MD simulation of the effect of contact area and tip radius on nanoindentation

Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoindentation are performed on monocrystal copper. A new "contact atoms" method is presented for calculating the contact area. Compared with conventional methods, this method can provide the contact area more accurately not only for sink-in but also for pile-up situation. The effect of tip radius on indentation is investigated too. The results indicate that the measured hardness of the material will become higher as the tip radius increases.

Determinación de la presencia y distribución de nematodos fitoparásitos en las plantaciones de arroz de Nicaragua

Para determinar la presencia y distribucion de nematodos fitoparasitos en las plantaciones de arroz de Nicaragua, se realizo un muestreo durante los meses de Junio, Julio y Agosto de 1975 en las zonas donde se cultiva arroz en Nicaragua, colectandose un total de 295 muestras de suelo y raices procedentes de 35 fincas, en 15 de las cuales aplican cartofuran para disminuir la poblacion del picudo del agua (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus). La extraccion de nematodos fue realizada por el metodo del embudo de Baerman modificado y los datos obtenidos en la identificacion de generos de nematodos fitoparasiticos presentes en cada muestra fueron analizados de acuerdo a un modelo completamente al azar haciendo pruebas de F para determinar: significancia en la distribucion de nematodos futiparasiticos en el area cubierta por el muestreo, a los resultados obtenidos por zona, así como una comparación establecida entre los resultados obtenidos de las muestras procedentes de lotes donde se habia aplicado carbofuran con los obtenidos de lotes en donde se había aplicado. En 33.22 por ciento de las muestras de suelo se logró recuperar nemátodos fitoparásitos, siendo ellos: Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Ditylenchus, hirschmanniella, Meloidogyne, Faratrophurus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus y Tylenchus. El recuperado más frecuentemente fue Aphelenchoides, seguido por Tylenchus, en el 14.92 y 11.19 por ciento del total de muestras respectivamente, sin embargo, Tylenchus fue el de mayor incidencia ya que representa el 32.35 por ciento del total de nematodos recuperados, seguido por Aphelenchoides con 31.76 por ciento. Eh la zona occidental se logró recuperar nematodos en el 46.57 por ciento del total de muestras de suelo en la central, oriental y norte se logró recuperar nematodos en el 35.56, 29.41 y 29.67 por ciento de las muestras respectivamente. De las 295 muestras de raíces se recuperaron cuatro géneros de nematodos fitoparásitos, siendo Aphelenchoídes el único que estaba presente en más del uno por ciento del total de muestras procesadas, los otros géneros recuperados son: Hirschmanniella, Nothotylenchus y Pratylenchus. Las pruebas de F de los análisis de varíenme realizados no mostraron realizados en ninguno de los casos. Los géneros de nematodos fitoparásitos reportados en este estudio han sido ampliamente reportados asociados al cultivo del arroz, con excepción de Paratmphurus y Nothotylenchus, el hecho de que no haya diferencia estadística en los géneros de nematodos encontrados en las nuestras analizadas, podría estar relacionado con la poca diferencia existente en el tipo de suelo de cada zona, así mismo, la falta de diferencia estadística entre las muestras procedentes de fincas donde aplican y no aplican carbofuran podría ser efecto de una dósis muy baja del producto para que logre mostrar características nematicidas. Es recomendable iniciar estudios sobre la fluctuación de la población de nematodos fitoperasíticos asociados al cultivo del arroz en Nicaragua, para así conocer algunos de los factores que determinan la curva epideniol6gina, a la par hay que realizar pruebas para conocer bajo condiciones determinadas los niveles poblacionales mínimo que ameritan control.

Saline water intrusion from deep artesian sources in McGregor Isles area of Lee County, Florida

Upward leakage of saline water from an artesian aquifer below 1,500 feet has caused an increase in chloride concentration in the lower Hawthorn aquifer from less than 1,000 mg/1 (milligrams per liter) to values ranging from about 1,300 to 15,000 mg/1. Similarly the higher temperatures of the intruding water has caused an increase in water temperatures in the aquifer from 82"F to values ranging from 83 to 93"F. The intruding water moves upward either through the open bore hole of deep wells or test holes, or along a fault or fracture system, which has been identified in the area. From these points of entry into the lower Hawthorn aquifer, the saline water spreads laterally toward the south and southeast, but is generally confined to components of the fault system. The saline water moves upward from the lower Hawthorn aquifer into the upper Hawthorn aquifer through the open bore hole of wells, which connect the aquifers. This movement has resulted in an increase in chloride from less than 200 mg/1 in the unaffected parts of the upper Hawthorn aquifer to values commonly ranging from about 300 to more than 3,000 mg/1 in parts of the aquifer affected by upward leakage. The upper Hawthorn aquifer is the principal source of ground-water supply for public water-supply systems in western Lee County. Similar effects have been noted in the water-table aquifer, where chloride increased from less than 100 to concentrations ranging from about 500 to more than 5,000 mg/1. This was caused by the downward infiltration of water discharged at land surface from wells tapping the lower Hawthorn aquifer. The spread of saline water throughout most of the McGregor Isles area is continuing as of 1971. (40 page document)

Ground water in the Hallandale area, Florida

The water problems confronting Hallandale are similar to those of other coastal cities of southeastern Florida which are undergoing rapid growth with tremendous increase in water demand. The highly permeable Biscayne aquifer underlying the Hallandale area is an excellent source of water; however, the permeable nature of the Biscayne aquifer would permit the intrusion of sea water, if fresh water levels were lowered excessively, as well as the infiltration of urban or industrial contaminants, from land surfaces and surface water bodies. This study is to provide the hydrologic data necessary for proper water resource development and planning in the Hallandale area. (40 page document)

Flood of September 20-23, 1969 in the Gadsden County area, Florida

The center of low pressure of a tropical disturbance which moved northward in the Gulf of Mexico, reached land between Panama City and Port St. Joe, Florida, on September 20, 1969. This system was nearly stationary for 48 hours producing heavy rainfall in the Quincy-Havana area, 70-80 miles northeast of the center. Rainfall associated with the tropical disturbance exceeded 20 inches over a part of Gadsden County, Florida, during September 20 through 23, 1969, and the maximum rainfall of record occurred at Quincy with 10.87 inches during a 6-hour period on September 21. The 48-hour maximum of 17.71 inches exceeded the 1 in 100-year probability of 16 inches for a 7-day period. The previous maximum rainfall of record at Quincy (more than 12 inches) was on September 14-15, 1924. The characteristics of this historical storm were similar in path and effect to the September 1969 tropical disturbance. Peak runoff from a 1.4-square mile area near Midway, Florida, was 1,540 cfs (cubic feet per second) per square mile. A peak discharge of 45,600 cfs on September 22 at the gaging station on the Little River near Quincy exceeded the previous peak of 25,400 cfs which occurred on December 4, 1964. The peak discharge of 89,400 cfs at Ochlockonee River near Bloxham exceeded the April 1948 peak of 50,200 cfs, which was the previous maximum of record, by 1.8 times. Many flood-measurement sites had peak discharges in excess of that of a 50-year flood. Nearly $200,000 was spent on emergency repairs to roads. An additional $520,000 in contractual work was required to replace four bridges that were destroyed. Agricultural losses were estimated at $1,000,000. (44 page document)

Pensacola area's water

(11 page pamphlet)