Implication of the RDRio Mycobacterium tuberculosis sublineage in multidrug resistant tuberculosis in Portugal

Multidrug and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis are a threat to tuberculosis control programs. Genotyping methods, such as spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing (Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units), are useful in monitoring potentially epidemic strains and estimating strain phylogenetic lineages and/or genotypic families. M. tuberculosis Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) family is a major worldwide contributor to tuberculosis (TB). LAM specific molecular markers, Ag85C(103) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and RDRio long-sequence polymorphism (LSP), were used to characterize spoligotype signatures from 859 patient isolates from Portugal. LAM strains were found responsible for 57.7% of all tuberculosis cases. Strains with the RDRio deletion (referred to as RDRio) were estimated to represent 1/3 of all the strains and over 60% of the multidrug resistant (MDR) strains. The major spoligotype signature SIT20 belonging to the LAM1 RDRio sublineage, represented close to 1/5th of all the strains, over 20% of which were MDR. Analysis of published datasets according to stipulated 12 loci MIRU-VNTR RDRio signatures revealed that 96.3% (129/134) of MDR and extensively drug resistant (XDR) clusters were RDRio. This is the first report associating the LAM RDRio sublineage with MDR. These results are an important contribution to the monitoring of these strains with heightened transmission for future endeavors to arrest MDR-TB and XDR-TB. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Spider assemblages in widely-separated patches of cerrado in São Paulo State, Brazil.

Brazilian cerrado is a biologically-rich, poorly understood, yet rapidly disappearing habitat. Composition of the spider assemblages from areas of cerrado from three separate sites in the State of São Paulo, Brazil were sampled by beating the canopies and adjacent shrubs of three Myrcia (Myrtaceae; "myrtle") tree species. These produced a total of 859 spiders 'belonging to 21 families and 75 species. The most undisturbed and densest cerrado habitat had the largest number and greatest diversity of spider species, encompassing stalkers, ambushers, space web-weavers, and foliage runners. The other two areas were dominated by foliage runners. Spider distribution in this natural and complex habitat was evaluated by classifying the samples into 12 habitat/microhabitat groups according to local of the patch, tree species, and microhabitat (target tree or adjacent shrub). Correspondence analysis was used for ordination of species and groups based on their abundance. Environmental factors such as patches type (p=0.027) and plant species (p=0.046) had significant effects in explaining the ordination. Canonical correspondence analysis was applied for relating the patterns in species richness and/or abundance to the significant environmental factors. A comparison of the results showed that the family composition among the patches is rather similar, and there is a tendency of spiders species overlap an interregional level (patches effect, p=0.027). However, the most similar spider assemblages living on woody vegetation occurred in Myrcia venulosa and Myrcia guianensis at São Carlos and Pirassununga, demonstrating an interregional similarity (plant species effect, p=0.046) that indicates an association between spiders and particular vegetation.

miRNApath: A database of miRNAs, target genes and metabolic pathways

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene expression and hence play important roles in metabolic pathways. Recent studies have evidenced the interrelation of miRNAs with cell proliferation, differentiation, development, and diseases. Since they are involved in gene regulation, they are intrinsically related to metabolic pathways. This leads to questions that are particularly interesting for investigating medical and laboratorial applications. We developed an miRNApath online database that uses miRNA target genes to link miRNAs to metabolic pathways. Currently, databases about miRNA target genes (DIANA miRGen), genomic maps (miRNAMap) and sequences (miRBase) do not provide such correlations. Additionally, miRNApath offers five search services and a download area. For each search, there is a specific type of input, which can be a list of target genes, miRNAs, or metabolic pathways, which results in different views, depending upon the input data, concerning relationships between the target genes, miRNAs and metabolic pathways. There are also internal links that lead to a deeper analysis and cross-links to other databases with more detailed information. miRNApath is being continually updated and is available at http://lgmb.fmrp.usp.br/mirnapath. ©FUNPEC-RP.

Repunte de los flujos de capital y el desarrollo: implicaciones para las políticas económicas

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Integrated X-ray crystallography, optical and computational methods in studies of structure and luminescence of new synthesized complexes of lanthanides with ligands derived from 2,6-diformylpyridine

The reaction of 2,6-diformylpyridine-bis(benzoylhydrazone) [dfpbbh] and 2,6-diformylpyridine-bis(4-phenylsemicarbazone) [dfpbpsc] with lanthanides salts yielded the new chelates complexes [Eu(dfpbpsc-H +) 2]NO 3 (1), [Dy(fbhmp) 2][Dy(dfpbbh-2H +) 2]·2EtOH·2H 2O (fbhmp = 2-formylbenzoylhydrazone-6-methoxide-pyridine; Ph = phenyl; Py = pyridine; Et = ethyl) and [Er 2(dfpbbh-2H +) 2(μ-NO 3)(H 2O) 2(OH)]·H 2O. X-ray diffraction analysis was employed for the structural characterization of the three chelate complexes. In the case of complex 1, optical, synthetic and computational methods were also exploited for ground state structure determinations and triplet energy level of the ligand and HOMO-LUMO calculations, as well as for a detailed study of its luminescence properties. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Use of a new milk-clotting protease from Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae N31 as coagulant and changes during ripening of Prato cheese

Prato cheeses were manufactured using coagulant from Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae N31 or a commercial coagulant. Cheeses were characterised using the following analysis: yield; fat; acidity; moisture; ash; salt; pH; total nitrogen; total protein; NS-pH 4.6/NT100; NS-TCA 12%/NT100; casein electrophoresis; and RP-HPLC. The results were statistically analysed and revealed that the proteolytic indices were not significantly different throughout the 60 days of ripening of cheeses made with either coagulant. Even though there were some quantitative differences in the peptide profile of cheeses, the enzyme from T. indicae-seudaticae N31 was used in the production of good quality Prato cheese without having to change the established technological parameters of the process. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Photodynamic inactivation of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms in vitro

The purpose of this study was to evaluate specific effects of photodynamic inactivation (PDI) using erythrosine (ER) and Rose Bengal (RB) photosensitizers and a blue light-emitting diode (LED) on the viability of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis biofilms. Biofilms were grown in acrylic disks immersed in broth to production of biofilms, inoculated with microbial suspension (106 cells/mL) and incubated for 48 h. After the formation of biofilms, the effects of the photosensitizers ER and RB at a concentration of 5 μM for 5 min and blue LED (455 ± 20 nm) for 180 s, photosensitizers alone and conjugated were evaluated. Next, the disks were placed in tubes with sterile physiological solution (0.9 % sodium chloride) and sonicated for to disperse the biofilms. Tenfold serial dilutions were carried and aliquots seeded in brain heart infusion agar which were then incubated for 48 h. Then the numbers colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL; log 10) were counted and analyzed statistically (ANOVA, Tukey test, P ≤ 0.05). Significant decreases in the viability of all microorganisms were observed for biofilms exposed to PDI mediated by both photosensitizers. The reductions with RB and ER were, 0.62 and 0.52 log10 CFU mL -1 for S. mutans biofilms (p = 0.001), and 0.95 and 0.88 log 10 CFU mL-1 for S. sanguinis biofilms (p = 0.001), respectively. The results showed that biofilms formed in vitro by S. mutans and S. sanguinis, were sensitive to PDI using a blue LED associated with photosensitizers ER or RB, indicating its use in the control of caries and periodontal diseases. © 2012 Springer-Verlag London Ltd.

Molecular epidemiology and extended-spectrum β-lactamases production of klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from three dairy herds

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Determinación de la infraestructura y la logística de canales de distribución del etanol y el gasohol en El Salvador y Guatemala

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Casos de estudios de impacto ambiental: obras para el gasoducto Atasta-ciudad Pemex en la laguna Pom, México

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Metodologias para estimativa da dimensão fractal do crescimento de aglomerados urbanos: uma contribuição ao estudo da expansão urbana da região metropolitana de São Paulo entre 1905 e 2001

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Composição e variação nictimeral do ictioplâncton no estuário do rio Amazonas, Amapá, Brasil

A Costa Norte Brasileira é uma das regiões mais produtivas do Brasil, tendo o rio Amazonas como a principal fonte de nutrientes, o que explica o grande potencial de produção primária na região. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi determinar a composição e variação nictimeral do ictioplâncton no estuário do rio Amazonas - Porto de Santana – Amapá - Brasil. As amostras de água subsuperficiais foram coletadas para aferir seguintes parâmetros: condutividade elétrica, pH, salinidade, turbidez, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura .As amostragens foram realizadas em dois ciclos de 24 horas em uma estação fixa, em lua quarto crescente (Quadratura) e em lua cheia (sizígia). A coleta das amostras foi realizada com uma rede de plâncton, tipo Bongo com 0,60 m de abertura de boca, 1,50 m de comprimento e abertura de malha de 500 μm. Para determinar o volume de água filtrado foi acoplado à entrada da rede um fluxômetro mecânico, a amostra foi coletada acondicionada em potes e fixada com formol a 4%. Transportada para o Laboratório de Ecologia Aquática e Aqüicultura Tropical – LECAT, da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA onde o ictioplâncton foi quantificado e identificado em nível de família. Foram quantificadas 2.776 larvas, destas, 842 foram amostradas na coleta realizada na maré de quadratura (lua crescente) e 1.924 larvas na maré de sizígia (Cheia). As larvas de peixes identificadas nas marés pertencem a sete famílias (Engraulidae, Gobiidae, Sciaenidae, Tetraodontidae, Eleotridae, Clupeidae Pristigasteridae). As famílias Clupeidae e Gobiidae ocorreram somente na maré de quadratura, enquanto que as famílias Pristigasteridae e Tetraodontidae ocorreram somente na maré de sizígia. Durante a maré de quadratura (Lua Crescente) a família mais abundante foi Engraulidae seguida por Sciaenidae e Pristigasteridae. Nas estações, a densidade variou de 137 larvas/ 100 m3 às 15h30min até 2.859 larvas/ 100 m3 na coleta das 12h30min. Para a época das amostragens há um padrão temporal de distribuição das larvas de peixe influenciado pelo período de coleta (noturno e diurno), sendo que os maiores valores ocorrem durante o dia. O elevado número de larvas registrado revelou que a área do estuário do rio Amazonas é utilizada como área de reprodução e berçário. Não há diferenças significativas na composição do ictioplâncton com a mudança da fase lunar.

Valor nutritivo da leguminosa Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merrill para suplementação alimentar de ruminantes na Amazônia Oriental

O conhecimento do valor nutritivo de plantas forrageiras é de grande relevância quando se pretende elevar a produtividade dos sistemas pecuários na Amazônia Oriental, principalmente em áreas onde ocorre deficiência de forragem de boa qualidade, em períodos de déficit hídrico. Assim, caracterizar a potencialidade da leguminosa Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merrill, como alternativa para alimentação animal, assume relevante importância, pois pode influenciar no desempenho produtivo de bovídeos para carne e leite. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa visou avaliar a composição química, digestibilidade aparente e consumo voluntário dessa leguminosa na alimentação suplementar de ruminantes, em períodos de reduzida disponibilidade de forragem, de baixo valor nutritivo. O trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, em Belém-Pará, (1º28´ S 48º27´ W de Greenwich). Foram determinadas as características nutricionais da leguminosa, durante um período de 21 dias, com 16 ovinos, em gaiolas metabólicas individuais, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, onde os tratamentos (T1, T2, T3 e T4) continham quicuio-da-amazônia (Brachiaria humidicola) e níveis crescentes de 100%, 75%, 50% e 25% de inclusão de F. macrophylla. Os teores de tanino na composição da dieta foram 1,37; 0,62; 0,31 e 0,17%, respectivamente. Os consumos de matéria seca, em g/dia e % do peso vivo, foram de 901,8 e 2,4; 947,9 e 2,5; 859,5 e 2,2; e 930,2 e 2,5 e de proteína bruta 232,4; 188,7; 132,1 e 107,6 g/dia. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca foram de 54,1; 59,2; 55,1; e 62,0%, da matéria orgânica de 57,3; 61,2; 57,6; e 64,0% e de proteína bruta de 63,2; 60,5; 51,4; 52,0%, respectivamente. A leguminosa possui potencial produtivo, com elevada disponibilidade de matéria seca, para ser utilizada como suplemento alimentar para ruminantes, principalmente em períodos críticos. Níveis de inclusão de F. macrophylla, em torno de 75%, possibilitam maior consumo da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, e das frações fibrosas e 100% permitem melhor consumo de PB e EB.

Induction and Morpho-Ultrastructural Analysis of Organogenic Calli of a Wild Passionfruit

This work studied a new protocol for organogenic calli induction and characterization of the morphology and ultrastructure of callogenesis in leaf explants of Passiflora gibertii N. E. Brown, a native passion fruit species from Brazil. Calli induction was performed in different growth conditions (light and dark), different MS medium salt concentrations (MS and MS half strength) and the presence or absence of coconut water. The leaf explants maintained in the dark were more responsive to bud formation. In order to reduce spending on in vitro culture, the most suitable induction medium for P. gibertii organogenesis could, therefore be the MS half strength salt concentration medium maintained in the dark. The addition of coconut water to the culture medium was essential for both calli induction and bud formation. The morphological and ultrastructural features of the organogenic calli were isodiametric cells, characterized by an organized cellular system, nucleus with prominent nucleoli, presence of starch grains and dense cytoplasm rich in endoplasmic reticulum. The scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that buds were present on these calli.