芦苇Phragmites communis Trin. 耐盐变异体的生物学鉴定和快速繁殖以及在海水生态养殖中的应用示范

本文以芦苇野生亲本和耐盐变异体为材料，比较了两者在形态、生理生化以及分子生物学特性上的差异，对耐盐变异体抗盐能力提高的机理作了初步的探讨。为了适应推广芦苇耐盐变异体的需要，进行了耐盐变异体快速繁殖的研究，建立了两种诱导丛生芽的技术系统。对耐盐变异体芦苇在滩涂上的利用作了有益的尝试。结果总结如下： 1．通过对芦苇野生亲本和耐盐变异体的基因组DNA用随机引物扩增分析，发现两者的基因组DNA在序列上存在着一定的差异，并克隆测序了几个对变异体而言是特异的标记序列。 2．生化分析发现，在盐胁迫下，两者在可溶性蛋白上存在着差异，芦苇耐盐变异体在胁迫下分别在20～30 kD和43～66．2 kD之间各有一条特异的蛋白带表达。而且变异体盐胁迫下在同工酶的表达上也与野生亲本有着显著的区别。 3．生理测定发现，芦苇耐盐变异体在200 mmol/L NaCl盐胁迫下光合作用要比野生亲本强，叶绿素测定的结果与此相吻合，在此浓度的胁迫下，变异体叶绿素含量受影响较小，而野生亲本的叶绿素含量明显降低。对两者胁迫前后的离子含量测定发现，虽然K+含量最多，但是植株内离子含量变化最大且增加最多的离子是Na+，而且变异体内Na~+增加的量比野生亲本高得多。另一个变化较大的是游离脯氨酸的含量，其变化情况类似于Na~+，在胁迫后脯氨酸含量增加明显，而且变异体内的增加量比野生亲本高。对变异体进一步的胁迫反应证实了Na+和脯氨酸含量变化与胁迫反应的密切联系。推测它们的这些变化与变异体抗盐能力提高密切相关。 4．将芦苇耐盐变异体的种子苗切去种壳和种子根，以此作为外植体，通过筛选大量的激素组合，最终建立了两种快繁技术系统（MP－A和MP－B）进行丛生芽诱导。两个系统都包含预处理和诱导两个主要步骤，其中预处理培养基激素组合是相同的（NAA 2～5 mg/L + 2,4-D 0.05 ～ 0.1 mg + BA 1mg/L）,而诱导处理的培养基激素组合不同，分别为：MP－A的诱导处理的激素组合是将预处理的激素组合中的2，4－D去除即可;MP－B诱导处理的激素组合为1mg/L NAA + 0.05 ～0.1mg/L 2,4-D + 2～5mg/L BA. 两个系统都获得显著的丛生芽诱导效果。 5．在滩涂水产养殖中引入芦苇种植、发现耐盐芦苇能有效地降低水体污染和病害，实验了两种模式的种养殖方式：围隔模式和混合模式，初步结果表明混合模式效果较好。这一初中初步验证了芦苇对海水养殖的价值，对开发滩涂具有很大的意义，具有创新性。

Impact of hatchery releases on the recreational fishery for Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) in Hawaii

The Pacific threadfin (Polydactylus sexfilis) is considered one of the premier Hawaiian food fishes but even with catch limits, seasonal closures, and size limits, catches have declined dramatically since the 1960s. It was identified as the top candidate species for stock enhancement in Hawaii, based on the decline in stocks, high market value, and importance of the fishery. In the stock enhancement program for Pacific threadfin, over 430,000 fingerlings of various sizes were implanted with coded wire tags and released in nursery habitats along the windward coast of Oahu between 1993 and 1998. Because few Pacific threadfin were present in creel surveys conducted between 1994 and 1998, Oahu fishermen were offered a $10 reward for each threadfin that was caught (for both hatchery-reared and wild fish). A total of 1882 Pacific threadfin were recovered from the reward program between March 1998 and May 1999, including 163 hatchery-reared fish, an overall contribution of 8.7% to the fishery. Hatchery-reared fish accounted for as high as 71% of returns in the release areas. Hatchery-reared fish were recovered on average 11.5 km (SD=9.8 km) from the release site, although some had moved as far away as 42 km. Average age for recovered hatchery-reared fish was 495 days; the oldest was 1021 days. Cultured Pacific threadfin juveniles survived and recruited successfully to the recreational fishery, accounting for 10% of fishermen’s catches on the windward side of Oahu. Recruitment to the fishery was highest for the 1997 release year; few juveniles from earlier releases were observed. Presence of a few large, fully developed females in the recreational fishery suggested that hatchery-reared fish can survive, grow, and reproductively contribute to the population. Implementation of an enhancement program that is focused on juveniles and perhaps large females, as part of an integrated fishery management strategy, could speed the recovery of this fish population.

Effect of some environmental factors on the acute toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp: a laboratory study under aerobic condition

The toxicity of xenobiotic in aquatic ecosystems is influenced by many factors such as ambient temperature, water hardness, pond soil type, etc. In the present study, it was observed that air temperature, water hardness and soil sediment have profound influence on the toxicity of deltamethrin to common carp fry (ay. length 3.5 ± 0.5 cm, ay. weight 0.58 ± 0.25 g); 96h LC(sub)50 values for common carp at 38.07 ± 2.20°C maximum and 27.86 ± 1.22°C minimum air temperature in soft and very hard water were 0.102 and 0.495 µg lˉ¹, respectively. This value had increased significantly to 2.37 and 3.02 µg at 30.55 ± 1.21°C maximum and 26.04 ± 0.61°C minimum air temperature, respectively. When sediment was included, 96h LC(sub)50 at 38.07°C maximum temperature in very hard water was 1.808 µg 1ˉ¹ and this had increased to 8.073 µg 1ˉ¹ when tested at 30.55°C maximum temperature. Due to the 7.5°C increase in maximum and 1.7°C in minimum temperature, toxicity increased significantly. Lower toxicity in very hard water in comparison to soft water may be due to the lower solubility of deltarnethrin and high level of calcium. Adsorption reaction of deltamethrin with clay, humus, FeOOH, MnOOH and particulate organic carbon, and complexation reaction with dissolved organic carbon were responsible for the lowered toxicity in the experiment with sediment. Exposure time had no significant effect on acute toxicity of deltamethrin.

Some aspects of the biology of Johnieops sina (Cuvier, 1830) from Mumbai waters

Investigations on food and feeding of Johnieops sina indicated that it feeds mainly on penaeid prawns, Acetes spp. and fishes. Penaeid prawns were found to be its preferred food item. The spawning activity was observed throughout the year with two peaks in February and August, supported by prominent peaks of gonadosomatic index in the same months. The minimum size at first maturity for females was 153 mm. The absolute fecundity ranged from 28,495 to 135,346 eggs for the ovaries weighing 1.30 to 9.49 g.

Phylogenetic studies of pantherine cats (Felidae) based on multiple genes, with novel application of nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7 to carnivores

The pantherine lineage of the cat family Felidae (order: Carnivora) includes five big cats of genus Panthera and a great many midsized cats known worldwide. Presumably because of their recent and rapid radiation, the evolutionary relationship among pantherines remains ambiguous. We provide an independent assessment of the evolutionary history of pantherine lineage using two complete mitochondrial (mt) genes (ND2 and ND4) and the nuclear beta-fibrmogen intron 7 gene, whose utility in carnivoran phylogeny was first explored. The available four mt (ND5, cytb, 12S, and 16SrRNA) and two nuclear (IRBP and TTR) sequence loci were also combined to reconstruct phylogeny of 14 closely related cat species. Our analyses of combined mt data (six genes; approximate to 3750 bp) and combined mt and nuclear data (nine genes; approximate to 6500 bp) obtained identical tree topologies, which were well-resolved and strongly supported for almost all nodes. Monophyly of Panthera genus in pantherine lineage was confirmed and interspecific affinities within this genus revealed a novel branching pattern, with P. tigris diverging first in Panthera genus, followed by P. onca, P. leo, and last two sister species P. pardus and P. uncia. In addition, close association of Neofelis nebulosa to Panthera, the phylogenetic redefinition of Otocolobus manil within the domestic cat group, and the relatedness of Acinonyx jubatus and Puma concolor were all important findings in the resulting phylogenies. The potential utilities of nine different genes for phylogenetic resolution of closely related pantherine species were also evaluated, with special interest in that of the novel nuclear beta-fibrinogen intron 7. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lead exposure through gestation-only caused long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring

Numerous observations in clinical and preclinical studies indicate that the developing brain is particular sensitive to lead (Pb)'s pernicious effects. However, the effect of gestation-only Pb exposure on cognitive functions at maturation has not been studied. We investigated the potential effects of three levels of Pb exposure (low, middle, and high Pb: 0.03%, 0.09%, and 0.27% of lead acetate-containing diets) at the gestational period on the spatial memory of young adult offspring by Morris water maze spatial learning and fixed location/visible platform tasks. Our results revealed that three levels of Pb exposure significantly impaired memory retrieval in male offspring, but only female offspring at low levels of Pb exposure showed impairment of memory retrieval. These impairments were not due to the gross disturbances in motor performance and in vision because these animals performed the fixed location/visible platform task as well as controls, indicating that the specific aspects of spatial learning/memory were impaired. These results suggest that exposure to Pb during the gestational period is sufficient to cause long-term learning/memory deficits in young adult offspring. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

基因转换的生物学意义及分子机制

基因转换是指同源序列之间遗传信息的非交互的传递.该现象最早是在真菌上发现的.近年来,随着研究的不断深入,发现它普遍存在于所有的生物类群中.目前有关它的分子机制已有较多研究并提出了多种分子模型,其中以DSBR模型和SDSA模型具有较强说服力被较普遍认可.本文对近些年来的这些新进展傲一综述,并对该领域的研究进行了分析和展望.