Modeling and worst-case dimensioning of cluster-tree wireless sensor networks

Time-sensitive Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications require finite delay bounds in critical situations. This paper provides a methodology for the modeling and the worst-case dimensioning of cluster-tree WSNs. We provide a fine model of the worst-case cluster-tree topology characterized by its depth, the maximum number of child routers and the maximum number of child nodes for each parent router. Using Network Calculus, we derive “plug-and-play” expressions for the endto- end delay bounds, buffering and bandwidth requirements as a function of the WSN cluster-tree characteristics and traffic specifications. The cluster-tree topology has been adopted by many cluster-based solutions for WSNs. We demonstrate how to apply our general results for dimensioning IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee cluster-tree WSNs. We believe that this paper shows the fundamental performance limits of cluster-tree wireless sensor networks by the provision of a simple and effective methodology for the design of such WSNs.

On the use of the ZigBee protocol for wireless sensor networks

This project was developed within the ART-WiSe framework of the IPP-HURRAY group (http://www.hurray.isep.ipp.pt), at the Polytechnic Institute of Porto (http://www.ipp.pt). The ART-WiSe – Architecture for Real-Time communications in Wireless Sensor networks – framework (http://www.hurray.isep.ipp.pt/art-wise) aims at providing new communication architectures and mechanisms to improve the timing performance of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The architecture is based on a two-tiered protocol structure, relying on existing standard communication protocols, namely IEEE 802.15.4 (Physical and Data Link Layers) and ZigBee (Network and Application Layers) for Tier 1 and IEEE 802.11 for Tier 2, which serves as a high-speed backbone for Tier 1 without energy consumption restrictions. Within this trend, an application test-bed is being developed with the objectives of implementing, assessing and validating the ART-WiSe architecture. Particularly for the ZigBee protocol case; even though there is a strong commercial lobby from the ZigBee Alliance (http://www.zigbee.org), there is neither an open source available to the community for this moment nor publications on its adequateness for larger-scale WSN applications. This project aims at fulfilling these gaps by providing: a deep analysis of the ZigBee Specification, mainly addressing the Network Layer and particularly its routing mechanisms; an identification of the ambiguities and open issues existent in the ZigBee protocol standard; the proposal of solutions to the previously referred problems; an implementation of a subset of the ZigBee Network Layer, namely the association procedure and the tree routing on our technological platform (MICAz motes, TinyOS operating system and nesC programming language) and an experimental evaluation of that routing mechanism for WSNs.

RSS and LEA adaptation for indoor location using fingerprinting

Fingerprinting is an indoor location technique, based on wireless networks, where data stored during the offline phase is compared with data collected by the mobile device during the online phase. In most of the real-life scenarios, the mobile node used throughout the offline phase is different from the mobile nodes that will be used during the online phase. This means that there might be very significant differences between the Received Signal Strength values acquired by the mobile node and the ones stored in the Fingerprinting Map. As a consequence, this difference between RSS values might contribute to increase the location estimation error. One possible solution to minimize these differences is to adapt the RSS values, acquired during the online phase, before sending them to the Location Estimation Algorithm. Also the internal parameters of the Location Estimation Algorithms, for example the weights of the Weighted k-Nearest Neighbour, might need to be tuned for every type of terminal. This paper focuses both approaches, using Direct Search optimization methods to adapt the Received Signal Strength and to tune the Location Estimation Algorithm parameters. As a result it was possible to decrease the location estimation error originally obtained without any calibration procedure.

Esquemas de controlo de acesso ao meio para sistemas CSMA/CA p-persistente

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores, pela Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia

Ferramenta de gestão de redes MESH

Mestrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores - Área de Especialização de Telecomunicações

A survey of wireless technologies coexistence in WBAN: analysis and open research issues

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most convenient, cost-effective, accurate, and non-invasive technology for e-health monitoring. The performance of WBAN may be disturbed when coexisting with other wireless networks. Accordingly, this paper provides a comprehensive study and in-depth analysis of coexistence issues and interference mitigation solutions in WBAN technologies. A thorough survey of state-of-the art research in WBAN coexistence issues is conducted. The survey classified, discussed, and compared the studies according to the parameters used to analyze the coexistence problem. Solutions suggested by the studies are then classified according to the followed techniques and concomitant shortcomings are identified. Moreover, the coexistence problem in WBAN technologies is mathematically analyzed and formulas are derived for the probability of successful channel access for different wireless technologies with the coexistence of an interfering network. Finally, extensive simulations are conducted using OPNET with several real-life scenarios to evaluate the impact of coexistence interference on different WBAN technologies. In particular, three main WBAN wireless technologies are considered: IEEE 802.15.6, IEEE 802.15.4, and low-power WiFi. The mathematical analysis and the simulation results are discussed and the impact of interfering network on the different wireless technologies is compared and analyzed. The results show that an interfering network (e.g., standard WiFi) has an impact on the performance of WBAN and may disrupt its operation. In addition, using low-power WiFi for WBANs is investigated and proved to be a feasible option compared to other wireless technologies.

Dynamic cluster scheduling for cluster-tree WSNs

While Cluster-Tree network topologies look promising for WSN applications with timeliness and energy-efficiency requirements, we are yet to witness its adoption in commercial and academic solutions. One of the arguments that hinder the use of these topologies concerns the lack of flexibility in adapting to changes in the network, such as in traffic flows. This paper presents a solution to enable these networks with the ability to self-adapt their clusters’ duty-cycle and scheduling, to provide increased quality of service to multiple traffic flows. Importantly, our approach enables a network to change its cluster scheduling without requiring long inaccessibility times or the re-association of the nodes. We show how to apply our methodology to the case of IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee cluster-tree WSNs without significant changes to the protocol. Finally, we analyze and demonstrate the validity of our methodology through a comprehensive simulation and experimental validation using commercially available technology on a Structural Health Monitoring application scenario.

Planning smart cities using wireless low energy monitoring systems

Thesis to obtain the Master Degree in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering

Projeto de comportamento térmico, certificação energética e ensaios acústicos

O presente relatório incluído na Unidade Curricular de Dissertação/Projeto/Estágio do Mestrado (DIPRE) em Engenharia Civil do Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto (ISEP) e desenvolvido no âmbito do estágio curricular realizado na empresa Asl & Associados, tem como principais objetivos a minha integração no mercado de trabalho e obtenção de experiência profissional. Neste trabalho, serão abordados temas como as introduções teóricas ao Comportamento Térmico e Acústico de Edifícios de Habitação, estudos de casos práticos como o Projeto de Comportamento Térmico de uma grande intervenção, Certificação Energética de edifícios existentes com base no Regulamento de Desempenho Energético dos Edifícios de Habitação e Ensaios Acústicos de Edifícios de acordo com o Regulamento dos Requisitos Acústicos dos Edifícios. O projeto realizado consistiu no estudo do comportamento térmico do edifício na Avenida Marechal Gomes da Costa nº802, no Porto. Nesse estudo realizou-se a verificação das soluções construtivas, por vezes foram propostas alterações das mesmas de modo a verificar os requisitos impostos pelo REH e foi realizada a emissão do seu pré-certificado. A maior parte do período em que decorreu o estágio na empresa foi preenchida com a realização de certificados energéticos de frações autónomas e de moradias. Para a recolha da informação necessária à sua elaboração, foram efetuadas várias vistorias aos imóveis referidos. Foram também efetuados durante o estágio, ensaios acústicos a edifícios de habitação e comércio e elaborado o respetivo relatório de ensaio.

Celorico Wireless

Mestrado em Engenharia Informática

Comunicações marítimas wi-fi usando a banda 5.8 ghz

Tendo em conta a popularidade que as comunicações Wi-Fi têm na atualidade em vários dispositivos como computadores portáteis, telemóveis ou tablets, sendo estes utilizados praticamente por qualquer pessoa, surgiu a ideia de utilizar esta tecnologia de baixo custo e isenta de licenciamento num cenário de comunicações marítimas. Neste contexto, esta permite fornecer o acesso à Internet em banda larga a grupos de embarcações, que atualmente recorrem a tecnologias de elevado custo (satélite) e/ou de banda estreita (rádios VHF). Com o acesso em banda larga, os proprietários poderão utilizar aplicações informáticas de interesse à atividade de negócio ou de lazer, até então só disponíveis junto à costa onde existe cobertura celular. Nesta tese pretende-se fazer um estudo teórico e prático sobre o alcance e respetivo desempenho de comunicações de banda larga em ambiente marítimo, utilizando parte da gama de frequências dos 5,8 GHz, isenta de licença, e a norma IEEE 802.11n. Para se utilizar equipamento produzido em massa a operar nessa gama, existem duas normas disponíveis, a IEEE 802.11a e a IEEE 802.11n. Optou-se pelo IEEE 802.11n pois os esquemas de codificação ao nível físico permitem débitos mais elevados e MIMO. Para a realização dos testes experimentais, foi necessário elaborar um protótipo de comunicação ponto a ponto, constituído por dois nós de comunicação. Um deles foi instalado numa embarcação de pesca em colaboração com a Associação Propeixe e o outro no Edifício Transparente, no Porto, em colaboração com a entidade gestora do edifício e a Associação Porto Digital. Tanto quanto se conhece é o primeiro teste de comunicações Wi-Fi realizado nestas condições a nível mundial. Os objetivos do trabalho foram atingidos. Foi possível estabelecer comunicações Wi-Fi na banda dos 5,8 GHz até cerca de 7 km com débito médio mínimo de 1 Mbit/s. O ambiente de testes desenvolvido e os resultados obtidos servirão de base para futuros trabalhos de investigação na área das comunicações marítimas.

Avaliação experimental de esquemas de pré-distribuição de chaves em redes de sensores sem fios

Trabalho apresentado no âmbito do Mestrado em Engenharia Informática, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática.

Espaços seguros de tuplos partilhados para redes de sensores sem fios

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Desenvolvimento de uma infra-estrutura de software para suportar conceitos de eficiência energética usando sistemas móveis pró-activos

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

An Enhanced WLAN Security System With FPGA Implementation for Multimedia Applications

Maintaining a high level of data security with a low impact on system performance is more challenging in wireless multimedia applications. Protocols that are used for wireless local area network (WLAN) security are known to significantly degrade performance. In this paper, we propose an enhanced security system for a WLAN. Our new design aims to decrease the processing delay and increase both the speed and throughput of the system, thereby making it more efficient for multimedia applications. Our design is based on the idea of offloading computationally intensive encryption and authentication services to the end systems’ CPUs. The security operations are performed by the hosts’ central processor (which is usually a powerful processor) before delivering the data to a wireless card (which usually has a low-performance processor). By adopting this design, we show that both the delay and the jitter are significantly reduced. At the access point, we improve the performance of network processing hardware for real-time cryptographic processing by using a specialized processor implemented with field-programmable gate array technology. Furthermore, we use enhanced techniques to implement the Counter (CTR) Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) and the CTR protocol. Our experiments show that it requires timing in the range of 20–40 μs to perform data encryption and authentication on different end-host CPUs (e.g., Intel Core i5, i7, and AMD 6-Core) as compared with 10–50 ms when performed using the wireless card. Furthermore, when compared with the standard WiFi protected access II (WPA2), results show that our proposed security system improved the speed to up to 3.7 times.