complexity. Moreover, the algorithm needs to be mapped to a VLSI architecture with small area and high data rate. Since Spatial Multiplexing is a recent technique, it is argued that there is still much room for development of related algorithms and architectures. Therefore, this thesis focused on the study of sub optimum algorithms and VLSI architectures for broadband MIMO detector with soft decision. As a result, novel algorithms have been developed starting from proposals of optimizations for already established algorithms. Based on these results, new MIMO detector architectures with configurable modulation and competitive area, performance and data rate parameters are here proposed. The developed algorithms have been extensively simulated and the architectures were synthesized so that the results can serve as a reference for other works in the area

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A síndrome da insuficiência androgênica na mulher (SIA) desperta, mesmo nos dias atuais, muitas discussões e encerra muitas controvérsias. Sabe-se, no entanto, que os níveis plasmáticos de testosterona declinam progressivamente ao longo do período reprodutivo. Conceitua-se a SIA como o conjunto de sintomas clínicos, a presença de biodisponibilidade diminuída de testosterona e os níveis normais de estrogênios. Entre os principais sintomas, citam-se o comprometimento do bem-estar, o humor disfórico, a fadiga sem causa aparente, o comprometimento do desejo sexual, o emagrecimento e a instabilidade vasomotora em mulheres pós-menopáusicas sob terapêutica estrogênica. Esses sintomas, no entanto, são potencialmente atribuíveis a diferentes etiologias e dificultam o correto diagnóstico na maioria dos casos, ainda que ele seja lembrado com freqüência em pacientes que se submetem à ooforectomia bilateral. O diagnóstico da SIA parece ser essencialmente clínico, não havendo a necessidade das dosagens laboratoriais para a sua comprovação. Não se deve indicar a terapêutica androgênica (TA) em pacientes que não estejam adequadamente estrogenizadas. Considera-se a testosterona o hormônio ideal para a TA. As pacientes com sintomas sugestivos de SIA, excluídas outras causas identificáveis, especialmente se pós-menopáusicas, são candidatas à TA. Não existem dados de segurança sobre a TA em usuárias em longo prazo. A via transdérmica - através de adesivos, cremes e gel - parece ser preferível à oral.

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A presente revisão focaliza aspectos conceituais e os principais problemas diagnósticos referentes ao esôfago de Barrett e à displasia. O esôfago de Barrett resulta de complicação da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico de longa duração. É identificado endoscopicamente pela presença de mucosa glandular no esôfago tubular acima da junção esofagogástrica. Histologicamente, é caracterizado pela substituição do epitélio estratificado pavimentoso por epitélio colunar especializado com células caliciformes, expresso como metaplasia intestinal. A importância biológica do esôfago de Barrett é o risco de progressão para câncer. A displasia é o principal marcador biológico preditivo de evolução para adenocarcinoma. Identificar e graduar a displasia constitui importante questão na prática diagnóstica. O diagnóstico patológico do esôfago de Barrett deve conter informações sobre a investigação de displasia. O principal diagnóstico diferencial da displasia é feito em relação a reatividade e regeneração epitelial no contexto de inflamação da mucosa. Como a variabilidade de interpretação é um dos principais problemas no diagnóstico da displasia, os casos de esôfago de Barrett devem ser enviados à consulta para segunda opinião diagnóstica. O exame anatomopatológico é fundamental para definir o diagnóstico de esôfago de Barrett e para rastrear a displasia, que é o principal marcador de risco para câncer nesta entidade.

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JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A Síndrome Dolorosa Complexa Regional (SDCR), assim denominada a partir de 1994 pelo Consenso da Associação Internacional para o Estudo da Dor (AIED) e anteriormente denominada de várias formas, tais como Distrofia Simpático Reflexa, Causalgia, Algodistrofia ou Atrofia de Sudeck, é uma doença cuja compreensão dos limites clínicos, fisiopatologia e implicações de patogenia ainda é pobre. Disto resulta a enorme insatisfação não só para os pacientes como para os profissionais da saúde quanto aos métodos terapêuticos atualmente disponíveis. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever a literatura e atualizar um conjunto de informações com o intuito da melhor compreensão desta importante síndrome dolorosa. CONTEÚDO: Este é um trabalho de revisão da literatura nos diversos aspectos da SDCR, com ênfase em suas causas, definição e taxonomia, fisiopatologia, características clínicas, testes diagnósticos e propostas de tratamentos mais recentes. CONCLUSÕES: Poucos são os estudos controlados adequadamente, encobertos e aleatórios, publicados com grandes amostras, havendo muitas dúvidas sobre esta doença. Desta forma, ainda há enorme empirismo na sua terapêutica, e os resultados obtidos são insatisfatórios.

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Considerando que as mulheres idosas e pobres são propensas à maior vulnerabilidade nas condições de saúde, no presente estudo propôs-se a identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem, segundo a taxonomia II de NANDA, sobre um grupo de idosas consideradas muito pobres. Foram selecionadas 69 idosas, a partir da aplicação do instrumento de Classificação Econômica Brasil (CCEB) em 301 idosos residentes na área de abrangência de um PSF. O estado de saúde das idosas foi avaliado utilizando-se a Avaliação Geriátrica Ampla (AGA), que envolve os aspectos funcionais, emocionais, sociais e ambientais. Foram identificadas 23 categorias diagnósticas nas idosas do estudo e uma média de 7,4 diagnósticos/ idosa. Entre os diagnósticos mais freqüentes destacam-seMobilidade física prejudicada,Dor crônica,Manutenção do lar prejudicada. Os diagnósticos revelaram-se impor tantes na caracterização das complexas necessidades apresentadas pelas idosas e no grande avanço no direcionamento da assistência.

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Patients under treatment with oral anticoagulants present specific needs for which nursing care plays an important role, especially to prevent complications. The present review was carried out aiming at discussing nursing diagnoses for these patients by using the system of the North American Nursing Diagnoses Association--NANDA. Diagnoses for such patients depict the risk of bleeding and rethrombosis almost always due to the ineffective control of the therapeutic regimen and the deficit in the volume of fluids during active bleeding. Also, nursing interventions and assessment criteria are proposed for such conditions. The authors see the team's preparation to deal with such therapy as relevant for successful assistance.

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This paper presents a new approach for solving constraint optimization problems (COP) based on the philosophy of lexicographical goal programming. A two-phase methodology for solving COP using a multi-objective strategy is used. In the first phase, the objective function is completely disregarded and the entire search effort is directed towards finding a single feasible solution. In the second phase, the problem is treated as a bi-objective optimization problem, turning the constraint optimization into a two-objective optimization. The two resulting objectives are the original objective function and the constraint violation degree. In the first phase a methodology based on progressive hardening of soft constraints is proposed in order to find feasible solutions. The performance of the proposed methodology was tested on 11 well-known benchmark functions.