984 resultados para 581, NAST
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本文综合形态学、孢粉学和细胞学以及等位酶分析的实验证据,阐明了中国华中铁角蕨复合体(Asplenium sarelii Hook. Complex)中两个四倍体种的起源问题,并从生物系统学的角度讨论了其中多个种的分类学问题。过去认为的四倍体的“华中铁角蕨”被证明是起源于二倍体华中铁角蕨(A. sarelii Hook.)和二倍体细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)的杂交,并被处理为新种:武当铁角蕨(A. wudangense Z.R. Wang et X. Hou, sp. nov.)。 而变异铁角蕨(A. varians Wall., Hook. et Grev.)则被认为起源于二倍体细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)和二倍体尖齿铁角蕨(A. argutum Ching)的杂交或二者同源四倍体的杂交。根据原细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)和尖齿铁角蕨(A. argutum Ching)在宏观和微观特征上的相似性,以及二者的遗传一致度(0.581~0.705),本文将这两个种处理为细茎铁角蕨(A. tenuicaule Hayata)的两个亚种:细茎亚种(ssp. tenuicaule)和尖齿亚种(ssp. argutum (Ching) Vaine, Rashbach et Reichst., ined.)。依据形态和遗传上的相似性以及各自占有一定部分重叠的分布区域,原云南铁角蕨(A. yunnanense Franch.)、宝兴铁角蕨(A. moupinense Franch.)和云南铁角蕨深裂铁角蕨变种(A. yunnanense Franch. var daraeiforme(Franch.)H. S. Kung)被处理为云南铁角蕨(A. yunnanense Franch.)的三个亚种:云南铁角蕨亚种(ssp. yunnanense)、宝兴铁角蕨亚种(ssp. moupinense (Franch.)Z. R. Wang et X. Hou, st. nov.)和深裂铁角蕨亚种(ssp. daraeiforme(Franch.)Z. R. Wang et X. Hou, st. nov.)。 同时,本文运用孢粉学、细胞学、生态学和形态学的综合手段,处理了中国铁角蕨(Asplenium trichomanes L. s. l.)的种下分类问题,划分了中国该种的四个亚种:原亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. trichomanes,喜钙亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. inexpectans Lovis,四倍亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. quadrivalens D. E. Meyer emend. Lovis,粗轴亚种A. trichomanes L. ssp. pachyrachis (Christ) Lovis et Reichst.,并将一个变种:哈如变种A. trichomanes L. var. harovii Moore emend. Midle,归并入粗轴亚种ssp. pachyrahcis (Christ) Lovis et Reichst.,同时提供了它们在中国的分布情况。查阅研究PE的标本时发现一些定名为为A. trichomanes L. var. centrochinense Christ(中国变种)的模式标本碎片,因在形态上和倍性上均不同于已知分类群,认为应给予种的分类地位。
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核核糖体DNA(nrDNA)已被作为一个重要的标记,用于推断很多分类等级上的系统发育关系。相对于在被子植物中的快速致同进化,nrDNA在裸子植物中的致同进化速率低,且ITS和5S-NTS区有着较大的长度变异,这种现象在松科植物中尤为明显。在本研究中,我们克隆并测定了银杉属的5S rDNA以及冷杉属、银杉属、雪松属、油杉属、长苞铁杉属、金钱松属与铁杉属的ITS序列。基于获得的新数据,再结合前人报导的其它属的数据,我们探讨了如下四个问题: (1)松科 nrDNA ITS1 亚重复单位的组成、分布及进化;(2)ITS1区的长度变异与亚重复单位数目的关系以及它们的系统学意义;(3)松科ITS1的二级结构特征;(4)银杉5S rDNA编码区及非转录间隔区的结构特征。主要研究结果如下: 1. ITS区的序列分析ITS区的克隆及序列分析发现:(1) 松科ITS1的长度变异范围为 944-3271 bp, 这是目前已报导的真核生物中属间ITS变异最大的类群之一;(2) 所有松科植物的ITS区域都包含亚重复单位,亚重复单位的数目从2到9,并且这些亚重复单位可分为两种类型,即不含保守核心序列(5’-GGCCACCCTAGTC ) 的长亚重复单位(LSR)和含上述保守核心序列的短亚重复单位(SSR);(3) ITS1区的巨大长度变异主要归因于亚重复单位的数量变异; (4) ITS1区的GC含量与 它的序列长度和亚重复单位的数目有一定关系,并能够提供一些系统发育信息,特别是支持云杉属、松属和银杉属三者具有很近的亲缘关系。 2. ITS1亚重复单位的系统发育分析为了研究亚重复单位的进化关系,我们用最大似然法和最大简约法构建了松科ITS1亚重复单位的系统发育树。结果表明:(1)在ML和MP树中可发现有共同的五个分支; (2) 银杉比松科其它属拥有更多的SSR,且该属的所有9个SSR在系统树中构成一个单系支,表明它们是在银杉属内发生重复的;(3)一些SSR在属间和种间具有同源性,可为nrDNA ITS 的进化历史以及松科的系统发育 研究提供重要信息;(4)亚重复单位的多次重复以及伴随的重组可能是导致LSR 和SSR在松科不同属中分布式样不同的原因。 3. 松科ITS1的二级结构 用 Mfold 3.2 软件对松科所有11个属的ITS1区进行了二级结构预测,共获得了563个最低自由能折叠。结合以前关于松科二级结构的报导,我们分析的结果表明:(1) 松科ITS1的二级结构主要由几个延展的发夹结构组成;(2) 构象的复杂性与亚重复的数目呈正相关;(3)配对的亚重复单位通常在保守核心区(5’-GGCCACCCTAGTC ) 处有部分重叠,并且构成一个长茎,而其它的亚重复单位通常会自身折叠,且保守核心区的部分出现在发夹结构的环中。 4. 银杉5S rDNA 序列分析 我们对来自银杉不同群体的3个个体的5S rDNA进行了克隆,共获得 45 条序列,分析结果表明:(1) 绝大多数银杉5S rDNA编码区长度为120 bp, 以GGG 开头,以CTC结尾,编码区出现的碱基替代主要为转换;(2) 银杉与其它裸子植物相比,5S rDNA基因编码区具很高的相似性(90-99%); (3)间隔区含有一个poly-C和一个poly-T结构、两个TC丰富区以及五个GC丰富区。根据长度和序列特征,银杉的5S rDNA间隔区可分为三种类型:Type A 长751-764 bp,Type B 长770-807 bp (含一个32 bp的插入),Type C 长581-594 bp; (5)长间隔区(Type A,Type B )中含有两个148-175 bp的串联亚重复单位,该亚重复单位与短间隔区(Type C )中的一段143 bp的序列具有较高的相似性(56.0-66.8%)。 5. 银杉5S rRNA的二级结构 Mfold 3.2 预测结果表明:(1)银杉5S rRNA二级结构包括5个双螺旋区(干区)(Ⅰ-Ⅴ)、2个发夹结构环区(C和D)、3个中间环区(B1、B2 和 E)和1个铰链区(A), 铰链区为三个双螺旋的结合处;(2) 二级结构中的环区通常比双螺旋区更加保守;(3)在5个双螺旋中,I 和 IV 区有较高的碱基替代率。
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The reproductive biology of male franciscanas (Pontoporia blainvillei), based on 121 individuals collected in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil, was studied. Estimates on age, length, and weight at attainment of sexual maturity are presented. Data on the reproductive seasonality and on the relationship between some testicular characteristics and age, size, and maturity status are provided. Sexual maturity was assessed by histological examination of the testes. Seasonality was determined by changes in relative and total testis weight, and in seminiferous tubule diameters. Testis weight, testicular index of maturity, and seminiferous tubule diameters were reliable indicators of sexual maturity, whereas testis length, age, length, and weight of the dolphin were not. Sexual maturity was estimated to be attained at 3.6 years (CI 95% =2.7–4.5) with the DeMaster method and 3.0 years with the logistic equation. Length and weight at attainment of sexual maturity were 128.2 cm (CI 95%=125.3–131.1 cm) and 26.4 kg (CI 95% =24.7–28.1 kg), respectively. It could not be verified that there was any seasonal change in the testis weight and in the seminiferous tubule diameters in mature males. It is suggested that at least some mature males may remain reproductively active throughout the year. The extremely low relative testis weight indicates that sperm competition does not occur in the species. On the other hand, the absence of secondary sexual characteristics, the reversed sexual size dimorphism, and the small number of scars from intrassexual combats in males reinforce the hypothesis that male combats for female reproductive access may be rare for franciscana. It is hypothesized that P. blainvillei form temporary pairs (one male copulating with only one female) during the reproductive period.
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Mayan cichlids (Cichlasoma urophthalmus) were collected monthly from March 1996 to October 1997 with hook-and-line gear at Taylor River, Florida, an area within the Crocodile Sanctuary of Everglades National Park, where human activities such as fishing are prohibited. Fish were aged by examining thin-sectioned otoliths, and past size-at-age information was generated by using back-calculation techniques. Marginal increment analysis showed that opaque growth zones were annuli deposited between January and May. The size of age-1 fish was estimated to be 33–66 mm standard length (mean=45.5 mm) and was supported by monthly length-frequency data of young-of-year fish collected with drop traps over a seven-year period. Mayan cichlids up to seven years old were observed. Male cichlids grew slower but achieved a larger size than females. Growth was asymptotic and was modeled by the von Bertalanffy growth equation Lt=263.6(1–exp[–0.166(t–0.001)]) for males (r2=0.82, n=581) and Lt=215.6 (1–exp[–0.197(t–0.058)]) for females (r2= 0.77, n=639). Separate estimates of total annual mortality were relatively consistent (0.44–0.60) and indicated moderate mortality at higher age classes, even in the absence of fishing mortality. Our data indicated that Mayan cichlids grow slower and live longer in Florida than previously reported from native Mexican habitats. Because the growth of Mayan cichlids in Florida periodically slowed and thus produced visible annuli, it may be possible to age introduced populations of other subtropical and tropical cichlids in a similar way.
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随着现代工业的发展,重金属污染日趋严重。重金属污染引发的环境和健康问题在许多国家都有报道,我国的重金属污染状况也不容乐观。土壤和水体中的重金属污染可以通过食物链进入人体,对人类健康造成很大的危害,如诱发癌症 和畸胎等。 植物修复是一种利用植物对重金属或有机污染物的超富集能力清除或减低污染的环境生物技术。植物修复的生物学机制的研究为这项技术走向实用化奠定了基础。植物修复近期的进展可能来自于可更有效地富集重金属的植物品种的选择、土壤条件的改善等;但长远看来,植物修复技术的巨大进步将取决于新的可更好地抵抗重金属或降解有机毒物的基因的鉴定和克隆,并通过转基因技术创造一批新的植物品种,如可迅速大量富集重金属的高生物量的用作环境净化的植物,以及可排拒重金属吸收的粮食、蔬菜和水果等作物。 本研究针对砷污染的植物修复机制,以超富集砷的凤尾蕨属植物——蜈蚣草为试材取得了如下进展: 1. 以从砷污染地区采集的蜈蚣草(Pteris vittataL.)为植物材料,利用抑制消减杂交(SSH)分离了经砷诱导处理与其对照间表达有差异的cDNA片段,以期得到与砷富集密切相关的基因。其中筛选到的一个cDNA片段与ABC transporter (ATP-binding cassette transporter)有较高的同源性。通过RACE方法对该基因进行了克隆,并进行了初步的结构和功能分析。结果表明所获得的PvABCTl (Accession No. AY496966)为一全长cDNA,长度为2165 bp,其中开读框架为1791 bp,编码597个氨基酸。该基因所编码的蛋白中含有2个ABC transporter特性结构域,1个ATP-binding cassette和2个ATP/GTP结合位点(P-loop),没有明显的跨膜区。 2. 对蜈蚣草在砷胁迫下PvABCT1基因的表达模式进行了研究。转录水平分析表明PvABCT1的表达受砷的诱导。进一步通过PvABCTl-GFP融合基因在洋葱细胞中的表达进行亚细胞定位,结果显示该基因可能定位于细胞质中。 3. 为了研究所克隆的PvABCT1基因的功能,本研究构建了PvABCT1的酵母表达载体,把该基因转入因ACR3基因缺失而对砷敏感的酵母突变株。酵母功能互补实验表明PvABCT1不仅不能与ACR3基因功能互补,反而使酵母对砷的敏感性增加,同时酵母细胞中的砷含量较未转化的酵母细胞增加。即在转入PvABCT1后,酵母细胞吸收了更多的砷。这暗示该基因与蜈蚣草中砷的高吸收有关。 针对食品重金属污染问题,本研究探讨了减低蔬菜对重金属吸收的方法及其 作用机理,取得了如下进展: 1.研究了钙离子和镧离子对镉离子胁迫下生菜种子萌发和植株生长的影响,结果表明在种子萌发时外施4 mM CaCI2或0.04 mg/L La(N03)3均可提高生菜对重金属镉的抗性。 2.通过检测0.5 mM CdCl2胁迫下生菜植株中的镉含量以及外施钙离子或镧离子后相应的镉含量,发现4 mM CaCl2可以增加镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累;而0.04 mg/L La(N03)3可以降低镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累。 3.对生菜中植物络合素合酶基因进行了克隆,通过RT-PCR分析以及植物络合素( phytochelatins,PCs)的检测,探讨了外施钙离子或镧离子对镉胁迫下生菜植株中植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达量、植物络合素含量以及镉的积累三者之间的关系。结果表明:4 mM CaCl2可以提高镉胁迫下生菜植株中植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达以及植物络合素的含量,增加镉的积累;而0.04 mg/L La(N03)3虽然同样可以提高植物络合素合酶基因在转录水平的表达以及植物络合素的含量,却能降低镉胁迫下生菜植株中镉的积累。这暗示外施钙离子可以促进用于重金属污染环境修复的植物对重金属的吸收,而外施镧离子可以用于降低叶菜类蔬菜中重金属镉的积累。
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We analyzed data from National Marine Fisheries Service bottom trawl surveys carried out triennially from 1984 to 1996 in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). The continental shelf and upper slope (0–500 m) of the GOA support a rich demersal fish fauna dominated by arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias), walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis), and Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus). Average catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of all groundfish species combined increased with depth and had a significant peak near the shelf break at 150–200 m. Species richness and diversity had significant peaks at 200–300 m. The western GOA was characterized by higher CPUEs and lower species richness and diversity than the eastern GOA. Highest CPUEs were observed in Shelikof Strait, along the shelf break and upper slope south of Kodiak Island, and on the banks and in the gullies northeast of Kodiak Island. Significant differences in total CPUE among surveys suggest a 40% increase in total groundfish biomass between 1984 and 1996. A multivariate analysis of the CPUE of 72 groundfish taxa revealed strong gradients in species composition with depth and from east to west, and a weak but significant trend in species composition over time. The trend over time was associated with increases in the frequency of occurrence and CPUE of at least eight taxa, including skates (Rajidae), capelin (Mallotus villosus), three flatfish species, and Pacific Ocean perch, and decreases in frequency of occurrence and CPUE of several sculpin (Myoxocephalus spp.) species. Results are discussed in terms of spatial and temporal patterns in productivity and in the context of their ecological and management implications.