873 resultados para Adsorção de nitrogênio
Resumo:
Chemical modification of clays has been extremely studied in the search for improvements of their properties for use in various areas, such as in combating pollution by industrial effluents and dyes. In this work, the vermiculite was chemically modified in two ways, characterized and evaluated the adsorption of methylene blue dye. First was changed with the addition of a surfactant (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, BHTA) making it an organophilic clay and then by adding an acid (HCl) by acid activation. Some analyzes were performed as X-ray fluorescence (FRX), X-ray diffraction (DRX), adsorption isotherms of methylene blue dye, infrared (FTIR) , scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis and spectroscopy energy dispersive (EDS). Analysis by FRX of natural vermiculite indicates that addition of silicon and aluminum, clay presents in its structure the magnesium, calcium and potassium with 16 % organic matter cations. The DRX analyzes indicated that the organic vermiculite was an insertion of the surfactant in the space between the lamellae, vermiculite and acid partial destruction of the structure with loss of crystallinity. The adsorption isotherms of methylene blue showed that there was a significant improvement in the removal of dye to the vermiculite with the addition of cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and treatment with acid using HCl 2 mol/L. In acid vermiculites subsequently treated with surfactant, the adsorption capacity increased with respect to natural vermiculite, however was much lower compared vermiculite modified with acid and surfactant separately. Only the acidic vermiculite treated with surfactant adjusted to the Langmuir model. As in the infrared spectrometry proved the characteristics of natural vermiculite. In the organic vermiculite was observed the appearance of characteristic bands of CH3, CH2, and (CH3)4N. Already on acid vermiculite, it was realized a partial destruction with decreasing intensity of the characteristic band of vermiculite that is between 1074 and 952 cm-1. In the SEM analysis, it was observed that there was partial destruction to the acid treatment and a cluster is noted between the blades caused by the presence of the surfactant. The TG shows that the higher mass loss occurs at the beginning of the heating caused by the elimination of water absorbed on the surface between layers. In the organic vermiculite also observed a loss of mass between 150 and 300 °C caused decomposition of the alkylammonium molecules (surfactants)
Resumo:
The natural gas (NG) is a clean energy source and found in the underground of porous rocks, associated or not to oil. Its basic composition includes methane, ethane, propane and other components, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and water. H2S is one of the natural pollutants of the natural gas. It is considered critical concerning corrosion. Its presence depends on origin, as well as of the process used in the gas treatment. It can cause problems in the tubing materials and final applications of the NG. The Agência Nacional do Petróleo sets out that the maximum concentration of H2S in the natural gas, originally national or imported, commercialized in Brazil must contain 10 -15 mg/cm3. In the Processing Units of Natural Gas, there are used different methods in the removal of H2S, for instance, adsorption towers filled with activated coal, zeolites and sulfatreat (solid, dry, granular and based on iron oxide). In this work, ion exchange resins were used as adsorbing materials. The resins were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and sweeping electronic microscopy. The adsorption tests were performed in a system linked to a gas-powered chromatograph. The present H2S in the exit of this system was monitored by a photometrical detector of pulsing flame. The electronic microscopy analyzes showed that the topography and morphology of the resins favor the adsorption process. Some characteristics were found such as, macro behavior, particles of variable sizes, spherical geometries, without the visualization of any pores in the surface. The infrared specters presented the main frequencies of vibration associated to the functional group of the amines and polymeric matrixes. When the resins are compared with sulfatreat, under the same experimental conditions, they showed a similar performance in retention times and adsorption capacities, making them competitive ones for the desulphurization process of the natural gas
Resumo:
A área cultivada no sistema de plantio direto no Brasil tem sido incrementada rapidamente e a cultura do arroz de terras altas pode ser incluída no sistema, em rotação com outras culturas. Outro aspecto importante é a utilização de adubação adequada sendo o nitrogênio um dos nutrientes absorvidos em maior quantidade pelo arroz. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi o de avaliar algumas características agronômicas e a produtividade do arroz de terras altas, cv. IAC 202, utilizando-se a combinação de culturas de cobertura - milheto, sorgo granífero, milho, guandu, crotalária, mucuna-preta, além da vegetação espontânea no pousio e doses de N em cobertura - zero, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 kg ha-1, no município de Selvíria (MS), nos anos agrícolas 2001/2002 e 2002/2003. Considerando-se os resultados, concluiu-se que a cultura do sorgo é opção viável ao fornecimento de adequada quantidade de massa de matéria seca e ao recobrimento da superfície do solo, mas não para o aumento da produtividade na cultura do arroz em sucessão, em sistema de plantio direto em terras altas; a situação é inversa com a cultura do guandu como planta de cobertura, sendo a produtividade na cultura do arroz em sucessão, em sistema de plantio direto em terras altas, distintamente influenciada pela adubação nitrogenada, em dois anos consecutivos.
Resumo:
O nitrogênio é um dos nutrientes de planta mais lixiviados no solo, sendo, também, perdido na forma gasosa, o que pode limitar o rendimento de muitas culturas. Neste sentido, este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito de combinações de fontes de N (ureia e sulfato de amônio), na dose de 80 kg ha-1, em aplicação isolada ou em mistura, com ou sem incorporação ao solo de água de irrigação, sobre a produção e os componentes de rendimento da cultura do feijoeiro. O trabalho foi realizado no município de Selvíria (MS), em dois anos agrícolas (2003 e 2004), no período de inverno. Adotou-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com 12 tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial 6x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por seis combinações de fontes de nitrogênio: testemunha - sem N; 80 kg ha-1 de N - sulfato de amônio (SA); 20 kg ha-1 de N - ureia (U) + 60 kg ha-1 de N (SA); 40 kg ha-1 de N (U) + 40 kg ha-1 de N (SA); 60 kg ha-1 de N (U) + 20 kg ha-1 de N (SA); e 80 kg ha-1 de N (U), aplicadas com e sem água de irrigação. Verificou-se que o fornecimento de nitrogênio, independentemente da fonte utilizada, propiciou aumento na produtividade de grãos. Não houve diferença entre a incorporação ou não do fertilizante nitrogenado ao solo com água de irrigação.
Resumo:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Resumo:
The natural gas (NG) is a clean energy source and found in the underground of porous rocks, associated or not to oil. Its basic composition includes methane, ethane, propane and other components, like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulphide and water. H2S is one of the natural pollutants of the natural gas. It is considered critical concerning corrosion. Its presence depends on origin, as well as of the process used in the gas treatment. It can cause problems in the tubing materials and final applications of the NG. The Agência Nacional do Petróleo sets out that the maximum concentration of H2S in the natural gas, originally national or imported, commercialized in Brazil must contain 10 -15 mg/cm3. In the Processing Units of Natural Gas, there are used different methods in the removal of H2S, for instance, adsorption towers filled with activated coal, zeolites and sulfatreat (solid, dry, granular and based on iron oxide). In this work, ion exchange resins were used as adsorbing materials. The resins were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy and sweeping electronic microscopy. The adsorption tests were performed in a system linked to a gas-powered chromatograph. The present H2S in the exit of this system was monitored by a photometrical detector of pulsing flame. The electronic microscopy analyzes showed that the topography and morphology of the resins favor the adsorption process. Some characteristics were found such as, macro behavior, particles of variable sizes, spherical geometries, without the visualization of any pores in the surface. The infrared specters presented the main frequencies of vibration associated to the functional group of the amines and polymeric matrixes. When the resins are compared with sulfatreat, under the same experimental conditions, they showed a similar performance in retention times and adsorption capacities, making them competitive ones for the desulphurization process of the natural gas
Resumo:
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg ha-1) e do regulador de crescimento cloreto de clormequat (0, 1 e 2 L ha-1), em algumas características agronômicas de cultivares de arroz IAC 201 e IAC 202. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. O N foi aplicado em cobertura, no estádio da diferenciação floral, e o regulador de crescimento foi aplicado parceladamente, aos 20 e 30 dias após a emergência das plântulas de arroz (perfilhamento). Na safra 2001/2002, houve efeito significativo de N para altura de plantas, comprimento da panícula, espiguetas por panícula, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos. Houve efeito do regulador de crescimento sobre o comprimento da panícula e espiguetas por panícula. A maior produtividade foi a da cultivar IAC 202. Na safra 2002/2003, houve efeito de N para altura de plantas, massa de 100 grãos, fertilidade das espiguetas e produtividade de grãos. O regulador de crescimento não exerceu efeito nas características testadas, e a cultivar IAC 202 foi novamente a mais produtiva.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
O N é um nutriente de suma importância, tendo em vista sua dinâmica no solo e a exigência da cultura, todavia, em muitas situações, o solo é incapaz de suprir todo o requerimento de N das culturas, o que obriga o uso de fertilizantes para a obtenção de produtividade satisfatória. Desse modo, propôs-se este estudo com o objetivo de avaliar diferentes fontes e épocas de aplicação de N em trigo cultivado no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso disposto em um esquema fatorial 2x6 com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela combinação de duas fontes de N: uréia e Entec e seis épocas de aplicação: testemunha (sem N); N na semeadura (S); N 15 dias após a emergência (DAE); N aos 30 DAE; 1/3 do N na S e 2/3 aos 15 DAE; e 1/3 do N na S e 2/3 aos 30 DAE. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da UNESP - Campus de Ilha Solteira, localizada no município de Selvíria - MS, em solo anteriormente ocupado por vegetação de Cerrado. O N aplicado 30 dias após a emergência propiciou maior produtividade de grãos, entretanto não diferindo estatisticamente da aplicação com 1/3 do N na semeadura + 2/3 do N 30 dias após a emergência.
Resumo:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Resumo:
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido na região de Selvíria (MS) e teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses e épocas de aplicação de N sobre o teor de clorofila e de N nas folhas do feijoeiro, bem como estabelecer correlações com a produtividade. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 5, constituído pela combinação de três épocas de aplicação (15, 30 e 15 + 30 dias após a emergência) do fertilizante nitrogenado (uréia) em cobertura e em cinco doses (0; 35; 70; 105 e 140 kg ha-1 de N). Avaliaram-se os teores de clorofila e N das folhas no florescimento pleno e a produtividade. A concentração de clorofila correlacionou-se positivamente com o teor de N nas folhas e com a produtividade de grãos, e o medidor portátil de clorofila mostrou-se promissor para avaliar o estado nutricional do nitrogênio no feijoeiro.
Fontes e doses de nitrogênio em cobertura no feijoeiro de inverno irrigado no sistema plantio direto
Resumo:
The common bean is a leguminous of great importance in the Brazilian economy and nitrogen is the taken up nutrient in larger amount. Nitrogen fertilization management is of extreme importance to offer larger economical viability, besides increasing the efficiency of plant in the use of the available resources. The objective this study was to evaluate the effect of sources and doses of sidedressing nitrogen in the development and yield of winter common bean in no tillage system, as well as evaluate its economical viability. A randomized blocks design was used, in a factorial scheme 3x3 with 9 treatments constituted by three sources of nitrogen (ammonium sulphate, urea and ammonium sulphate 1/2 of N + urea 1/2 of N, applied at V(4-3) stadium) and different doses of sidedressing nitrogen (0, 40, 80 kg ha(-1)) in four replications. The study was conducted in Selviria county, MS State in 2004 in no season crop period, in a dystrophic Haplustox soil. The conclusion: independent of nitrogen source, nitrogen fertilization increasing provides increment in yield of winter common bean up to dose 80 kg/ha, and this provides, on average, an increase of 20% in yield compared with control (without sidedressing nitrogen). The urea is the nitrogen source of larger economical efficiency.
Resumo:
The availability of nitrogen interferes in the dry matter quantity produced by the common bean crop, carrying on earlier or later closure of row spacings. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the response of common bean in three plants population (200, 240 and 300,000 plants per ha) in winter, to the nitrogen application at sowing (10 or 20 kg ha(-1)) and nitrogen rates at sidedressing (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha(-1)). The experimental design was a randomized block with four replicates in a factorial arrangement 3x2x5. According to the results obtained it was concluded that: a smaller plants population provided significant increase on productivity. Nitrogen rates at sowing (10 or 20 kg ha(-1)) did not alter the common bean productivity. The application of increasing nitrogen rates proposed significant increment of productivity and the fertilization with 100 kg ha(-1) at sidedressing increased in 20% the grain productivity compared with the control.
Resumo:
The mineral nutrition, mainly to concern to nitrogen, is essential to obtain high productivity in the corn crop. This work was accomplished at experimental station of State University of São Paulo - UNESP - Ilha Solteira Campus, UNESP/FEIS, in Selviria-MS, in a Red dystrophic Latosol (Oxisol), in the agricultural year 2004/05. The objective of this study was to evaluate sources and times of nitrogen application on corn yield. A randomized blocks design was used with four replications, in a 3x5 factorial scheme. The treatments were three sources of nitrogen (Entec - Ammonium sulfonitrate with nitrification inhibitor, Ammonium sulfate and Urea) applied at sowing and/or at covering, stadium of 6-8 leaves completely unfolded, in 5 combinations (0 + 120; 30 + 90; 60 + 60; 90 + 30 and 120 + 0 kg of N ha(-1)). The nitrogen sources as Entec and the combination of 60 kg ha(-1) at sowing and at 6-8 leaf stadium provided the larger N leaf content. The higher grain yield was reached in the treatment that received the higher N doses at covering.
Resumo:
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses and sources of nitrogen in the productivity and quality characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. A randomized block design in a factorial scheme 5x3x3, with 4 repetitions was used. The treatments were constituted by 5 doses of nitrogen: 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 kg/ha/cut, 3 sources: Entec - amonium sulfonitrate + nitrification inhibitor - dymethilpirazolphosphate, Ammonium sulfate and Urea, in 3 cuts, accomplished with intervals of 30, 30 and 34 days to evaluate the production of dry mass, crude protein content (PB), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total digestible nutrients (NDT) and chlorophyll content. The chlorophilometer data increased when user as a function of N doses with Entec and Urea sources and up to 174 kg/ha of N with ammonium sulfate; showing significant correlation with N content in plants. Independently of the source, the application up to 200 kg N/ha/application in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu provided increment in the production of dry mass improving the quality composition for increasing the PB and NDT content and, decreasing the FDN and FDA contents.