Avaliação da quantidade de resíduos lenhosos em floresta não explorada e explorada com técnicas de redução de impactos, utilizando amostragem por linha interceptadora, no Médio Mojú, Amazônia Oriental, Brasil

Neste trabalho são comparados os volumes de resíduos lenhosos, produzidos em uma área de floresta não explorada, com os de outra de floresta explorada, na propriedade denominada Fazenda Santa Marta (3º04'S, 49º14'W). Localizada na bacia hidrográfica do médio rio Moju, município homônimo, Nordeste do Estado do Pará, Amazônia Oriental. Os estudos foram realizados em área total de 426 ha, referentes a 4 Unidades de Trabalho das Unidades de Produção, sendo duas exploradas utilizando técnicas de impacto reduzido, totalizando 217 ha e as outras duas em floresta não exploradas, totalizando 209 ha. Foi testada a metodologia "amostragem por linha interceptora" como método para coleta e processamento dos dados sobre os resíduos lenhosos, em que foram utilizados 6.000 m de transectos para cada situação, totalizando 12.000 m de linhas de amostragem. Mediu-se todo o material lenhoso ainda caído sobre o piso florestal, com diâmetro superior a 10 cm, considerando o estado de decomposição das peças medidas. O volume médio estimado foi 82 m³ha-1 para floresta não explorada e 137 m³ha-1 para floresta após exploração de impacto reduzido.

Influence of saliva and mucin on the adhesion of Candida oral clinical isolates

Objectives: This research work intends to clarify the role of artificial saliva, in particularly the role of mucin, a salivary protein, on the surface properties and adhesion ability of Candida spp. oral clinical isolates to abiotic surfaces. Methods: Four oral clinical isolates of Candida spp. were used: two Candida albicans strains (AC; AM) and two Candida parapsilosis strains (AD; AM2). The strains were isolated from patients using oral prosthesis. The microorganisms were cultured in the absence or presence of mucin and artificial saliva, and their adhesion to an abiotic surface (coated with mucin and artificial saliva) was evaluated. Results: The presence of mucin per se onto the abiotic surface decreased the adhesion of all strains, although the combination of mucin with artificial saliva had reduced this effect. No direct correlation between adhesion and the surface free energies of adhesion of the microorganisms was found. Significance: Candida spp. were human commensal microorganisms that became pathogenic when the host immune defenses were compromised. Medical devices were colonized by Candida spp. particularly, oral prostheses, which might lead to the degradation of the prostheses and systemic infections. The salivary secretions that constantly cover the oral cavity influenced Candida spp. adhesion process. Therefore, it was important to understand the interactions between Candida spp., salivary proteins and the characteristic of oral prosthesis when developing materials for oral prostheses.

Clinical Epidemiology of Buruli ulcer from Benin (2005-2013): effect of time-delay to diagnosis on clinical forms and severe phenotypes

Buruli Ulcer (BU) is a neglected infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans that is responsible for severe necrotizing cutaneous lesions that may be associated with bone involvement. Clinical presentations of BU lesions are classically classified as papules, nodules, plaques and edematous infiltration, ulcer or osteomyelitis. Within these different clinical forms, lesions can be further classified as severe forms based on focality (multiple lesions), lesions' size (>15 cm diameter) or WHO Category (WHO Category 3 lesions). There are studies reporting an association between delay in seeking medical care and the development of ulcerative forms of BU or osteomyelitis, but the effect of time-delay on the emergence of lesions classified as severe has not been addressed. To address both issues, and in a cohort of laboratory-confirmed BU cases, 476 patients from a medical center in Allada, Benin, were studied. In this laboratory-confirmed cohort, we validated previous observations, demonstrating that time-delay is statistically related to the clinical form of BU. Indeed, for non-ulcerated forms (nodule, edema, and plaque) the median time-delay was 32.5 days (IQR 30.0-67.5), while for ulcerated forms it was 60 days (IQR 20.0-120.0) (p = 0.009), and for bone lesions, 365 days (IQR 228.0-548.0). On the other hand, we show here that time-delay is not associated with the more severe phenotypes of BU, such as multi-focal lesions (median 90 days; IQR 56-217.5; p = 0.09), larger lesions (diameter >15 cm) (median 60 days; IQR 30-120; p = 0.92) or category 3 WHO classification (median 60 days; IQR 30-150; p = 0.20), when compared with unifocal (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), small lesions (diameter =15 cm) (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), or WHO category 1+2 lesions (median 60 days; IQR 30-90), respectively. Our results demonstrate that after an initial period of progression towards ulceration or bone involvement, BU lesions become stable regarding size and focal/multi-focal progression. Therefore, in future studies on BU epidemiology, severe clinical forms should be systematically considered as distinct phenotypes of the same disease and thus subjected to specific risk factor investigation.

Total laparoscopic hysterectomy: impact of body mass index on outcomes

Total laparoscopic hysterectomy: impact of body mass index on outcomes

Monovarietal extra-virgin olive oil classification: a fusion of human sensory attributes and an electronic tongue

Olive oil quality grading is traditionally assessed by human sensory evaluation of positive and negative attributes (olfactory, gustatory, and final olfactorygustatory sensations). However, it is not guaranteed that trained panelist can correctly classify monovarietal extra-virgin olive oils according to olive cultivar. In this work, the potential application of human (sensory panelists) and artificial (electronic tongue) sensory evaluation of olive oils was studied aiming to discriminate eight single-cultivar extra-virgin olive oils. Linear discriminant, partial least square discriminant, and sparse partial least square discriminant analyses were evaluated. The best predictive classification was obtained using linear discriminant analysis with simulated annealing selection algorithm. A low-level data fusion approach (18 electronic tongue signals and nine sensory attributes) enabled 100 % leave-one-out cross-validation correct classification, improving the discrimination capability of the individual use of sensor profiles or sensory attributes (70 and 57 % leave-one-out correct classifications, respectively). So, human sensory evaluation and electronic tongue analysis may be used as complementary tools allowing successful monovarietal olive oil discrimination.

The choroid plexus is modulated by various peripheral stimuli: implications to diseases of the central nervous system

The blood brain barrier (BBB) and the blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) form the barriers of the brain. These barriers are essential not only for the protection of the brain, but also in regulating the exchange of cells and molecules in and out of the brain. The choroid plexus (CP) epithelial cells and the arachnoid membrane form the BCSFB. The CP is structurally divided into two independent compartments: one formed by a unique and continuous line of epithelial cells that rest upon a basal lamina; and, a second consisting of a central core formed by connective and highly vascularized tissue populated by diverse cell types (fibroblasts, macrophages and dendritic cells). Here, we review how the CP transcriptome and secretome vary depending on the nature and duration of the stimuli to which the CP is exposed. Specifically, when the peripheral stimulation is acute the CP response is rapid, strong and transient, whereas if the stimulation is sustained in time the CP response persists but it is weaker. Furthermore, not all of the epithelium responds at the same time to peripheral stimulation, suggesting the existence of a synchrony system between individual CP epithelial cells.

Climate change research and policy in Portugal

This article offers a review of research and policy on climate change in Portugal and is organized into three main themes: scientific knowledge and assessment of climate change; policy analysis and evaluation; and public engagement. Modern scientific research on meteorology and climatology started in Portugal in the 1950s and a strong community of researchers in climate science, vulnerabilities, impacts, and adaptation has since developed, particularly in the last decade. Nevertheless, there are still many gaps in research, especially regarding the economic costs of climate change in Portugal and costs and benefits of adaptation. Governmental policies with a strong emphasis on mitigation were introduced at the end of the 1990s. As greenhouse gas emissions continued to rise beyond its Kyoto target for 2012, the country had to resort to the Kyoto Flexibility Mechanisms in order to comply. Climate change adaptation policies were introduced in 2010 but are far from being fully implemented. Regarding public engagement with climate change, high levels of concern contrast with limited understanding and rather weak behavioral dispositions to address climate change. Citizens display a heavy reliance on the media as sources of information, which are dominated by a techno-managerial discourse mainly focused on the global level. The final part of the article identifies research gaps and outlines a research agenda. Connections between policy and research are also discussed

Mesenchymal stem cells secretome as a modulator of the neurogenic niche: Basic insights and therapeutic opportunities

Neural stem cells (NSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) share few characteristics apart from self-renewal and multipotency. In fact, the neurogenic and osteogenic stem cell niches derive from two distinct embryonary structures; while the later originates from the mesoderm, as all the connective tissues do, the first derives from the ectoderm. Therefore, it is highly unlikely that stem cells isolated from one niche could form terminally differentiated cells from the other. Additionally, these two niches are associated to tissues/systems (e.g., bone and central nervous system) that have markedly different needs and display diverse functions within the human body. Nevertheless they do share common features. For instance, the differentiation of both NSCs and MSCs is intimately associated with the bone morphogenetic protein family. Moreover, both NSCs and MSCs secrete a panel of common growth factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), among others. But it is not the features they share but the interaction between them that seem most important, and worth exploring; namely, it has already been shown that there are mutually beneficially effects when these cell types are co-cultured in vitro. In fact the use of MSCs, and their secretome, become a strong candidate to be used as a therapeutic tool for CNS applications, namely by triggering the endogenous proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors, among other mechanisms. Quite interestingly it was recently revealed that MSCs could be found in the human brain, in the vicinity of capillaries. In the present review we highlight how MSCs and NSCs in the neurogenic niches interact. Furthermore, we propose directions on this field and explore the future therapeutic possibilities that may arise from the combination/interaction of MSCs and NSCs.

Candida tropicalis biofilms: biomass, metabolic activity and secreted aspartyl proteinase production

According to epidemiological data, Candida tropicalis has been related to urinary tract infections and haematological malignancy. Several virulence factors seem to be responsible for C. tropicalis infections, for example: their ability to adhere and to form biofilms onto different indwelling medical devices; their capacity to adhere, invade and damage host human tissues due to enzymes production such as proteinases. The main aim of this work was to study the behaviour of C. tropicalis biofilms of different ages (24120 h) formed in artificial urine (AU) and their ability to express aspartyl proteinase (SAPT) genes. The reference strain C. tropicalis ATCC 750 and two C. tropicalis isolates from urine were used. Biofilms were evaluated in terms of culturable cells by colony-forming units enumeration; total biofilm biomass was evaluated using the crystal violet staining method; metabolic activity was evaluated by XTT assay; and SAPT gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. All strains of C. tropicalis were able to form biofilms in AU, although with differences between strains. Candida tropicalis biofilms showed a decrease in terms of the number of culturable cells from 48 to 72 h. Generally, SAPT3 was highly expressed. C. tropicalis strains assayed were able to form biofilms in the presence of AU although in a strain- and time-dependent way, and SAPT genes are expressed during C. tropicalis biofilm formation.

The Botanical magazine, or, Flower-garden displayed ... /by William Curtis.

v.7-8=no.217-288 (1794)

Remodelação miocárdica após infarto agudo do miocárdio experimental em ratos: efeito do bloqueio do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona

OBJETIVO: Verificar a ação do lisinopril e do losartan sobre a remodelação miocárdica no infarto experimental em ratos. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos a infarto e tratados com lisinopril 20 mg/kg/dia (LIS, n=13) ou losartan 20 mg/kg/dia (LOS, n=11), ou mantidos sem tratamento (NT, n=11), por três meses e os resultados comparados com grupo controle (CONT, n=11) de ratos sem infarto. Após a eutanásia, o ventrículo esquerdo foi separado e pesado. Foram medidas a área seccional dos miócitos (AC), fração de colágeno intersticial (CVF) e a hidroxiprolina (HOP) miocárdica. As variáveis foram comparadas pela ANOVA de uma via, para nível de significância de p<0,05. RESULTADOS: O infarto agudo promoveu a hipertrofia do ventrículo esquerdo e os tratamentos com lisinopril e losartam preveniram a hipertrofia quantificada pelo peso do ventrículo esquerdo (LOS=1,06± 0,12g, LIS=0,97±0,18g, NT=1,26±0,17g, CONT=1,02± 0,09g; p<0,05), pelo peso de ventrículo esquerdo corrigido pelo peso corporal VE/PC (LOS=2,37±0,21mg/g, LIS=2,41± 0,38mg/g,NT=2,82±0,37mg/g, CONT=2,27± 0,15mg/g) e pela medida da AC do ventrículo esquerdo (LOS=210±39µ², LIS=217±35µ², NT=256±35µ², CONT= 158±06 µ²; p<0,05). O CVF foi significantemente maior no ventrículo esquerdo do grupo infartado e houve prevenção do aumento com os tratamentos (LOS=1,16±0,4%, LIS=1,27± 0,5%, NT=1,8± 0,4%, CONT=0,7±0,5%). A HOP foi maior no grupo infartado (NT=6,91±2,98mg/g vs. CONT=2,81±1,21mg/g) e não alterou com o tratamento. CONCLUSÃO: A remodelação miocárdica pós-infarto é caracterizada por aumento da massa ventricular remanescente e aumento de colágeno intersticial. O bloqueador da enzima conversora da angiotensina e o antagonista seletivo AT1 da angiotensina II previnem a hipertrofia do miócito e a fibrose intersticial.

Perfil nutricional e lipídico de mulheres na pós-menopausa com doença arterial coronariana

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e perfil lipídico de mulheres na pós-menopausa com doença arterial coronariana. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo de dados obtidos do prontuário médico de 217 mulheres, na ocasião da 1º consulta no Ambulatório de Nutrição do InCor, referentes ao estado nutricional, pelo índice de massa corpórea, uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes e lípides plasmáticos (colesterol e frações). RESULTADOS: A média de idade foi 60,98 ± 9,23 anos com prevalência de obesidade em 56%. O uso de medicamentos hipolipemiantes foi observado em 73% da população. Quanto ao perfil lipídico, 56% apresentavam níveis plasmáticos adequados de HDL-c. O estado nutricional esteve inadequado devido à prevalência de obesidade, o que implica no surgimento de outras doenças crônicas, como as dislipidemias. Embora não se tenha verificado a dosagem utilizada, o emprego de hipolipemiantes pela população estudada não pareceu ser favorável, pois foram observados níveis elevados de colesterol total e LDL-c, que nessa condição, encontram-se fortemente relacionados à ocorrência de doenças cardiovasculares. CONCLUSÃO: Faz-se necessária a ação multidisciplinar em programas de Saúde da Mulher, abrangendo aspectos preventivos relacionados à doença arterial coronariana para, assim, melhorar a qualidade de vida nessa população.

Las transformaciones de la burocracia provincial en perspectiva comparada: capacidades del Estado en provincias argentinas

A partir de las políticas de descentralización llevadas adelante en Argentina desde la década de los ochenta, las provincias han adquirido una importante serie de nuevas funciones lo cual las ha obligado a ampliar y diversificar sus estructuras burocráticas y administrativas. Este proyecto busca abordar las transformaciones ocurridas durante los últimos veinte años en la organización burocrática de tres estados provinciales en Argentina. El proyecto pretende, utilizando un diseño comparado, indagar dos aspectos de la organización burocrática: el diseño organizacional institucional (leyes de Ministerios) y la división del trabajo que ello implica; y los principales procesos administrativos transversales que articulan funcionalmente las diferentes áreas de la burocracia provincial (administración financiera y recursos humanos). A partir de ello nos interesa poner en relación estas transformaciones con los cambios que va experimentando la agenda gubernamental. Suponemos, en este sentido, que los cambios organizacionales responden a cambios en dicha agenda y a la relación de fuerzas políticas que va implícita en la conformación de las mismas. De este modo, nuestra hipótesis plantea que los cambios organizaciones generados por la transformación de las agendas se manifiestan de forma más inmediata en la dimensión del diseño organizacional, mientras que los procesos administrativos transversales experimentan cambios más graduales y no necesariamente vinculados a las transformaciones de la primera dimensión. La investigación permitirá fortalecer el estudio de la administración y las organizaciones públicas, lo que representa una tarea altamente significativa (y necesaria) para el mejoramiento del sector público y las necesidades de la ciudadanía

Otimização de recursos no cuidado primário da hipertensão arterial

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado da atuação de uma equipe interdisciplinar no controle da hipertensão. MÉTODOS: Numa Unidade de Saúde, 88 pacientes foram assistidos por uma equipe interdisciplinar, por 12 meses. As visitas ao médico e à enfermeira ocorreram cada um a três meses, e à nutricionista, quando necessário. Palestras educacionais foram ministradas, regularmente. O colesterol total e a glicemia de jejum foram medidos, na admissão e aos 12 meses do estudo. Foram analisados dados clínicos e laboratoriais e comparados à pressão arterial, na admissão e aos 6 e 12 meses do estudo, e o colesterol total e glicemia, na admissão e aos 12 meses. RESULTADOS: Havia 79,41% de mulheres e a idade média era 58±9,90 anos. A mediana da pressão arterial foi 166,00/96,5 mmHg, na admissão, 146,75/85,25 mmHg, aos seis meses (p<0,000) e 134,00/80,00 mmHg aos 12 meses (p<0,000). A taxa de PA<140/90 mmHg subiu de 10,23% para 48,81% (p<0,000). A mediana do colesterol total diminuiu de 217 mg/dl para 194,00 mg/dl (p<0,004), e da glicemia, de 101 mg/dl para 95 mg/dl (NS). Na admissão, 50% dos pacientes usavam dois anti-hipertensivos; 25%, três; e 5,68%, quatro; enquanto aos 12 meses esses percentuais passaram a 21,18%, 29,41% e 32,94%, respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A assistência por equipe interdisciplinar pode melhorar, significativamente, o controle da hipertensão e de fatores de risco cardiovascular associados.

Ferritina sérica e coronariopatia obstrutiva: correlação angiográfica

OBJETIVO: Verificar a possível associação entre os valores séricos de ferritina e o grau de coronariopatia obstrutiva. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 115 pacientes com cinecoronariografia e concomitante dosagem sérica de ferritina. Os valores de corte adotados foram 80 ng/ml para mulheres, e 120 ng/ml para homens. RESULTADOS: As ferritinemias médias nos sexos masculino e feminino foram, respectivamente, 133,9±133,8 ng/ml 214,6±217,2 ng/ml (p=0,047). Observou-se que 44,1% das mulheres se apresentavam com ferritinemia normal, contra 30,9% dos homens (p=0,254). Nos pacientes sem coronariopatia obstrutivas ou com obstruções discretas (grupo A), a ferritinemia foi de 222,3±325 ng/ml. Já para as obstruções moderadas (grupo B) e graves (grupo C), os níveis foram, respectivamente, 145,6±83,7 ng/ml e 188,9±150,6 ng/ml. Não houve correlação entre o grau de coronariopatia e o nível de ferritina sérica quanto à ferritinemia média. Em relação ao valor de corte, a quantidade de mulheres com ferritina acima de 80 ng/ml que se encontravam nos grupos B+C ou somente C foi significativamente maior que a quantidade de mulheres no grupo A (Odds Ratio 9,71 com IC95% de 1,63 a 57,72). Já no sexo masculino, constataram-se graus similares de coronariopatia tanto acima como abaixo de valor de corte (Odds Ratio 0,92 com IC95% de 0,28 a 2,95). CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se que mulheres com níveis de ferritinemia acima de 80 ng/ml apresentaram significativamente mais coronariopatia obstrutiva de grau importante que mulheres com taxas abaixo daquele valor. Em homens, a ferritinemia não foi elemento preditor do grau de obstrução.