Safer Constrauction and Maintenance Practices to Minimize Potential Liabiliy by Counties from Accidents, Septemeber 1979

Tort claims resulting from alleged highway defects have introduced an additional element in the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of highways. A survey of county governments in Iowa was undertaken in order to quantify the magnitude and determine the nature of this problem. This survey included the use of mailed questionnaires and personal interviews with County Engineers. Highway-related claims filed against counties in Iowa amounted to about $52,000,000 during the period 1973 through 1978. Over $30,000,000 in claims was pending at the end of 1978. Settlements of judgments were made at a cost of 12.2% of the amount claimed for those claims that had been disposed of, not including costs for handling claims, attorney fees, or court costs. There was no clear time trend in the amount of claims for the six-year period surveyed, although the anount claimed in 1978 was about double the average for the preceding five years. Problems that resulted in claims for damages from counties have generally related to alleged omissions in the use of traffic control devices or defects, often temporary, resulting from alleged inadequacies in highway maintenance. The absence of stop signs or warning signs often has been the central issue in a highway-related tort claim. Maintenance problems most frequently alleged have included inadequate shoulders, surface roughness, ice o? snow conditions, and loose gravel. The variation in the occurrence of tort claims among 85 counties in Iowa could not be related to any of the explanatory variables that were tested. Claims hppeared to have occurred randomly. However, using data from a subsample of 11 counties, a significant relationship was shown probably to exist between the amount of tort claims and the extensiveness of use of wcirning signs on the respective county road systems. Although there was no indication in any county that their use of warning signs did not conform with provisions of the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (Federal Highway Administration, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1978), many more warning signs were used in some counties than would be required to satisfy this minimum requirement. Sign vandalism reportedly is a problem in all counties. The threat of vandalism and the added costs incurred thereby have tended to inhibit more extensive use of traffic control devices. It also should be noted that there is no indication from this research of a correlation between the intensiveness of sign usage and highway safety. All highway maintenance activities introduce some extraordinary hazard for motorists. Generally effective methodologies have evolved for use on county road systems for routine maintenance activities, procedures that tend to reduce the hazard to practical and reasonably acceptable levels. Blading of loose-surfaced roads is an examples such a routine maintenance activity. Alternative patterns for blading that were investigated as part of this research offered no improvements in safety when compared with the method in current use and introduced a significant additional cost that was unacceptable, given the existing limitations in resources available for county roads.

Raízes da historiografia educacional brasileira (1881-1922)

A comunicação pretende analisar as primeiras iniciativas de elaboração de uma história da educação brasileira, apresentando várias publicações. As principais fontes utilizadas neste estudo foram divulgadas durante as Exposições Nacionais e Internacionais realizadas no final do século XIX e início do século XX. O marco inicial, no ano de 1881, refere-se à realização da Exposição de História do Brasil, ocorrida no Rio de Janeiro, e a data de 1922, à Exposição do Centenário da Independência do Brasil, ocorrida também naquela cidade. A cada exposição, anunciava-se o trilhar da nação rumo ao progresso, amparada pela ciência, pela indústria e pela técnica. Impulsionava-se a elaboração de nossa história, da história de cada um dos setores e das instituições que representariam os pilares da civilização "moderna", entre elas a história da educação brasileira. Anunciava-se uma "evolução" a ser alcançada em um futuro mais ou menos distante. A análise irá mostrar ainda que o privilégio ao uso de fontes oriundas da legislação, dos relatórios elaborados por representantes do executivo, ou dos debates parlamentares e anuários estatísticos, assim como a eleição de certos temas recorrentes em nossa historiografia educacional, têm suas raízes no material estudado.

The First privatization : selling SOEs and privatizing public monopolies in fascist Italy, 1922-1925

[cat] El primer govern feixista d’Itàlia va aplicar una política de privatització a gran escala entre 1922 i 1925. El govern va privatitzar el monopoli estatal de llumins, el monopoli estatal d’assegurances de vida, va vendre la major part de la xarxa i serveis de telefònica pública a empreses privades, va reprivatitzar el major productor de productes metàl·lics, i va atorgar concessions a empreses privades per construir i explotar autopistes de peatge. Tot i que algunes consideracions ideològiques van poder tenir alguna influència, la privatització va ser usada sobre tot com un instrument polític per construir confiança amb els grans industrials i per augmentar el suport al govern i al Partito Nazionale Fascista. La privatització també va contribuir a equilibrar el pressupost públic, qüestió aquesta que va ser el principal objectiu de la primera fase de la política econòmica feixista.

O rendimento da escola no Distrito Federal entre 1922 e 1935

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar os quadros estatísticos de atendimento e rendimento das escolas públicas da cidade do Rio de Janeiro entre 1922 e 1935, publicados pela Diretoria Geral de Instrução Pública do Distrito Federal sobre a capacidade de atendimento das escolas e as taxas de repetência e evasão do sistema de ensino da cidade. A discussão central diz respeito à elaboração dos índices de matrícula, frequência e promoção das escolas cariocas durante as reformas dirigidas por Antônio de Arruda Carneiro Leão (1922-1926), Fernando de Azevedo (1927-1930) e Anísio Teixeira (1931-1935). Assim, aborda-se a produção das estatísticas oficiais para compreender a expansão da capacidade de atendimento da escola pública e a contenção da evasão e da repetência.

Estudi sobre la investigació doctoral: 10 anys de tesis a Ciències de l'Educació a la Universitat de Barcelona (1979-1989)

L'estudi que seguidament descriurem va sorgir en el context del curs de doctorat "Models d'investigació a l'aula" dirigit per la Dra. J.M. Sancho del Departament de Didactica i Organització Escolar de la Universitat de Barcelona, la finalitat principal d'aquest era donar a coneixer la perspectiva de recerca qualitativa, naturalista o interpretativa mitjançant la planificació i la realització d'un treball de recerca. Els components de l'equip investigador, la majoria llicenciats en pedagogia i amb experiencia professional en el món de l'educació, actualment ens trobem en procés de realització de la tesi doctoral. Fruit de les nostres preocupacions i inquietuds del moment com a estudiants de tercer cicle, va sorgir la proposta d'investigar el fet mateix de realitzar una tesi doctoral, específicament des de Ciencies de l'Educació, tasca que tots, un dia o altre hauríem de finalitzar, en cas de voler aconseguir el desitjat grau de doctor.

Pavement Wear and Studded Tire Use in Iowa, HR-148, 1979

This report presents the results of surveys to determine studded tire usage in Iowa. Also reported are the results of measurements of transverse pavement profiles at selected locations where the pavement is subjected to a high volume of traffic. The surveys were made in January of each of the years 1969 through 1978 and in each of 27 areas into which the state was divided. Estimates of studded tire usage were also made at various locations on Interstate highways in Iowa. The lowest percentage of studded tires was observed in the initial count during the winter of 1968-69. Two years later the percentage had increased to the maximum (22.6%) and then began a gradual decline. The latest count in January of 1978 indicated 8.5% of the cars had studded tires. The decline in the use of studded tires is attributed to the efforts of the Iowa DOT and others to obtain a ban on studded tires and a continual increase in the use of radial tires with claims of improved traction. The wear measurements were recorded by camera. It was found that studded tires have worn ruts in Iowa pavements as deep as 5/16 inch. The ruts lead to water on the pavement and this causes hydroplaning, as well as splash and spray. The conclusion of the study was that studded tires should be banned in Iowa.

Estudi sobre la investigació doctoral: 10 anys de tesis a Ciències de l'Educació a la Universitat de Barcelona (1979-1989)

L'estudi que seguidament descriurem va sorgir en el context del curs de doctorat "Models d'investigació a l'aula" dirigit per la Dra. J.M. Sancho del Departament de Didactica i Organització Escolar de la Universitat de Barcelona, la finalitat principal d'aquest era donar a coneixer la perspectiva de recerca qualitativa, naturalista o interpretativa mitjançant la planificació i la realització d'un treball de recerca. Els components de l'equip investigador, la majoria llicenciats en pedagogia i amb experiencia professional en el món de l'educació, actualment ens trobem en procés de realització de la tesi doctoral. Fruit de les nostres preocupacions i inquietuds del moment com a estudiants de tercer cicle, va sorgir la proposta d'investigar el fet mateix de realitzar una tesi doctoral, específicament des de Ciencies de l'Educació, tasca que tots, un dia o altre hauríem de finalitzar, en cas de voler aconseguir el desitjat grau de doctor.