The ACTH response to dexamethasone in PTSD

Objective: Enhanced negative feedback and reduced adrenal output are two different models that have been put forth to explain the paradoxical observations of increased release of corticotropin-releasing factor in the face of low cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSID). To discriminate between these models, the authors measured levels of adrenocorticopic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol at baseline and in response to dexamethasone in medically healthy subjects with and without PTSID. Under conditions of enhanced negative feedback inhibition, ACTH levels would not be altered relative to cortisol levels, but the ACTH response to dexamethasone would be augmented, in concert with the enhanced cortisol response to dexamethasone. In contrast, under conditions of reduced adrenal output, ACTH levels would be expected to be higher at baseline relative to cortisol levels, but the ACTH response to dexamethasone would be unchanged in PTSID relative to healthy comparison subjects. Method: The ACTH and cortisol responses to 0.50 mg of dexamethasone were assessed in 19 subjects (15 men and four women) with PTSID and 19 subjects (14 men and five women) without psychiatric disorder. Results: The ACTH-to-cortisol ratio did not differ between groups before or after dexamethasone, but the subjects with PTSD showed greater suppression of ACTH (as well as cortisol) in response to dexamethasone. Conclusions: The data support the hypothesis of enhanced cortisol negative feedback inhibition of ACTH secretion at the level of the pituitary in PTSD. Pituitary glucocorticoid receptor binding, rather than low adrenal output, is implicated as a likely mechanism for this effect.

Disturbances in early parenting of depressed mothers and cortisol secretion in offspring: A preliminary study

Background: Disturbances in cortisol secretion are associated with risk for psychiatric disorder, including depression. Animal research indicates that early care experiences influence hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning in offspring. Similar effects are suggested in human development, but evidence of longitudinal associations between observed early parenting and offspring cortisol secretion is extremely limited. We studied associations between parenting disturbances occurring in the context of maternal postnatal depression (PND), and elevations in morning cortisol secretion in the adolescent offspring of PND mothers. Methods: We observed maternal parenting behaviour on four occasions through the first year and at five-year follow up in postnatally depressed (n = 29) and well (n = 20) mothers. Observations were coded for maternal sensitivity and withdrawal. Basal offspring salivary cortisol secretion was measured at 13-years, using collections over 10-days. Results: Postnatal, but not five-year, maternal withdrawal predicted elevated mean and maximum morning cortisol secretion in 13-year-old offspring. There were no significant associations between maternal sensitivity and offspring cortisol secretion. Limitations: The sample size was relatively small, and effects tended to be reduced to trend level when covariates were considered. The correlational nature of the study (albeit longitudinal) limits conclusions regarding causality. Conclusions: Individual differences in early maternal parenting behaviour may influence offspring cortisol secretion, and thereby risk for depression. Parenting interventions that facilitate active maternal engagement with the infant may be indicated for high risk populations.

Increased serum androstenedione in adults with autism spectrum conditions

Molecular and behavioural evidence points to an association between sex-steroid hormones and autism spectrum conditions (ASC) and/or autistic traits. Prenatal androgen levels are associated with autistic traits, and several genes involved in steroidogenesis are associated with autism, Asperger Syndrome and/or autistic traits. Furthermore, higher rates of androgen-related conditions (such as Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, hirsutism, acne and hormone-related cancers) are reported in women with autism spectrum conditions. A key question therefore is if serum levels of gonadal and adrenal sex-steroids (particularly testosterone, estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and androstenedione) are elevated in individuals with ASC. This was tested in a total sample of n=166 participants. The final eligible sample for hormone analysis comprised n=128 participants, n=58 of whom had a diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome or high functioning autism (33 males and 25 females) and n=70 of whom were age- and IQ-matched typical controls (39 males and 31 females). ASC diagnosis (without any interaction with sex) strongly predicted androstenedione levels (p<0.01), and serum androstenedione levels were significantly elevated in the ASC group (Mann-Whitney W=2677, p=0.002), a result confirmed by permutation testing in females (permutation-corrected p=0.02). This result is discussed in terms of androstenedione being the immediate precursor of, and being converted into, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or estrogens in hormone-sensitive tissues and organs.

Sustained striatal activity predicts eudaimonic well-being and cortisol output

Eudaimonic well-being—a sense of purpose, meaning, and engagement with life—is protective against psychopathology and predicts physical health, including lower levels of the stress hormone cortisol. Although it has been suggested that the ability to engage the neural circuitry of reward may promote well-being and mediate the relationship between well-being and health, this hypothesis has remained untested. To test this hypothesis, we had participants view positive, neutral, and negative images while fMRI data were collected. Individuals with sustained activity in the striatum and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to positive stimuli over the course of the scan session reported greater well-being and had lower cortisol output. This suggests that sustained engagement of reward circuitry in response to positive events underlies well-being and adaptive regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

NEONATAL HANDLING AND THE MATERNAL ODOR PREFERENCE IN RAT PUPS: INVOLVEMENT OF MONOAMINES AND CYCLIC AMP RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING PROTEIN PATHWAY IN THE OLFACTORY BULB

Early-life environmental events, such as the handling procedure, can induce long-lasting alterations upon several behavioral and neuroendocrine systems. However, the changes within the pups that could be causally related to the effects in adulthood are still poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of neonatal handling on behavioral (maternal odor preference) and biochemical (cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation, noradrenaline (NA), and serotonin (5-HT) levels in the olfactory bulb (OB)) parameters in 7-day-old male and female rat pups. Repeated handling (RH) abolished preference for the maternal odor in female pups compared with nonhandled (NH) and the single-handled (SH) ones, while in RH males the preference was not different than NH and SH groups. In both male and female pups, RH decreased NA activity in the OB, but 5-HT activity increased only in males. Since preference for the maternal odor involves the synergic action of NA and 5-HT in the OB, the maintenance of the behavior in RH males could be related to the increased 5-HT activity, in spite of reduction in the NA activity in the OB. RH did not alter CREB phosphorylation in the OB of both male and females compared with NH pups. The repeated handling procedure can affect the behavior of rat pups in response to the maternal odor and biochemical parameters related to the olfactory learning mechanism. Sex differences were already detected in 7-day-old pups. Although the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stressors is reduced in the neonatal period, environmental interventions may impact behavioral and biochemical mechanisms relevant to the animal at that early age. (C) 2009 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Immune-Pineal Axis Stress as a Modulator of Pineal Gland Function

The temporal organization of mammals presents a daily adjustment to the environmental light/dark cycle. The environmental light detected by the retina adjusts the central clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei, which innervate the pineal gland through a polysynaptic pathway. During the night, this gland produces and releases the nocturnal hormone melatonin, which circulates throughout the whole body and adjusts several bodily functions according to the existence and duration of darkness. We have previously shown that during the time frame of an inflammatory response, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a, inhibit while anti-inflammatory mediators, such as glucocorticoids, enhance the synthesis of melatonin, interfering in the daily adjustment of the light/dark cycle. Therefore, injury disconnects the organism from environmental cycling, while recovery restores the light/dark information to the whole organism. Here, we extend these observations by evaluating the effect of a mild restraint stress, which did not induce macroscopic gastric lesions. After 2 h of restraint, there was an increase in circulating corticosterone, indicating activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In parallel, an increase in melatonin production was observed. Taking into account the data obtained with models of inflammation and stress, we reinforce the hypothesis that the activity of the pineal gland is modulated by the state of the immune system and the HPA axis, implicating the darkness hormone melatonin as a modulator of defense responses.

Annual profile of fecal androgen and glucocorticoid levels in free-living male American kestrels from southern mid-latitude areas

Fecal samples and behavioral data were collected at a fortnightly basis during 11 months period from free-living male American kestrels living in southeast Brazil (22 degrees S latitude). The aim was to investigate the seasonal changes in testicular and adrenal steroidogenic activity and their correlation to reproductive behaviors and environmental factors. The results revealed that monthly mean of fecal glucocorticoid metabolites in May and June were higher than those estimated in November. in parallel, monthly mean of androgen metabolites in September was higher than those from January to April and from October to November. Molt took place from January to March, whereas copulation was observed from June to October but peaked in September. Nest activity and food transfer to females occurred predominantly in October, and parental behavior was noticed only in November. Territorial aggressions were rare and scattered throughout the year. Multiple regression analysis revealed that fecal androgen levels are predicted by photoperiod and copulation, while fecal glucocorticoid levels are only predicted by photoperiod. Bivariate correlations showed that fecal androgen metabolites were positively correlated with fecal glucocorticoid metabolites and copulation, but negatively correlated with molt. Additionally, copulation was positively correlated with food transfer to females and nest activity, but negatively correlated with molt. These findings suggest that male American kestrels living in southeast Brazil exhibit significant seasonal changes in fecal androgen and glucocorticoid concentrations, which seem to be stimulated by decreasing daylength but not by rainfall or temperature. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin 1 after restraint and foot shock together with alprazolam administration

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is expressed in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and act centrally to provoke stress-like autonomic and behavioral responses. Urocortins 1-3 are additional ligands to the CRF receptors 1 and 2. Ucn 1 neurons are primarily concentrated in the Edinger-Westphal (EW) nucleus and also have been associated with stress responses. It is also known that UCN 1 respond in different ways depending on the stressor presented. Benzodiazepines can act via the CRF peptidergic system and chronic administration of alprazolam does not interfere with CRF mRNA expression in the PVN, but significantly increase Ucn 1 mRNA expression in the EW. The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship between different stressor stimuli, foot shock (FS) and restraint (R), and the mRNA expression of CRF and Ucn 1 in the PVN and EW using alprazolam (A). We employed fos activation and in situ hybridization. Restraint group presented increased fos-ir and CRF mRNA expression in the PVN compared to FS group. The stress responses of R group were prevented by A. In the EW,fos-ir was higher in the FS group than in the R group, whereas Ucn 1 mRNA expression was higher in the R group than in the FS group. Alprazolam significantly increased fos-ir and Ucn 1 mRNA expression in both groups. Our results show that PVN and EW respond in different ways to the same stressors. Furthermore, EW of stressed animals replies in a complementary way comparing to PVN with the use of Alprazolam. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Influence of age on the development of immunological lung response in intrauterine undernourishment

Objective: We investigated the effect of intrauterine undernourishment on some features of asthma using a model of allergic lung inflammation in rats. The effects of age at which the rats were challenged (5 and 9 wk) were also evaluated. Methods: Intrauterine undernourished offspring were obtained from dams that were fed 50% of the nourished diet of counterparts and were immunized at 5 and 9 wk of age. They were tested for immunoglobulin E anti-ova titers (by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis), cell count in the bronchoal-veolar fluid, leukotriene concentration, airway reactivity, mucus production, and blood corticosterone and leptin concentrations 21 d, after immunologic challenge. Results: Intrauterine undernourishment significantly reduced the antigen-specific immunoglobulin E production, inflammatory cell infiltration into airways, mucus secretion, and production of leukotrienes B-4/C-4 in the lungs in both age groups compared with respective nourished rats. The increased reactivity to methacholine that follows antigen challenge was not affected by intrauterine undernourishment. Corticosterone levels increased with age in the undernourished rats` offspring, but not in the nourished rats` offspring. Undernourished offspring already presented high levels of corticosterone before inflammatory stimulus and were not modified by antigen challenge. Leptin levels increased with challenge in the nourished rats but not in the undernourished rats and could not be related to corticosterone levels in the. undernourished rats. Conclusion: Intrauterine undernourishment has a striking and age-dependent effect on the off spring, reducing lung allergic inflammation. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complement 4 phenotypes and genotypes in Brazilian patients with classical 21-hydroxylase deficiency

The aim of this work was to analyse C4 genotypes, C4 protein levels, phenotypes and genotypes in patients with the classical form of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Fifty-four patients from 46 families (36 female, 18 male; mean age 10.8 years) with different clinical manifestations (31 salt-wasting; 23 simple-virilizing) were studied. Taq I Southern blotting was used to perform molecular analysis of the C4/CYP21 gene cluster and the genotypes were defined according to gene organization within RCCX modules. Serum C4 isotypes were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results revealed 12 different haplotypes of the C4/CYP21 gene cluster. Total functional activity of the classical pathway (CH50) was reduced in individuals carrying different genotypes because of low C4 concentrations (43% of all patients) to complete or partial C4 allotype deficiency. Thirteen of 54 patients presented recurrent infections affecting the respiratory and/or the urinary tracts, none of them with severe infections. Low C4A or C4B correlated well with RCCX monomodular gene organization, but no association between C4 haplotypes and recurrent infections or autoimmunity was observed. Considering this redundant gene cluster, C4 seems to be a well-protected gene segment along the evolutionary process.

Sleep deprivation of rats: The hyperphagic response is real

Study Objectives: Chronic sleep deprivation of rats causes hyperphagia without body weight gain. Sleep deprivation hyperphagia is prompted by changes in pathways governing food intake; hyperphagia may be adaptive to sleep deprivation hypermetabolism. A recent paper suggested that sleep deprivation might inhibit ability of rats to increase food intake and that hyperphagia may be an artifact of uncorrected chow spillage. To resolve this, a palatable liquid diet (Ensure) was used where spillage is insignificant. Design: Sleep deprivation of male Sprague Dawley rats was enforced for 10 days by the flowerpot/platform paradigm. Daily food intake and body weight were measured. On day 10, rats were transcardially perfused for analysis of hypothalamic mRNA expression of the orexigen, neuropeptide Y (NPY). Setting: Morgan State University, sleep deprivation and transcardial perfusion; University of Maryland, NPY in situ hybridization and analysis. Measurements and Results: Using a liquid diet for accurate daily measurements, there was no change in food intake in the first 5 days of sleep deprivation. Importantly, from days 6-10 it increased significantly, peaking at 29% above baseline. Control rats steadily gained weight but sleep-deprived rats did not. Hypothalamic NPY mRNA levels were positively correlated to stimulation of food intake and negatively correlated with changes in body weight. Conclusion: Sleep deprivation hyperphagia may not be apparent over the short term (i.e., <= 5 days), but when extended beyond 6 days, it is readily observed. The timing of changes in body weight and food intake suggests that the negative energy balance induced by sleep deprivation prompts the neural changes that evoke hyperphagia.

Fibroblast growth factor 2 restrains ras-driven proliferation of malignant cells by triggering RhoA-mediated senescence

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) is considered to be a bona fide oncogenic factor, although results from our group and others call this into question. Here, we report that exogenous recombinant FGF2 irreversibly inhibits proliferation by inducing senescence in Ras-dependent malignant mouse cells, but not in immortalized nontumorigenic cell lines. We report the following findings in K-Ras-dependent malignant YI adrenocortical cells and H-Ras V12-transformed BALB-3T3 fibroblasts: (a) FGF2 inhibits clonal growth and tumor onset in nude and immunocompetent BALB/c mice, (b) FGF2 irreversibly blocks the cell cycle, and (c) FGF2 induces the senescence-associated -galactosidase with no accompanying signs of apoptosis or necrosis. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD173074 completely protected malignant cells from FGF2. In Yl adrenal cells, reducing the constitutively high levels of K-Ras-GTP using the dominant-negative RasN17 mutant made cells resistant to FGF2 cytotoxicity. In addition, transfection of the dominant-negative RhoA-N19 into either YI or 3T3-B61 malignant cell lines yielded stable clonal transfectants that were unable to activate RhoA and were resistant to the FGF2 stress response. We conclude that in Rasdependent malignant cells, FGF2 interacts with its cognate receptors to trigger a senescence-like process involving RboAGTP. Surprisingly, attempts to select FGF2-resistant cells from the Yl and 3T3-B61 cell lines yielded only rare clones that (a) had lost the overexpressed ras oncogene, (b) were dependent on FGF2 for proliferation, and (c) were poorly tumorigenic. Thus, FGF2 exerted a strong negative selection that Rasdependent malignant cells could rarely overcome.

Alterações endócrinas do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gônadas em ratas manipuladas no período neonatal

A manipulação no período neonatal tem sido utilizada há algumas décadas como modelo experimental para analisar os mecanismos pelos quais variações precoces no ambiente do animal afetam o desenvolvimento de sistemas neurais, dando origem a alterações comportamentais e neuroendócrinas estáveis na vida adulta. Nos ratos, a manipulação neonatal consiste do manuseio suave dos filhotes nos primeiros dias de vida em geral, durante as duas semanas após o parto. Quando adultos, os animais submetidos a essa manipulação apresentam uma menor secreção de glicocorticóides pela adrenal quando expostos a estímulos estressores, e um retorno mais rápido à concentração plasmática basal quando comparados aos ratos não manipulados. Trabalhos prévios demonstram que além de alterar o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-adrenal, a manipulação pode alterar o eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gônadas, ratas manipuladas apresentam ciclos anovulatórios e uma diminuição do comportamento sexual. Com isso, o nosso objetivo nesse trabalho foi analisar o perfil de secreção de estradiol e progesterona em ratas manipuladas no período neonatal nas quatro fases do ciclo estral, como também, verificar o efeito da manipulação sobre as concentrações plasmáticas de LH e FSH em ratas ovariectomizadas e com reposição hormonal No experimento I foram estudados dois grupos de ratas adultas: não manipuladas (fêmeas que nos 10 primeiros dias de vida não foram tocadas pelo experimentador ou tratador); e manipuladas (ratas que nos 10 primeiros dias pós-parto foram diariamente manipuladas pelo experimentador por 1 minuto, retornando para a mãe logo em seguida). Quando adultas, o ciclo estral das ratas foi controlado, e aquelas com 3 a 4 ciclos regulares seguidos tiveram a veia jugular externa canulada em cada uma das fases do ciclo estral (metaestro, diestro, estro e proestro). No dia seguinte ao da cirurgia às 8 horas da manhã, iniciaram-se as coletas de sangue (800µL) de 3 em 3 horas. O sangue foi centrifugado, o plasma coletado e destinado ao radioimunoensaio para estradiol e progesterona. As ratas cujo sangue foi coletado no proestro tiveram o número de óvulos contados na manhã seguinte. No experimento II, as ratas manipuladas e não manipuladas foram ovariectomizadas e 3 semanas após receberam injeções subcutâneas de estradiol por 3 dias consecutivos às 9 horas da manhã, no quarto dia receberam progesterona às 10 horas e às 11 horas tiveram a veia jugular canulada Neste mesmo dia às 13 horas, iniciaram-se as coletas de sangue (600µL) que foram realizadas de hora em hora, até às 18 horas. O sangue foi centrifugado o plasma coletado e destinado ao radioimunoensaio para LH e FSH. Os resultados mostraram que as ratas manipuladas no período neonatal apresentam uma redução nas concentrações plasmáticas de estradiol no proestro e de progesterona no metaestro e no estro comparadas às não manipuladas. O número de óvulos encontrados na manhã do estro está reduzido nas ratas manipuladas quando comparado às não manipuladas, confirmando resultados prévios. A alteração destes esteróides gonadais pode explicar a redução do número de óvulos das fêmeas manipuladas. As concentrações plasmáticas de LH e de FSH não são diferentes entre os dois grupos, indicando que a responsividade do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise parece não ser alterada pela manipulação, no entanto é necessário realizar mais experimentos para que afirmações possam ser feitas a respeito da responsividade do eixo.

Avaliação da toxicidade sistêmica e reprodutiva dos antiparasitários à base de ivermectina e de lufenurona em ratas wistar.

Avaliou-se a segurança do produto Ivomec® injetável, um endectocida à base de ivermectina, no período de prenhez das ratas Wistar, a fim de verificar possíveis efeitos teratogênicos. As ratas foram tratadas com 0, 4 e 12mg.kg-1 de ivermectina, por via SC, no 6º dia de prenhez. Os resultados revelaram não haver sinais de toxicidade sistêmica e reprodutiva, fundamentados na ausência de alterações no desenvolvimento ponderal, nos consumos de água e de ração, na massa relativa e exame histopatológico dos órgãos das ratas, nas reabsorções embrionárias, na massa corporal, na vitalidade, no número de fetos por progenitora e nas alterações macroscópicas externas e esqueléticas dos fetos. Conclui-se que o medicamento Ivomec® injetável é seguro para as ratas prenhes e aos fetos, quando administrado, em dose única, no início da de organogênese. Avaliou-se também, a segurança do produto Program® suspensão, ectocida à base de lufenurona, nos períodos de prenhez e lactação de ratas Wistar, a fim de verificar possíveis efeitos pré e pós-natal. As ratas foram tratadas com 0, 180 e 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona, por VO, no 1º dia de prenhez e no 1º dia de lactação. Os resultados revelaram ausência de toxicidade sistêmica e reprodutiva nas variáveis avaliadas, assim como as progênies das mesmas não manifestaram alterações no desenvolvimento geral e sexual até 50 dias de vida. Conclui-se que o medicamento Program® suspensão é seguro para as ratas prenhes e lactantes em dosagens de até 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona, por VO, no 1º dia de prenhez e no 1º dia de lactação. Avaliou-se também a hepatotoxicidade provocada pela lufenurona, comparando-a com uma substância reconhecidamente hepatotóxica, o tetracloreto de carbono (CCl4), em dois tempos diferentes (24 e 72 horas). As ratas foram tratadas com água destilada, 600mg.kg-1 de lufenurona e 1,98g.kg-1 de CCl4, por VO, em dose única. Os resultados revelaram que a lufenurona apresentou agressão hepática, caracterizada pela elevação da atividade da ALT, sem alteração do parênquima hepático, no ensaio 72h e provocou um aumento da massa relativa da adrenal direita com tumefação de córtex no ensaio 24h. Já o CCl4, conforme esperado, apresentou queda do desenvolvimento ponderal e dos consumos, acentuada elevação da atividade da ALT, com degeneração gordurosa hepática, além de degeneração hidrópica renal e congestão de baço e adrenais. Conclui-se que a lufenurona (Program® suspensão) provocou agressão hepática e aumento da massa relativa da adrenal direita.

Avaliação da influência da medicação pré-anestésica sobre os efeitos da anestesia geral intravenosa nos parâmetros endócrinos e metabólicos relacionados ao estresse em eqüinos

O estresse é considerado ao mesmo tempo um mecanismo de defesa contra diferentes fatores agressores e a causa de importantes alterações orgânicas que podem levar ao estabelecimento de estados mórbidos. A definição de estresse em animais é tema de controvérsia, no entanto a ativação do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenal (HHA) é utilizado como parâmetro para avaliação do grau de alteração imposto. Em eqüinos, a anestesia isoladamente pode desencadear a cascata de eventos ligados ao estresse, não necessitando como em outras espécies a participação de intervenções cirúrgicas. No entanto, a anestesia geral intravenosa têm sido considerada como menos agressiva e conseqüentemente não desencadeadora de estresse. No presente estudo foi avaliado uma combinação para indução anestésica, a tiletamina-zolazepam (TZ=1,1 mg.kg-1), tendo como medicação pré-anestésica a romifidina (80 µg.kg-1), utilizada isolada ou associada a acepromazina (0,08 mg.kg-1) ou diazepam (0,1 mg. .kg-1). A romifidina é um agonista adrenérgico α-2, de marcada ação sedativa e miorrelaxante. A acepromazina é um derivado fenotiazínico cuja ação tranqüilizante tem sido aplicada na combinação com diversos outros fármacos para indução anestésica. O diazepam é considerado o benzodiazepínico clássico, com atividade ansiolítica e miorrelaxante. Os três fármacos são de uso corrente na medicina veterinária eqüina. A tiletamina é uma ciclohexamina de ação semelhante à cetamina e é disponível comercialmente associada ao zolazepam, na proporção de 1:1. Foram utilizados neste trabalho 24 eqüinos de ambos os sexos, diferentes idades e raças, todos enquadrados na categoria ASA I (American Society of Anesthesiologists). Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos. Os grupos, foram definidos pela combinação pré-anestésica como RTZ (romifidina), ARTZ (acepromazina + romifidina) e DRTZ (diazepam + romifidina). Os fármacos foram administrados por via intravenosa. Entre a romifidina e TZ foi estabelecido um intervalo de 10 minutos em todos os grupos, entre a acepromazina e a romifidina um período de 30 minutos e, a partir da administração de diazepam, houve uma pausa de 3 horas até a romifidina. As colheitas de sangue para as dosagens hormonais foram realizadas em três tempos nos grupos RTZ e ARTZ. Antes de qualquer fármaco (P), após a administração da MPA (M) e 15 minutos após a indução (I). No grupo DRTZ, como se desejava avaliar o efeito do benzodiazepínico isolado, foi realizada uma quarta colheita antes da administração de romifidina (B). Para os demais parâmetros os tempos considerados foram P e I. Foram avaliados a concentração plasmática de ACTH e cortisol, a concentração sérica de glicose e lactato, freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, parâmetros hematológicos (eritrócitos, leucócitos, hemograma e hemoglobina), gasometria arterial, traçado eletrocardiográfico e tempo de imobilidade. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA para medidas repetidas e teste t de Student. O nível de significância foi de α=0,05. Os resultados revelaram que a anestesia geral intravenosa com os protocolos propostos, não desencadeou a ativação do eixo HHA, exceção feita ao Grupo ARTZ. Os valores de ACTH diferiram entre o grupo DRTZ e os demais, sendo que neste houve valores inferiores. Não houve diferença estatística nos valores dos demais parâmetros com exceção da freqüência cardíaca que no grupo RTZ não revelou variações entre as colheitas. O tempo de imobilidade observado no grupo ARTZ foi superior aos demais.